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Demographics of {{{place}}}
Population	144,498,215 (excluding Crimea), 146.8 million (including Crimea)
Growth rate	0.19% (2014 est.)
Birth rate	13.3 births/1,000 population (2015)
Death rate	13.0 deaths/1,000 population (2015)
Life expectancy	72.5 years (2017)
• male	67.5 years
• female	77.4 years
Fertility rate	1.78 (2015)
Infant mortality rate	7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2014)
Net migration rate	1.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014)
Age structure
0–14 years	17.4%
15–64 years	68.2%
65 and over	14.4% (2017 1 january)
Sex ratio
Total	0.86 male(s)/female (2009)
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female
Under 15	1.06 male(s)/female (male 11,980,138/female 11,344,818)
15–64 years	0.925 male(s)/female (male 48,166,470/female 52,088,967)
65 and over	0.44 male(s)/female (male 5,783,983/female 13,105,896)
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Russian(s) adjective: Russian
Major ethnic	Russians
Language
Spoken	Russian, others

The demographics of Russia is about the demographic features of the population of the Russian Federation including population growth, population density, ethnic composition, education level, health, economic status and other aspects.

As of 1 January 2017, the population of Russia is 144,498,215 excluding Crimea and Sevastopol, whose annexation is not recognized by most UN members. Including Crimea and Sevastopol, the population is 146,804,372 as of January 1, 2017. Around 77% of its population lives in European Russia, while the 23% lives in its Asian part.

As of 2015, the Russian Total fertility rate (TFR) of 1.777 children per woman was the highest in Eastern, Southern and Central Europe. In 2013, Russia experienced the first natural population growth since 1990 at 22,700.

According to the 2010 census, ethnic Russians make up 81% of the total population. This share remained steady over the last few decades. Six other ethnicities have a population exceeding 1 million – Tatars (3.9%), Ukrainians (1.4%), Bashkir (1.1%), Chuvash (1%), Chechens (1%) and Armenians (0.9%). In total, 160 different ethnic groups live within the Russian Federation's borders.

Russia's population density is 8.4 people per square kilometre (22 per square mile), making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. The population is most dense in the European part of the country, with milder climate, centering on Moscow and Saint Petersburg. 74% of the population is urban, making Russia a highly urbanized country.

Main trends

The population of Russia peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union. Low birth rates and abnormally high death rates caused Russia's population to decline at a 0.5% annual rate, or about 750,000 to 800,000 people per year from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. The UN warned in 2005 that Russia's then population of about 143 million could fall by a third by 2050, if trends did not improve.

The decline slowed considerably in the late 2000s, and in 2009 Russia recorded population growth for the first time in 15 years, adding 23,300. Key reasons for the slow current population growth are improving health care, changing fertility patterns among younger women, falling emigration and steady influx of immigrants from ex-USSR countries. In 2012, Russia's population increased by 292,400.

The number of Russians living in poverty has decreased by 50% since the economic crisis following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the improving economy had a positive impact on the country's low birth rate. The latter rose from its lowest point of 8.27 births per 1000 people in 1999 to 13.3 per 1000 in 2014. Likewise, the fertility rate rose from its lowest point of 1.157 in 1999 to 1.777 in 2015. 2007 marked the highest growth in birth rates that the country had seen in 25 years, and 2009 marked the highest total birth rate since 1991.

While the Russian birth rate is comparable to that of developed countries, its death rate is much higher, especially among working-age males due to a comparatively high rate of fatalities caused by heart disease and other external causes such as accidents. The Russian death rate in 2010 was 14.3 per 1000 citizens.

Demographic crisis and recovery prospects

The causes for this sharp increase in mortality are widely debated. According to a 2009 report by The Lancet, a British medical journal, mass privatization, an element of the economic-reform package nicknamed shock therapy, clearly correlates with higher mortality rates. The report argues that advocates of economic reforms ignored the human cost of the policies they were promoting, such as unemployment and human suffering, leading to an early death. These conclusions were criticized by The Economist. A WHO press-release in 2000, on the other hand, reported widespread alcohol abuse in Russia being used as the most common explanation of higher men's mortality. A 2008 study produced very similar results.

A 2009 study blamed alcohol for more than half the deaths (52%) among Russians aged 15 to 54 in the '90s. For the same demographic, this compares to 4% of deaths for the rest of the world. The study claimed alcohol consumption in mid-90s in Russia averaged 10.5 litres, and was based on personal interviews conducted in three Siberian industrial cities, Barnaul, Biysk and Omsk. More recent studies have confirmed these findings.

According to the Russian demographic publication Demoscope, the rising male death rate was a long-term trend from 1960 to 2005. The only significant reversion of the trend was caused by Mikhail Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign, but its effect was only temporary. According to the publication, the sharp rise of death rates in the early 1990s was caused by the exhaustion of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign, while the market reforms were only of secondary importance. The authors also claimed the Lancet's study is flawed because it used the 1985 death rate as the base, while that was in fact the very maximum of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign.

Other factors contributing to the collapse, along with the economic problems, include the dying off of a relatively large cohort of people born between 1925 and 1940 (between the Russian Civil War and World War II), when Russian birth rates were very high, along with, ironically enough, an "echo boom" in the 1980s that may have satisfied the demand of women for children, leading to a subsequent drop in birth rates.

