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Demographics of {{{place}}}
Population	144,386,830 (excluding Crimea), 146.8 million (including Crimea) 146,748,590 as of 1 January 2020
Birth rate	10.1 births/1,000 population (2019)
Death rate	12.3 deaths/1,000 population (2019)
Life expectancy	73.34 years (2019)
• male	67.75 years (2018)
• female	77.82 years (2018)
Fertility rate	1.579 (2018) 1.50 (2019p)
Infant mortality rate	4.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2019)
Net migration rate	1.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014)
Age structure
Under 18 years	~23.21%
18–44 years	~34.73%
45–64 years	26.55%
65 and over	15.6%
Sex ratio
Total	0.86 male(s)/female (2009)
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female
Under 15	1.06 male(s)/female (male 11,980,138/female 11,344,818)
15–64 years	0.925 male(s)/female (male 48,166,470/female 52,088,967)
65 and over	0.44 male(s)/female (male 5,783,983/female 13,105,896)
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Russian(s) adjective: Russian
Major ethnic	Russians
Language
Spoken	Russian, others

With a population of 142.8 million according to the 2010 census, which rose to 146.7 million as of 2020, Russia is the most populous country in Europe and the ninth-most populous country in the world. Its population density stands at 9 inhabitants per square kilometre (23 per square mile). The overall life expectancy in Russia at birth is 72.4 years (66.9 years for males and 77.6 years for females). Since the 1990s, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate. As of 2018, the total fertility rate (TFR) across Russia was estimated to be 1.58 born per woman, one of the lowest fertility rates in the world, below the replacement rate of 2.1, and considerably below the high of 7.44 children born per woman in 1908. Consequently, the country has one of the oldest populations in the world, with a median age of 40.3 years.

Russia is home to approximately 117 million ethnic Russians, and about 20 million ethnic Russians live outside of Russia in the former republics of the Soviet Union, mostly in Ukraine and Kazakhstan. The 2010 census recorded roughly 81% of the population as ethnic Russians, and 19.1% as other ethnicities: 3.9% Tatars; 1.4% Ukrainians; 1.1% Bashkirs; 1% Chuvashes; 11.7% others and unspecified. According to the Census, 84.93% of the Russian population belongs to European ethnic groups (Slavic, Germanic, Finnic, Greek, and others). This is a decline from 2002, when they constituted for more than 86% of the population. In total, over 186 different ethnic groups live within the Russian Federation's borders.

Main trends

The population of Russia peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union. Low birth rates and abnormally high death rates caused Russia's population to decline at a 0.5% annual rate, or about 750,000 to 800,000 people per year from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. The UN warned in 2005 that Russia's then population of about 143 million could fall by a third by 2050, if trends did not improve. In 2018, the UN claimed that Russia's population could fall to 132 million by 2050.

The decline slowed considerably in the late 2000s, and in 2009 Russia recorded population growth for the first time in 15 years, adding 23,300. Key reasons for the slow current population growth are improving health care, changing fertility patterns among younger women, falling emigration and a steady influx of immigrants from ex-USSR countries. In 2012, Russia's population increased by 292,400.

As of 2018, Russia's TFR of 1.579 children born/woman was among the highest in Eastern, Southern and Central Europe. In 2013, Russia experienced the first natural population growth since 1990 at 22,700. However, since 2016 TFR has been plummeting, which has already led to a return of a growing natural decrease. In 2018 it surpassed the net migration increment leading to a slight decline of total population. Even though life expectancy in Russia is steadily growing at a high pace (~0.5 year annually) reaching all-time record highs every year, it is still not enough for recovery due to the distorted wave-like age structure of the population.

The number of Russians living in poverty has decreased by 50% since the economic crisis following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the improving economy had a positive impact on the country's low birth rate. The latter rose from its lowest point of 8.27 births per 1000 people in 1999 to 13.3 per 1000 in 2014. Likewise, the fertility rate rose from its lowest point of 1.157 in 1999 to 1.777 in 2015. 2007 marked the highest growth in birth rates that the country had seen in 25 years, and 2009 marked the highest total birth rate since 1991.

While the Russian birth rate is comparable to that of developed countries, its death rate is much higher, especially among working-age males due to a comparatively high rate of fatalities caused by heart disease and other external causes such as accidents. The Russian death rate in 2010 was 14.3 per 1000 citizens.