Government measures to halt the demographic crisis was a key subject of Vladimir Putin's 2006 state of the nation address. As a result, a national programme was developed with the goal to reverse the trend by 2020. Soon after, a study published in 2007 showed that the rate of population decrease had begun to slow: if the net decrease from January to August 2006 was 408,200 people, it was 196,600 in the same period in 2007. The death rate accounted for 357,000 of these, which is 137,000 less than in 2006.

At the same time period in 2007, there were just over one million births in Russia (981,600 in 2006), whilst deaths decreased from 1,475,000 to 1,402,300. In all, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by 1.3 times, down from 1.5 in 2006. 18 of the 83 provinces showed a natural growth of population (in 2006: 16). The Russian Ministry of Economic Development expressed hope that by 2020 the population would stabilize at 138–139 million, and by 2025, to increase again to its present-day status of 143–145, also raising the life expectancy to 75 years.

The natural population decline continued to slow through 2008—2012 due to declining death rates and increasing birth rates. In 2009 the population saw yearly growth for the first time in 15 years. In September 2009, the Ministry of Health and Social Development reported that Russia recorded natural population growth for the first time in 15 years, with 1,000 more births than deaths in August. In April 2011 the Russian Prime Minister (Russian president as of 2012) Vladimir Putin pledged to spend the 1.5 trillion rubles (£32.5 billion or $54 billion) on various measures to boost Russia's declining birthrate by 30 per cent in the next four years.

In 2012, the birth rate increased again. Russia recorded 1,896,263 births, the highest number since 1990, and even exceeding annual births during the period 1967–1969, with a TFR of 1.691, the highest since 1991. (Source: Vital statistics table below). In fact, Russia, despite having only slightly more people than Japan, has recently had nearly twice as many births as that country. The number of births was expected to fall over the next few years as women born during the baby bust in the 1990s enter their prime childbearing years, but this didn't occur thanks to the continued growth of the TFR. The figures for 2013-2015 again showed around 1.9 million births, about the same as in 2012, but because the number of women of childbearing age is dropping, especially for those in their early 20s, the TFR actually rose to 1.777, which places Russia at first 9 or 10 countries out of 50 developed nations, and at 6th place in Europe.

Immigration

In 2006, in a bid to compensate for the country's demographic decline, the Russian government started simplifying immigration laws and launched a state program "for providing assistance to voluntary immigration of ethnic Russians from former Soviet republics". In August 2012, as the country saw its first demographic growth since the 1990s, President Putin declared that Russia's population could reach 146 million by 2025, mainly as a result of immigration. Introduced in April 2014 new citizenship rules allowing citizens of former Soviet countries to obtain Russian citizenship If they meet certain criteria (e.g. preferred language, ethnicity) have gained strong interest among Russian-speaking residents of those countries (i.e. Russians, Germans, Belarusians and Ukrainians).

Contrary to the opinion of the media, Central Asia is only a tiny source of immigrants; out of 100,000 ethnic Uzbeks who arrived in Russia for work only 489 settled in Russia permanently. 50,000 Russian speakers from Uzbekistan arrived in the Russian Federation to settle. The largest amount were ethnic Ukrainians – 700,000 people by a far majority. However they came because of the Ukraine crisis (another thing to note is that they were legal when an overwhelming majority come undocumented). 1.4 million ethnic Russians repatriated to their homeland in 2014, more than in previous years.

There are an estimated four million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia. In 2012, the Russian Federal Security Service's Border Service stated there had been an increase in illegal migration from the Middle East and Southeast Asia( Note that these were Temporary Contract Migrants) Under legal changes made in 2012, illegal immigrants who are caught will be banned from reentering the country for 10 years.

Since the collapse of the USSR, most immigrants have come from Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Moldova, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. This has resulted in ethnic tension. Every year, 300,000 immigrants arrive in Russia, of which over 75% are Russian speakers. In the 1990s, immigration was the main reason Russia did not suffer substantial population decline. It reached a peak for this era at 1,200,000 in 1994 with a mass influx of mostly Russian speakers from ex-Soviet states fleeing for social, economic or political reasons such as the civil war in Tajikistan from 1992 to 1997. In 2014, immigration rose to 2.2 million, 89% of whom were fleeing the conflict in neighbouring Ukraine; in 2015, immigration exceeded 3 million with most coming from the same source.

With the accession of Armenia to the Eurasian Union immigration from Armenia increased by 20%.

Worker migration

Temporary migrant workers in Russia consists of about 7 million people, most of the temporary workers come from Central Asia the Balkans and East Asia. Most of them work in the construction, cleaning and in the household industries. They primary live in cities such as Moscow, Sochi and Blagoveshchensk. While worker migrants are opposed by most Russians, the mayor of Moscow said that Moscow cannot do without worker migrants. New laws are in place that require worker migrants to be fluent in Russian, know Russian history and laws. The Russian Opposition and most of the Russian population opposes worker migration, Alexei Navalny stated that if he came to power he would introduce a Visa regime to non-Eurasian Union countries in the former Soviet Union and have a Visa free regime with the European Union and The West to attract skilled migrants. The problem of worker migration has become so severe it has caused a rise in Russian nationalism, and spawned groups like Movement Against Illegal Immigration.

Population statistics

Population density

8.4 people per square kilometer (2010 Russian Census)

Population distribution

74% urban, 26% rural (2010 Russian Census)

Population growth rate

0.19% (2014 est.)

Median age

total: 39.6 years
male: 36.7 years
female: 41.6 years (2009)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.46 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2009)

Natural increase current

Experts were puzzled with a sharp increase in deaths coincided with a sharp increase in life expectancy. While they have found out that a decrease in potential mothers led to a decrease in births and a rapid rise in fertility.

The number of births during October 2017 decreased by 6,344 relative to October 2016 and for the period January–October 2017 births decreased by 170,005 compared to the period January–October 2016.

• Number of births during October 2016 = 152,816
• Number of births during October 2017 = 146,472

The birth rate for January–October 2017 was 11.6 births per 1,000 population versus 13.0 during the same period in 2016.

• Number of births from January–October 2016 = 1,588,095
• Number of births from January–October 2017 = 1,418,090

The number of deaths during October 2017 increased by 4494 but for the period January–October 2016 total deaths decreased by 34,848 compared to the previous year.

• Number of deaths during October 2016 = 150,667
• Number of deaths during October 2017 = 155,161

The death rate for January–October 2017 was 12.5 per 1,000 population, versus 12.8 during the same period in 2016.

• Number of deaths from January–October 2016 = 1,567,803
• Number of deaths from January–October 2017 = 1,532,955

Total natural increase during January–October has decreased to -1.0 per thousand in 2017 and increase to 0.2 per thousand in 2016.

• Natural increase in October 2016 = 2,149
• Natural increase in October 2017 = -8,689
• Natural increase between January–October 2016 = 20,292
• Natural increase between January–October 2017 = -114,865

January–October	Birth/2017	Birth/2016	Death/2017	Death/2016
Russian Federation	11.6	13.0	12.5	12.8
North Caucasian Federal District	14.9	15.8	7.6	7.7
Chechnya	21.0	21.1	4.5	4.7
Ingushetia	16.6	17.1	3.2	3.2
Dagestan	16.4	17.2	5.0	5.1
Kabardino-Balkaria	12.9	14.2	8.5	8.5
North Ossetia-Alania	12.9	14.0	10.4	10.3
Stavropol Krai	11.6	13.1	11.3	11.6
Karachay-Cherkessia	11.1	11.9	9.3	9.2
Ural Federal District	12.7	14.3	11.9	12.3
Tyumen Oblast	14.3	15.9	7.9	8.1
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug	14.2	15.8	6.2	6.2
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug	14.0	15.5	4.9	5.2
Sverdlovsk Oblast	12.5	14.0	13.5	14.0
Chelyabinsk Oblast	11.7	13.4	13.2	13.6
Kurgan Oblast	11.3	12.6	15.3	15.8
Siberian Federal District	12.4	14.0	12.8	13.0
Tuva	22.0	23.5	8.8	9.9
Altai Republic	15.9	18.2	9.7	9.9
Buriatia	14.7	16.6	10.7	11.3
Irkutsk Oblast	13.4	14.9	13.0	13.4
Zabaykalsky Krai	13.3	14.8	11.7	12.3
Khakassia	12.6	14.5	12.7	12.8
Novosibirsk Oblast	12.6	14.1	13.0	13.1
Krasnoyarsk Krai	12.6	14.1	12.4	12.6
Omsk Oblast	11.7	13.5	13.1	13.2
Tomsk Oblast	11.7	13.3	11.4	11.4
Altai Krai	11.0	12.2	14.1	14.0
Kemerovo Oblast	10.6	12.2	14.2	14.3
Far East Federal District	12.2	13.4	12.2	12.4
Sakha Republic	14.5	16.0	8.1	8.3
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug	13.7	13.4	9.2	9.9
Sakhalin Oblast	13.1	14.4	12.2	13.3
Khabarovsk Krai	12.0	13.4	13.1	12.9
Amur Oblast	12.0	13.0	13.5	13.6
Kamchatka Krai	11.9	13.0	11.2	11.6
Jewish Autonomous Oblast	11.8	13.5	13.5	15.0
Primorsky Krai	11.0	12.3	13.2	13.5
Magadan Oblast	10.9	10.8	11.1	11.1
Volga Federal District	11.3	13.0	13.3	13.6
Tatarstan	12.5	14.5	11.5	11.6
Perm Krai	12.4	14.4	13.4	13.8
Mari El	12.2	14.2	12.5	13.2
Bashkortostan	12.2	13.8	12.4	12.8
Udmurtia	12.0	14.1	12.1	12.7
Orenburg Oblast	11.7	13.7	13.4	13.5
Chuvashia Republic	11.4	13.6	12.7	13.2
Kirov Oblast	10.9	12.8	14.7	14.9
Samara Oblast	10.9	12.7	13.8	13.9
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	10.7	12.0	14.8	15.4
Ulyanovsk Oblast	10.2	11.7	14.2	14.7
Saratov Oblast	9.5	11.0	13.7	14.0
Penza Oblast	9.1	10.3	14.2	14.5
Mordovia	8.6	10.0	13.6	14.0
North-West Federal District	11.3	12.6	12.9	13.2
Nenets Autonomous Okrug	15.7	17.6	8.6	8.9
St-Petersburg	12.7	14.0	11.5	11.6
Vologda Oblast	11.6	13.5	14.5	15.1
Komi Republic	11.6	13.3	11.8	12.2
Kaliningrad Oblast	11.2	12.5	12.6	12.4
Arkhangelsk Oblast	10.7	12.1	13.1	13.4
Republic of Karelia	10.5	12.2	14.7	14.8
Novgorod Oblast	10.4	11.8	17.2	17.4
Murmansk Oblast	10.4	11.4	11.1	11.5
Pskov Oblast	9.6	11.1	17.7	17.9
Leningrad Oblast	8.5	9.3	13.6	14.1
Southern Federal District	11.1	12.4	13.1	13.3
Astrakhan Oblast	12.1	14.1	11.5	11.9
Krasnodar Krai	12.0	13.3	12.6	12.7
Sevastopol	11.3	13.0	13.5	13.9
Crimea	10.9	12.1	14.6	15.0
Kalmukia	10.8	12.6	10.0	9.7
Adygea	10.5	12.0	12.7	12.8
Rostov Oblast	10.4	11.6	13.5	13.8
Volgograd Oblast	10.0	11.2	13.3	13.6
Central Federal District	10.6	11.8	13.0	13.4
Moscow Oblast	12.0	13.3	12.4	12.9
Kaluga Oblast	11.0	12.3	14.8	15.1
City of Moscow	10.9	11.8	9.6	9.9
Kostroma Oblast	10.8	12.2	14.9	15.5
Yaroslavl Oblast	10.6	12.2	15.3	15.7
Lipetsk Oblast	10.3	11.4	14.8	15.1
Ryazan Oblast	9.9	11.5	15.5	15.9
Tver Oblast	9.9	11.3	17.0	17.7
Vladimir Oblast	9.8	11.4	15.9	16.4
Belgorod Oblast	9.8	11.2	13.5	14.0
Kursk Oblast	9.7	11.2	15.7	16.2
Ivanovo Oblast	9.7	11.0	15.9	16.0
Voronezh Oblast	9.7	10.8	14.8	15.1
Bryansk Oblast	9.6	11.1	15.4	15.6
Oryol Oblast	9.6	11.1	15.9	16.3
Smolensk Oblast	9.2	10.4	15.7	16.1
Tula Oblast	9.1	10.3	16.7	17.0
Tambov Oblast	8.7	9.7	15.4	15.8