Demographic crisis and recovery prospects

The causes for this sharp increase in mortality are widely debated. According to a 2009 report by The Lancet, a British medical journal, mass privatization, an element of the economic-reform package nicknamed shock therapy, clearly correlates with higher mortality rates. The report argues that advocates of economic reforms ignored the human cost of the policies they were promoting, such as unemployment and human suffering, leading to an early death. These conclusions were criticized by The Economist. A WHO press-release in 2000, on the other hand, reported widespread alcohol abuse in Russia being used as the most common explanation of higher mortality among men. A 2008 study produced very similar results.

A 2009 study blamed alcohol for more than half the deaths (52%) among Russians aged 15 to 54 in the '90s. For the same demographic, this compares to 4% of deaths for the rest of the world. The study claimed alcohol consumption in mid-90s in Russia averaged 10.5 litres, and was based on personal interviews conducted in three Siberian industrial cities, Barnaul, Biysk and Omsk. More recent studies have confirmed these findings.

According to the Russian demographic publication Demoscope, the rising male death rate was a long-term trend from 1960 to 2005. The only significant reversion of the trend was caused by Mikhail Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign, but its effect was only temporary. According to the publication, the sharp rise of death rates in the early 1990s was caused by the exhaustion of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign, while the market reforms were only of secondary importance. The authors also claimed the Lancet's study is flawed because it used the 1985 death rate as the base, while that was in fact the very maximum of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign.

Other factors contributing to the collapse, along with the economic problems, include the dying off of a relatively large cohort of people born between 1925 and 1940 (between the Russian Civil War and World War II), when Russian birth rates were very high, along with an "echo boom" in the 1980s that may have satisfied the demand for children, leading to a subsequent drop in birth rates.

Government measures to halt the demographic crisis was a key subject of Vladimir Putin's 2006 state of the nation address. As a result, a national programme was developed with the goal to reverse the trend by 2020. Soon after, a study published in 2007 showed that the rate of population decrease had begun to slow: if the net decrease from January to August 2006 was 408,200 people, it was 196,600 in the same period in 2007. The death rate accounted for 357,000 of these, which is 137,000 less than in 2006.

At the same time period in 2007, there were just over one million births in Russia (981,600 in 2006), whilst deaths decreased from 1,475,000 to 1,402,300. In all, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by 1.3 times, down from 1.5 in 2006. 18 of the 83 provinces showed a natural growth of population (in 2006: 16). The Russian Ministry of Economic Development expressed hope that by 2020 the population would stabilize at 138–139 million, and by 2025, to increase again to its present-day status of 143–145, also raising the life expectancy to 75 years.

The natural population decline continued to slow through 2008—2012 due to declining death rates and increasing birth rates. In 2009 the population saw yearly growth for the first time in 15 years. In September 2009, the Ministry of Health and Social Development reported that Russia recorded natural population growth for the first time in 15 years, with 1,000 more births than deaths in August. In April 2011 the Russian Prime Minister (Russian president as of 2012) Vladimir Putin pledged to spend the 1.5 trillion rubles (£32.5 billion or $54 billion) on various measures to boost Russia's declining birthrate by 30 per cent in the next four years.

In 2012, the birth rate increased again. Russia recorded 1,896,263 births, the highest number since 1990, and even exceeding annual births during the period 1967–1969, with a TFR of 1.691, the highest since 1991. (Source: Vital statistics table below). In fact, Russia, despite having only slightly more people than Japan, has recently had nearly twice as many births as that country. The number of births was expected to fall over the next few years as women born during the baby bust in the 1990s enter their prime childbearing years, but this didn't occur thanks to the continued growth of the TFR. The figures for 2013–2015 again showed around 1.9 million births, about the same as in 2012, but because the number of women of childbearing age is dropping, especially for those in their early 20s, the TFR actually rose to 1.777, which places Russia at first 9 or 10 countries out of 50 developed nations, and at 6th place in Europe.

In 2017, the number of births took a drop mostly due to falling fertility rates, which, in turn, were affected by falling of fertility of 2nd children due to planned but postponed termination of maternal capital program, and falling of fertility of 1st children. The more recent drop in fertility has been sharpest in the North Caucasus, including in Chechnya where the birth rate fell by one-third since 2010. Change of number of reproductive-age women also played a key role. However, the number of deaths also declined due to improving healthcare, decline in violent crime rates and declining consumption of alcohol, tobacco and hard drugs.