Natural increase 2016

January–December	Birth/2016	Birth/2015	Birth/2014	Birth/2013	Birth/2012		Death/2016	Death/2015	Death/2014	Death/2013	Death/2012
Russian Federation	12.9	13.3	13.3	13.2	13.3		12.9	13.1	13.1	13.0	13.3
North Caucasian Federal District	15.9	16.6	17.3	17.2	17.4		7.8	7.9	8.1	8.0	8.2
Chechnya	21.3	23.2	24.2	24.9	25.9		4.7	4.9	5.0	5.0	5.4
Dagestan	17.4	18.2	19.1	18.8	19.0		5.2	5.4	5.6	5.5	5.6
Ingushetia	17.1	18.6	20.7	21.4	22.6		3.3	3.3	3.5	3.5	3.7
Kabardino-Balkaria	14.1	14.6	15.7	15.5	15.9		8.5	8.8	8.8	8.9	8.9
North Ossetia-Alania	14.1	14.6	15.4	15.3	15.0		10.3	10.7	10.7	10.5	10.6
Stavropol Krai	13.0	13.0	13.1	12.7	12.5		11.7	11.6	11.8	11.7	12.0
Karachay-Cherkessia	11.9	12.4	13.6	13.8	13.5		9.4	9.6	9.7	9.5	9.7
Ural Federal District	14.2	14.9	15.2	15.1	15.1		12.3	12.5	12.4	12.4	12.6
Tyumen Oblast	15.8	16.7	17.2	17.0	17.2		8.2	8.3	8.3	8.2	8.4
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug	15.7	16.6	17.3	17.5	17.6		6.2	6.4	6.4	6.3	6.3
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug	15.4	16.5	16.9	16.4	16.7		5.2	5.2	5.1	5.1	5.3
Sverdlovsk Oblast	13.8	14.4	14.5	14.5	14.3		14.0	14.2	14.0	13.8	13.9
Chelyabinsk Oblast	13.3	13.9	14.3	14.2	14.3		13.6	13.9	13.8	13.9	14.2
Kurgan Oblast	12,4	13.3	13.6	14.0	13.8		15.8	16.1	15.9	16.1	15.9
Siberian Federal District	13.8	14.4	14.7	14.9	14.9		13.0	13.2	13.3	13.3	13.6
Tuva	23.4	23.7	25.3	26.1	26.5		9.8	10.3	10.9	11.0	11.1
Altai Republic	18.1	18.7	20.9	20.9	22.4		10.0	10.9	11.2	11.4	11.4
Buriatia	16.4	17.3	17.5	17.6	17.4		11.2	11.4	11.5	11.8	12.4
Irkutsk Oblast	14.7	15.4	15.4	15.6	15.9		13.3	13.7	13.8	13.7	13.8
Zabaykalsky Krai	14.6	15.4	16.0	15.9	16.1		12.3	12.9	12.4	12.5	13.0
Khakassia	14.1	14.8	15.3	15.7	16.0		12.8	13.5	13.2	13.1	13.3
Krasnoyarsk Krai	13.9	14.4	14.5	14.5	14.5		12.5	12.7	12.7	12.8	12.9
Novosibirsk Oblast	13.9	14.2	14.1	14.2	13.9		13.1	13.1	13.3	13.6	13.6
Omsk Oblast	13.3	14.4	15.1	14.8	14.9		13.3	13.4	13.3	13.4	13.8
Tomsk Oblast	13.2	13.6	13.7	13.8	13.6		11.4	11.5	11.8	11.8	11.9
Altai Krai	12.2	12.6	13.2	13.5	13.6		14.0	14.2	14.2	14.2	14.6
Kemerovo Oblast	12.1	12.5	13.2	13.6	13.7		14.3	14.5	14.6	14.6	15.1
Far East Federal District	13.4	13.9	14.1	13.9	13.9		12.5	12.6	12.6	12.6	13.0
Sakha Republic	16.0	17.1	17.8	17.5	17.6		8.4	8.6	8.6	8.7	9.3
Sakhalin Oblast	14.3	13.6	13.6	13.0	12.8		13.1	13.2	13.0	13.1	13.8
Khabarovsk Krai	13.4	14.3	14.0	14.0	13.6		13.1	13.4	13.3	13.4	13.5
Jewish Autonomous Oblast	13.3	14.0	13.8	13.7	14.0		15.0	15.4	14.9	14.5	15.1
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug	13.4	13.5	13.3	13.1	14.1		10.0	9.6	10.7	10.5	11.5
Amur Oblast	12.9	13.3	13.8	14.1	14.3		13.7	13.9	13.9	13.8	14.7 }
Kamchatka Krai	12.9	13.1	13.2	13.0	13.0		11.6	11.4	11.5	11.4	11.5
Primorsky Krai	12.2	12.7	12.8	12.6	12.6		13.6	13.5	13.4	13.5	13.7
Magadan Oblast	11.1	11.8	12.2	12.5	12.4		11.3	11.8	11.9	11.9	12.6
Volga Federal District	12.9	13.3	13.4	13.3	13.2		13.6	13.9	13.9	14.0	13.9
Tatarstan	14.4	14.7	14.8	14.8	14.5		11.6	12.0	12.2	12.1	12.2
Perm Krai	14.2	14.7	14.8	14.7	14.8		13.8	14.2	14.0	14.1	14.2
Mari El	13.9	14.5	14.7	14.6	14.2		13.2	13.7	13.7	13.7	13.6
Udmurtia	13.8	14.6	14.6	14.6	15.2		12.6	12.9	12.8	12.8	12.8
Bashkortostan	13.7	14.5	14.9	14.6	14.5		12.8	13.3	13.2	13.2	13.1
Orenburg Oblast	13.5	14.2	14.6	14.8	14.7		13.5	14.1	14.2	13.9	13.9
Chuvashia Republic	13.3	13.8	13.9	14.0	14.0		13.1	13.1	13.3	13.2	13.3
Samara Oblast	12.6	12.8	12.6	12.3	12.1		13.9	14.2	14.3	14.4	13.9
Kirov Oblast	12.6	12.7	12.8	13.0	12.7		14.9	15.2	15.1	15.4	15.5
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	11.9	12.3	11.9	11.8	11.8		15.4	15.6	15.9	15.9	16.0
Ulyanovsk Oblast	11.6	11.9	11.9	11.6	11.3		14.8	14.9	14.6	14.4	14.1
Saratov Oblast	11.0	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.3		14.0	14.2	14.2	14.4	14.2
Penza Oblast	10.2	10.7	10.9	10.7	10.8		14.5	14.9	14.8	14.8	14.9
Mordovia	9.9	9.7	10.1	10.1	9.9		14.1	14.2	14.3	14.8	14.4
North-West Federal District	12.5	12.5	12.3	12.2	12.2		13.2	13.4	13.3	13.5	13.8
Nenets Autonomous Okrug	18.3	17.5	16.6	16.6	17.4		8.8	9.3	8.9	10.7	10.2
Vologda Oblast	13.3	13.8	13.6	13.8	13.9		15.0	14.8	14.8	15.1	15.0
Komi Republic	13.1	13.6	14.1	14.2	13.9		12.3	12.3	12.2	11.9	12.1
St-Petersburg	13.9	13.6	13.1	12.8	12.6		11.7	11.9	11.7	12.0	12.5
Kaliningrad Oblast	12.5	12.8	12.7	12.5	12.4		12.6	13.3	13.3	13.2	13.2
Arkhangelsk Oblast	12.0	12.4	12.6	12.7	12.8		13.5	13.4	13.2	13.4	13.5
Republic of Karelia	11.9	12.2	12.4	12.0	12.5		14.8	15.3	14.6	14.7	15.3
Novgorod Oblast	11.8	11.9	11.8	12.0	11.9		17.4	17.6	17.3	17.8	17.9
Murmansk Oblast	11.2	11.9	11.8	11.8	11.7	11.5	11.5	11.4	11.0	11.2
Pskov Oblast	11.1	11.1	10.9	11.0	11.0	17.9	18.2	18.5	18.6	19.5
Leningrad Oblast	9.2	9.1	9.1	9.0	9.0	14.0	14.1	14.6	14.6	14.7
Southern Federal District	12.4	12.8	12.9	12.6	12.6	13.5	13.6	13.4	13.2	13.4
Astrakhan Oblast	14.0	14.5	15.0	14.8	15.1	12.0	12.3	12.7	12.3	12.6
Krasnodar Krai	13.4	13.6	13.6	13.2	13.1	12.9	13.1	13.0	12.9	13.1
Sevastopol	13.0	13.7	12.7	11.7	12.0	14.1	15.2	14.4	14.0	13.7
Kalmukia	12.5	13.6	14.1	14.5	14.8	9.7	9.8	9.9	9.9	10.0
Republic of Crimea	12.1	12.7	12.4	12.3	12.6	15.2	15.4	14.7	13.8	13.7
Adygea	12.1	12.5	12.8	12.7	12.8	12.9	13.0	13.3	13.2	13.4
Rostov Oblast	11.6	12.1	12.2	11.7	11.7	13.9	13.9	14.1	13.8	14.0
Volgograd Oblast	11.2	11.5	11.5	11.6	11.7	13.6	13.8	13.7	13.5	13.5
Central Federal District	11.7	11.8	11.5	11.4	11.4	13.5	13.5	13.7	13.7	13.9
Moscow Oblast	13.2	13.1	12.6	12.1	12.0	13.1	13.0	13.9	14.1	14.4
Kaluga Oblast	12.2	12.7	11.8	11.8	11.8	15.1	15.1	15.3	15.3	15.7
Yaroslavl Oblast	12.1	12.2	12.0	12.1	11.9	15.7	15.6	15.6	15.9	15.9
Kostroma Oblast	12.0	12.5	12.6	12.7	12.8	15.6	16.0	15.9	16.2	16.0
City of Moscow	11.8	11.7	11.4	11.3	11.3	10.0	10.0	9.7	9.7	9.9
Lipetsk Oblast	11.4	11.7	11.6	11.4	11.6	15.2	15.4	15.4	15.3	15.3
Ryazan Oblast	11.4	11.2	11.0	10.8	10.8	15.9	15.9	16.1	15.8	16.3
Belgorod Oblast	11.2	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.7	13.9	14.0	14.0	13.9	14.0
Vladimir Oblast	11.2	11.6	11.2	11.1	11.5	16.4	16.5	16.5	16.7	16.6
Tver Oblast	11.2	11.3	11.2	11.4	11.6	17.6	17.7	17.8	18.1	18.2
Kursk Oblast	11.1	11.7	11.8	11.7	11.9	16.1	16.3	16.6	16.3	16.6
Oryol Oblast	11.0	11.2	11.0	11.1	11.1	16.3	16.4	16.4	16.3	16.2
Ivanovo Oblast	10.9	11.4	11.2	11.2	11.0	16.0	16.1	16.4	16.4	16.8
Bryansk Oblast	10.9	11.4	11.0	11.1	11.4	15.6	15.8	16.0	15.9	16.1
Voronezh Oblast	10.7	11.1	10.9	10.7	10.9	15.2	15.4	15.7	15.7	15.6
Smolensk Oblast	10.3	10.6	10.8	10.6	10.5	16.1	16.4	16.1	16.5	16.7
Tula Oblast	10.2	10.5	10.0	9.9	10.1	17.0	17.1	17.1	17.4	17.7
Tambov Oblast	9.6	9.8	9.8	9.6	9.6	15.8	16.0	16.3	16.1	16.1