In 2018, the number of births kept falling, but at much slower pace. However, the number of deaths didn't decline by as much as it did the previous year because whilst life expectancy improved, the population aged leading to a higher mortality rate. By 2020 around 25.7% of Russians would be over 60 years, which is nearly double the percentage in 1985 of 12.7%. By the middle of the century it is possible that more than a third of the population will be over 60, similar to modern Japan.

Immigration

In 2006, in a bid to compensate for the country's demographic decline, the Russian government started simplifying immigration laws and launched a state program "for providing assistance to voluntary immigration of ethnic Russians from former Soviet republics". In August 2012, as the country saw its first demographic growth since the 1990s, President Putin declared that Russia's population could reach 146 million by 2025, mainly as a result of immigration. Introduced in April 2014 new citizenship rules allowing citizens of former Soviet countries to obtain Russian citizenship If they meet certain criteria (e.g. preferred language, ethnicity) have gained strong interest among Russian-speaking residents of those countries (i.e. Russians, Germans, Belarusians and Ukrainians).

There are an estimated four million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia. In 2012, the Russian Federal Security Service's Border Service stated there had been an increase in illegal migration from the Middle East and Southeast Asia (Note that these were Temporary Contract Migrants) Under legal changes made in 2012, illegal immigrants who are caught will be banned from reentering the country for 10 years.

Since the collapse of the USSR, most immigrants have come from Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Belarus, and China.

Worker migration

Temporary migrant workers in Russia consists of about 7 million people, most of the temporary workers come from Central Asia, the Balkans and East Asia. Most of them work in the construction, cleaning and in the household industries. They primarily live in cities such as Moscow, Sochi and Blagoveshchensk. The mayor of Moscow said that Moscow cannot do without worker migrants. New laws are in place that require worker migrants to be fluent in Russian, know Russian history and laws. The Russian Opposition and most of the Russian population opposes worker migration. The problem of worker migration has become so severe it has caused a rise in Russian nationalism, and spawned groups like Movement Against Illegal Immigration.

Vital statistics

Total fertility rate, 1840–1926

The total fertility rate is the number of children born to each woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.

In many of the following years, Russia had the highest total fertility rate in the world. These elevated fertility rates did not lead to population growth due to the casualties of the Russian Revolution, the two world wars and political killings.

Historical crude birth rates

After WWII

Note: Russian data includes Crimea starting in 2014.

Age structure

Current population statistics

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.

• One birth every 18 seconds
• One death every 16 seconds
• Net loss of one person every 8 minutes
• One net migrant every 4 minutes

Demographic statistics according to the US based CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Population

142,122,776 (July 2018 est.)

142,257,519 (July 2017 est.)

Age structure

0–14 years: 17.21% (male 12,566,314 /female 11,896,416)

15–24 years: 9.41% (male 6,840,759 /female 6,530,991)

25–54 years: 44.21% (male 30,868,831 /female 31,960,407)

55–64 years: 14.51% (male 8,907,031 /female 11,709,921)

65 years and over: 14.66% (male 6,565,308 /female 14,276,798) (2018 est.)

0–14 years: 17.12% (male 12,509,563/female 11,843,254)

15–24 years: 9.46% (male 6,881,880/female 6,572,191)

25–54 years: 44.71% (male 31,220,990/female 32,375,489)

55–64 years: 14.44% (male 8,849,707/female 11,693,131)

65 years and over: 14.28% (male 6,352,557/female 13,958,757) (2017 est.)

Median age

total: 39.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 52nd

male: 36.9 years

female: 42.7 years (2018 est.)

total: 39.6 years

male: 36.6 years

female: 42.5 years (2017 est.)

total: 39.6 years

male: 36.7 years

female: 41.6 years (2009)

Birth rate

10.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 184th

11 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Death rate

13.4 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 8th

Total fertility rate

1.61 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 179th

Net migration rate

1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 52nd

Population growth rate

–0.11% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 205th

–0.08% (2017 est.)

+0.19% (2014 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

24.6 years (2009 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 71.3 years. Country comparison to the world: 155th

male: 65.6 years

female: 77.3 years (2018 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 6.8 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 7.6 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 5.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 163rd

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

total population: 99.7%

male: 99.7%

female: 99.6% (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 16 years

male: 15 years

female: 16 years (2016)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

total: 16%. Country comparison to the world: 83rd

male: 15.3%

female: 16.9% (2015 est.)

Ethnic groups

Russian 80.9%, Tatar 3.9%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% note: nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census (2010 est.)

Religions

Russian Orthodox 15–20%, Muslim 10–15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.) Note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as traditional religions.