Net migration rate

2.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011)

Vital statistics

Before WWII

No exact vital statistics for Russia are available for the period before WWII. Andreev made the following estimates:

After WWII

Note: Russian data includes Crimea starting in 2014.

Total fertility rates

As of 2015, Russian TFR of 1.777 children per woman is highest in Eastern Europe, which means an average Russian family has more children (1.78) than an average family in any other Eastern European country. Still, this rate is far below the replacement rate of 2.1 – 2.14.

In 1990, just prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia's total fertility rate (TFR) stood at 1.89. Fertility rates had already begun to decline in the late 80s due to the natural progression of Russia's demographic structure, but the rapid and widely negative changes in society following the collapse greatly influenced the rate of decline. The TFR hit a historic low of 1.157 in 1999 and has since begun to rise again, reaching 1.777 in 2015 (growth of 53.6%), The only federal subject of Russia to see a decline in fertility since 1999 is Ingushetia, where the TFR has fallen from 2.443 to 2.278 as of 2014.

In 2009, 8 of Russia's federal subjects had a TFR above 2.1 children per woman (the approximate minimum required to ensure population replacement), These federal subjects are Chechnya (3.38), Tuva (2.81), Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug (2.73), Agin-Buryat Okrug (2.63), Komi-Permyak (2.16), Evenk Okrug (2.58), Altai Republic (2.36), Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2.1). Of these federal subjects, four have an ethnic Russian majority (Altai, Evenk, Ust-Orda and Nenets). In 2011, the highest TFR were recorded in Chechnya (3.362), Tyva (3.249), Ingushetia (2.94), Altai Republic (2.836), Sakha Republic (2.057), Buryatia (2.027), and Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2.007).

Until 2010, the Russian republic of Chechnya was the region with the highest birth rate in the former USSR (excluding Central Asia). However, in 2011, the Armenian province of Qashatagh overtook it (28.9 vs 29.3 per 1.000).

In 2010, the average number of children born to women has decreased from 1513 to 1000 women from 2002 to 1469 in 2010 in urban areas the figure was 1328 children (2002–1350), and in the village – 1876 (in 2002, – 1993).

In recent years the percentage of children per woman 16 years or more were:

Year : 2002–2010

1 child : 30.5%–31.2%

2 children : 33.7%–34.4%

3 children : 8.9%–8.7%

4 or more children : 5.2%–4.2%

no children : 21.7%–21.5%

Despite a decrease in women who have not had children, the number of three-child and large families has declined between 2002 and 2010.

In every region in Russia, rural areas reported higher TFR compared to urban areas. In most of the federal subjects in Siberia and the Russian Far East, the total fertility rates were high, but not high enough to ensure population replacement. For example, Zabaykalsky Krai had a TFR of 1.82, which is higher than the national average, but less than the 2.1 needed for population replacement.

Compared to the G7 countries, in 2015, Russian TFR of 1.78 children/ woman was lower than that of France (1.93), the USA (1.84), the UK (1.82). Yet its TFR is higher than in other G7 countries like Canada (1.61), Germany (1.50), Japan (1.46) and Italy (1.35).

Compared to other most populous nations, Russia has a lower TFR than Nigeria (5.37), Pakistan (3.42), Indonesia (2.5), India (2.30), Mexico (2.19), the USA (1.84), and higher TFR than Brazil (1.74), and China (1.5-1.6).

Compared to its neighbors, in 2015 Russia has a lower TFR than Kazakhstan (2.7), Mongolia (3.2), Azerbaijan (2.1), Georgia (2.1), North Korea (2.01). While Russian TFR is higher than in Estonia (1.57), Lithuania (1.70), Belarus (1.72), Norway (1.73), Finland (1.65), Ukraine (1.33), Poland (1.29) and Latvia (1.71).

Also many other European countries like Czech Republic (1.57), Spain (1.33), Greece (1.29), Hungary (1.44), Switzerland (1.54), Portugal (1.30) Albania (1.7) as well as East Asian countries and territories like South Korea (1.25), Taiwan (1.2), Singapore (1.26), Hong Kong (1.2), Macau (1.4) have a lower TFR than Russia.

Health

Life expectancy

Further information: List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy

total population: 72.5 years
male: 67.5 years
female: 77.4 years

The disparity in the average lifespan between genders in Russia is largest in the world. Women live 9–12 years longer than men, while the difference in lifespan is typically only five years in other parts of the world. While medical sources, like The Lancet, name mass privatization, and the neo-liberalist shock therapy policies of Yeltsin administration as key reasons of falling life expectancy of Russian men, other sources, like Luke Harding from The Guardian claim alcoholism explains the large difference in gender mortality levels in Russia. As of 2011, the average life expectancy in Russia was 64.3 years for males and 76.1 years for females. According to the WHO 2011 report, annual per capita alcohol consumption in Russia is about 15.76 litres, fourth highest volume in Europe (compare to 13.37 in the UK, 13.66 in France, 15.6 in Ukraine, 16.45 in the Czech Republic, etc.). In the late 1950s, the USSR claimed a higher life expectancy than the United States, but the Soviet Union has lagged behind Western countries in terms of mortality and life expectancy since the late 1960s.
When controlling for confounding variables, neither alcoholism, poverty, pollution, nor the collapse of the health system explain the high male mortality. Most former communist countries got through the same economic collapse and health system collapse. Alcohol consumption per capita is as high in other East European countries. Poverty is high in many other countries. One factor that could explain the low male lifespan in Russia is violence, tolerance for violence and tolerance for risk, "male toughness". Violence, tolerance for risk together with alcoholism reduce the Russian male lifespan.

The life expectancy was about 70 in 1986, prior to the transition-induced disruption of the healthcare system. The turmoil in the early 1990s caused life expectancy in Russia to steadily decrease while it was steadily increasing in the rest of the world. Recently however, Russian life expectancy has again begun to rise. Between 2006—2011 the male life expectancy in Russia rose by almost four years, increasing the overall life expectancy by nearly 4 years to 70.3.

Mortality

In 2012, 1,043,292, or 55% of all deaths in Russia were caused by cardiovascular disease. The second leading cause of death was cancer which claimed 287,840 lives (15.2%). External causes of death such as suicide (1.5%), road accidents (1.5%), murders (0.8%), accidental alcohol poisoning (0.4%), and accidental drowning (0.5%), claimed 202,175 lives in total (10.6%). Other major causes of death were diseases of the digestive system (4.6%), respiratory disease (3.6%), infectious and parasitic diseases (1.6%), and tuberculosis (0.9%). The infant mortality rate in 2012 was 7.6 deaths per 1,000 (down from 8.2 in 2009 and 16.9 in 1999).