Languages

Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1%. Note: data represent native language spoken (2010 est.)

Population distribution

Population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south

Urbanization

urban population: 74.4% of total population (2018)

rate of urbanization: 0.18% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

74% urban, 26% rural (2010 Russian Census)

Population density

8.4 people per square kilometer (2010 Russian Census)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.4 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.46 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2009)

Total fertility rate issue

In 2017, Russia's TFR of 1.62 children born/woman was among the highest in Eastern Europe, meaning that the average Russian family had more children than an average family in most other Eastern European countries, but that the rate was below the replacement rate of 2.1. After experiencing a surge in births for several years, Russia's birth rate fell in 2017 by 10.6% percent, reaching its lowest level in 10 years.

In 1990, just prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia's total fertility rate (TFR) stood at 1.89. Fertility rates had already begun to decline in the late 1980s due to the natural progression of Russia's demographic structure, but the rapid and widely negative changes in society following the collapse greatly influenced the rate of decline. The TFR hit a historic low of 1.157 in 1999. The only federal subject of Russia to see a decline in fertility since 1999 is Ingushetia, where the TFR fell from 2.443 to 2.278 in 2014.

In 2009, 8 of Russia's federal subjects had a TFR above 2.1 children per woman (the approximate minimum required to ensure population replacement), These federal subjects are Chechnya (3.38), Tuva (2.81), Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug (2.73), Agin-Buryat Okrug (2.63), Komi-Permyak (2.16), Evenk Okrug (2.58), Altai Republic (2.36), Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2.1). Of these federal subjects, four have an ethnic Russian majority (Altai, Evenk, Ust-Orda and Nenets). In 2011, the highest TFR were recorded in Chechnya (3.362), Tyva (3.249), Ingushetia (2.94), Altai Republic (2.836), Sakha Republic (2.057), Buryatia (2.027), and Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2.007).

Until 2010, the Russian republic of Chechnya was the region with the highest birth rate in the former USSR (excluding Central Asia). However, in 2011, the Armenian province of Qashatagh overtook it (28.9 vs 29.3 per 1.000).

In 2010, the average number of children born to women has decreased from 1513 to 1000 women from 2002 to 1469 in 2010 in urban areas the figure was 1328 children (2002–1350), and in the village – 1876 (in 2002, – 1993).

In recent years the percentage of children per woman 16 years or more were:

Year : 2002–2010

1 child : 30.5%–31.2%

2 children : 33.7%–34.4%

3 children : 8.9%–8.7%

4 or more children : 5.2%–4.2%

no children : 21.7%–21.5%

Despite a decrease in women who have not had children, the number of three-child and large families has declined between 2002 and 2010.

In every region in Russia, rural areas reported higher TFR compared to urban areas. In most of the federal subjects in Siberia and the Russian Far East, the total fertility rates were high, but not high enough to ensure population replacement. For example, Zabaykalsky Krai had a TFR of 1.82, which is higher than the national average, but less than the 2.1 needed for population replacement.

Compared to the G7 countries, in 2015, Russian TFR of 1.78 children/ woman was lower than that of France (1.93), the USA (1.84), the UK (1.82). Yet its TFR is higher than in other G7 countries like Canada (1.61), Germany (1.50), Japan (1.46) and Italy (1.35).

Compared to other most populous nations, Russia has a lower TFR than Nigeria (5.37), Pakistan (3.42), Indonesia (2.5), India (2.30), Mexico (2.19), the USA (1.84), and higher TFR than Brazil (1.74), and China (1.5–1.6).

Natural increase

Experts were puzzled in 2015 when a sharp increase in deaths coincided with a sharp increase in life expectancy. While they have found out that a decrease in potential mothers led to a decrease in births and a rapid rise in fertility.

Data from Federal State Statistics Service in August 2020 showed:

• Number of births from January–August 2019 = 994,300
• Number of births from January–August 2020 = 938,300

• Number of deaths from January–August 2019 = 1,213,400
• Number of deaths from January–August 2020 = 1,285,200

• Natural increase between January–August 2019 = –219,100
• Natural increase between January–August 2020 = –346,900

Birth and deaths statistics per region of Russia

January–September	Birth/2019	Birth/2018	Death/2019	Death/2018
Russian Federation	10.2	11.0	12.3	12.6
North Caucasian Federal District	13.4	14.4	7.3	7.5
Chechnya	18.7	20.5	4.4	4.5
Ingushetia	15.7	15.8	2.7	2.9
Dagestan	14.6	15.9	4.7	5.0
North Ossetia-Alania	12.2	13.0	10.4	10.3
Kabardino-Balkaria	11.4	12.4	8.3	8.2
Karachay-Cherkessia	11.1	10.6	8.9	8.9
Stavropol Krai	10.0	11.0	11.3	11.5
Far East Federal District	11.2	12.0	12.3	12.1
Sakha Republic	13.1	14.0	7.9	8.2
Buriatia	12.8	14.2	11.1	10.9
Zabaykalsky Krai	11.9	12.6	12.4	12.3
Sakhalin Oblast	11.7	12.3	12.5	12.6
Khabarovsk Krai	11.0	11.5	13.4	12.7
Jewish Autonomous Oblast	10.8	11.7	14.0	13.7
Kamchatka Krai	10.6	11.1	11.1	11.3
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug	10.5	12.7	9.7	11.2
Amur Oblast	10.0	11.2	14.0	13.4
Primorsky Krai	9.7	10.5	13.6	13.6
Magadan Oblast	9.5	9.7	11.8	11.4
Ural Federal District	11.1	12.1	11.8	12.0
Tyumen Oblast	12.7	13.7	7.8	8.0
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug	12.6	13.7	6.1	6.3
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug	12.6	13.2	4.7	4.7
Sverdlovsk Oblast	10.9	11.8	13.5	13.7
Chelyabinsk Oblast	10.0	11.0	13.2	13.3
Kurgan Oblast	9.4	10.4	15.6	15.7
Siberian Federal District	10.5	11.5	13.0	13.1
Tuva	18.9	20.6	8.6	9.0
Altai Republic	13.7	15.5	10.1	10.0
Irkutsk Oblast	11.9	13.1	13.2	13.1
Novosibirsk Oblast	10.9	11.8	12.9	13.1
Krasnoyarsk Krai	10.7	11.7	12.4	12.6
Khakassia	10.5	11.8	12.4	12.5
Omsk Oblast	9.9	11.0	12.8	12.9
Tomsk Oblast	9.8	11.0	11.3	11.3
Altai Krai	9.3	10.2	14.2	14.4
Kemerovo Oblast	9.1	10.0	14.4	14.6
Southern Federal District	9.8	10.5	12.9	12.9
Krasnodar Krai	10.8	11.4	12.4	12.3
Astrakhan Oblast	10.7	11.5	11.5	11.7
Kalmykia	10.2	11.1	9.6	9.7
Crimea	10.0	10.6	14.1	14.1
Sevastopol	9.5	10.2	13.3	12.8
Rostov Oblast	9.0	9.7	13.4	13.5
Adygea	8.9	9.7	12.5	12.4
Volgograd Oblast	8.4	9.3	13.1	13.4
Volga Federal District	9.7	10.7	13.0	13.5
Tatarstan	11.0	12.0	11.0	11.7
Bashkortostan	10.5	11.7	12.2	12.6
Perm Krai	10.4	11.4	13.3	13.7
Orenburg Oblast	10.0	11.1	13.2	13.6
Mari El	10.0	11.0	12.1	12.9
Udmurtia	9.9	11.1	12.0	12.2
Chuvashia Republic	9.6	10.8	12.4	12.8
Samara Oblast	9.3	10.4	13.3	13.7
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	9.1	10.0	14.7	15.1
Kirov Oblast	9.0	10.1	14.5	15.2
Ulyanovsk Oblast	8.8	9.8	13.9	14.3
Saratov Oblast	8.3	9.1	13.8	14.0
Penza Oblast	8.0	8.7	14.0	14.8
Mordovia	7.6	8.5	13.3	13.6
North-West Federal District	9.6	10.5	12.5	12.9
Nenets Autonomous Okrug	13.7	14.3	8.8	9.6
Saint Petersburg	10.9	12.1	11.1	11.6
Vologda Oblast	9.9	10.6	14.2	14.6
Komi Republic	9.6	10.3	12.0	11.9
Kaliningrad Oblast	9.4	10.7	12.0	12.3
Arkhangelsk Oblast	9.1	9.9	13.2	13.3
Republic of Karelia	9.0	9.8	14.5	14.9
Murmansk Oblast	8.9	9.8	11.4	11.4
Novgorod Oblast	8.7	9.8	16.5	16.8
Pskov Oblast	8.5	9.3	17.0	17.4
Leningrad Oblast	7.4	7.7	12.7	13.4
Central Federal District	9.5	10.1	12.7	13.0
City of Moscow	11.0	10.5	9.6	9.7
Moscow Oblast	9.5	11.4	12.0	12.5
Kostroma Oblast	9.2	9.8	14.7	14.9
Yaroslavl Oblast	9.1	9.8	14.8	15.1
Kaluga Oblast	9.0	10.4	14.7	15.1
Lipetsk Oblast	8.7	9.5	14.4	14.4
Belgorod Oblast	8.6	9.4	13.6	13.6
Ryazan Oblast	8.5	9.4	15.4	15.6
Vladimir Oblast	8.5	9.3	15.7	16.1
Voronezh Oblast	8.5	9.3	14.2	14.8
Tver Oblast	8.5	9.2	16.3	17.2
Bryansk Oblast	8.4	9.2	14.9	15.2
Kursk Oblast	8.3	9.3	15.0	15.5
Oryol Oblast	8.2	9.1	15.5	15.8
Ivanovo Oblast	8.1	9.1	15.9	16.4
Smolensk Oblast	7.7	8.4	15.2	15.7
Tula Oblast	7.7	8.4	15.9	16.2
Tambov Oblast	7.7	8.1	15.1	15.7