Under-five mortality rate

13 deaths/1000 live births (2008)

Abortions and family planning

In the 1980s only 8% to 10% of married Russian women of reproductive age used hormonal and intrauterine contraception methods, compared to 20% to 40% in developed countries. This led to much higher abortion rates in Russia compared to developed countries: in the 1980s Russia had a figure of 120 abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age compared with only 20 per 1,000 in Western countries. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 many changes took place, such as the demonopolization of the market for contraceptive drugs and media liberalization, which led to a rapid conversion to more efficient pregnancy-control practices. Abortion rates fell in the first half of the 1990s for the first time in Russia's history, even despite declining fertility rates. From the early 1990s to 2006, the number of expected abortions per woman during her lifetime fell by nearly 2.5 times, from 3.4 to 1.2. As of 2004, the share of women of reproductive age using hormonal or intrauterine birth control methods was about 46% (29% intrauterine, 17% hormonal).

Despite an increase in "family planning", a large portion of Russian families do not achieve the target of desired children at the desired time. According to a 2004 study, current pregnancies were termed "desired and timely" by 58% of respondents, while 23% described them as "desired, but untimely", and 19% said they were "undesired". The share of unexpected pregnancies remains much lower in countries with developed family planning culture, such as the Netherlands, whose percentage of unwanted pregnancies 20 years before was half of that in Russia as of 2008.

Ethnic groups

The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. As of the 2010 census, 80.90% of the population that disclosed their ethnicity (111,016,896 people) is ethnically Russian, followed by (groups larger than one million):

• 3.87% Tatars (5,310,649)
• 1.40% Ukrainians (1,927,988)
• 1.15% Bashkirs (1,584,554)
• 1.05% Chuvashs (1,435,872)
• 1.04% Chechens (1,431,360)
• 0.86% Armenians (1,182,388)

According to the 2010 Census in Russia lived 142,856,536 people. It is important to note that 5,629,429 people (3.94% of the overall population.) did not declare any ethnic origin, compared to about 1 million in the 2002 Census. This is due to the fact that those people were counted from administrative databases and not directly, and were therefore unable to state their ethnicity. Therefore, the percentages mentioned above are taken from the total population that declared their ethnicity, given that the non-declared remainder is thought to have an ethnic composition similar to the declared segment.

Most smaller groups live compactly in their respective regions and can be categorized by language group. The ethnic divisions used here are those of the official census, and may in some respects be controversial. The following lists all ethnicities resolved by the 2010 census, grouped by language:

Historical perspective

The ethno-demographic structure of Russia has gradually changed over time. During the past century the most striking change is the fast increase of the peoples from the Caucasus. In 1926, these people composed 2% of the Russian population, compared to 6.5% in 2010. Though low in absolute numbers, the Siberian people also increased during the past century, but their growth was mainly realized after WW II (from 0.7% in 1959 to 1.2% in 2010) and not applicable to most of the small peoples (less than 10,000 people).

Peoples of European Russia

The relative proportion of the peoples of European Russia gradually decreased during the past century, but still compose 91% of the total population of Russia in 2010. The absolute numbers of most of these peoples reached its highest level in the beginning of the 1990s. Since 1992, natural growth in Russia has been negative and the numbers of all peoples of European Russia were lower in 2010 than in 2002, the only exceptions being the Roma (due to high fertility rates) and the Gagauz (due to high levels of migration from Moldova to Russia).

Several peoples saw a much larger decrease than can be explained by the low fertility rates and high mortality rates in Russia during the past two decades. Emigration and assimilation contributed to the decrease in numbers of many peoples. Emigration was the most important factor for Germans, Jews and Baltic peoples (Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians). The number of Germans halved between 1959 and 2010. Their main country of destination is Germany.

The number of Jews decreased by more than 80% between 1959 and 2010. In 1970, the Soviet Union had the third largest population of Jews in the world, (2,183,000 of whom 808,000 with residence in Russia), following only that of the United States and Israel. By 2010, due to Jewish emigration, their number fell as low as 158,000. A sizeable emigration of other minorities has been enduring, too. The main destinations of emigrants from Russia are the USA (Russians, Jews, Belarusians, Chechens, Meskhetian Turks, Ukrainians and others), Israel (Jews), Germany (Germans and Jews), Poland (Poles), Canada (Finns and Ukrainians), Finland (Finns), France (Jews and Armenians) and the United Kingdom (mainly rich Russians).

Assimilation (i.e., marrying Russians and having children of such unions counted as Russians) explains the decrease in numbers of Ukrainians, Belarusians and most of the Uralic peoples. The assimilation is reflected in the high median age of these peoples (see the table below), as assimilation is stronger among young people than among old people. The process of assimilation of the Uralic peoples of Russia is probably going on for centuries and is most prominent among the Mordvins (1.4% of the Russian population in 1926 and 0.5% in 2010), the Karelians, Veps and Izhorians.

Assimilation on the other hand slowed down the decrease of the number of ethnic Russians. Besides, the decrease of the number of Russians was also slowed down by the immigration of ethnic Russians from the former Soviet republics, especially Central Asia. Similarly, the numbers of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans, Jews, and other non-autochthonous ethnic groups has also been decreased by emigration to Ukraine, Belarus, Germany, Israel, and so forth, respectively.

Peoples of European Russia in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010

Peoples of the Caucasus

Peoples of the Caucasus in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010