Natural increase 2017

January–December	Birth/2017	Birth/2016	Birth/2015	Birth/2014	Birth/2013		Death/2017	Death/2016	Death/2015	Death/2014	Death/2013
Russian Federation	11.5	12.9	13.3	13.3	13.2		12.4	12.9	13.1	13.1	13.0
North Caucasian Federal District	14.9	15.9	16.6	17.3	17.2		7.6	7.8	7.9	8.1	8.0
Chechnya	21.0	21.3	23.2	24.2	24.9		4.6	4.7	4.9	5.0	5.0
Ingushetia	16.5	17.1	18.6	20.7	21.4		3.2	3.3	3.3	3.5	3.5
Dagestan	16.4	17.4	18.2	19.1	18.8		5.1	5.2	5.4	5.6	5.5
Kabardino-Balkaria	12.8	14.1	14.6	15.7	15.5		8.5	8.5	8.8	8.8	8.9
North Ossetia-Alania	12.8	14.1	14.6	15.4	15.3		10.2	10.3	10.7	10.7	10.5
Stavropol Krai	11.6	13.0	13.0	13.1	12.7		11.2	11.7	11.6	11.8	11.7
Karachay-Cherkessia	11.0	11.9	12.4	13.6	13.8		9.3	9.4	9.6	9.7	9.5
Ural Federal District	12.6	14.2	14.9	15.2	15.1		11.7	12.3	12.5	12.4	12.4
Tyumen Oblast	14.2	15.8	16.7	17.2	17.0		7.9	8.2	8.3	8.3	8.2
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug	14.1	15.7	16.6	17.3	17.5		6.2	6.2	6.4	6.4	6.3
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug	14.0	15.4	16.5	16.9	16.4		4.9	5.2	5.2	5.1	5.1
Sverdlovsk Oblast	12.4	13.8	14.4	14.5	14.5		13.3	14.0	14.2	14.0	13.8
Chelyabinsk Oblast	11.5	13.3	13.9	14.3	14.2		13.0	13.6	13.9	13.8	13.9
Kurgan Oblast	11.1	12,4	13.3	13.6	14.0		15.2	15.8	16.1	15.9	16.1
Siberian Federal District	12.3	13.8	14.4	14.7	14.9		12.7	13.0	13.2	13.3	13.3
Tuva	21.8	23.4	23.7	25.3	26.1		8.7	9.8	10.3	10.9	11.0
Altai Republic	15.8	18.1	18.7	20.9	20.9		9.6	10.0	10.9	11.2	11.4
Buriatia	14.5	16.4	17.3	17.5	17.6		10.6	11.2	11.4	11.5	11.8
Irkutsk Oblast	13.3	14.7	15.4	15.4	15.6		12.9	13.3	13.7	13.8	13.7
Zabaykalsky Krai	13.2	14.6	15.4	16.0	15.9		11.6	12.3	12.9	12.4	12.5
Khakassia	12.4	14.1	14.8	15.3	15.7		12.6	12.8	13.5	13.2	13.1
Krasnoyarsk Krai	12.4	13.9	14.4	14.5	14.5		12.3	12.5	12.7	12.7	12.8
Novosibirsk Oblast	12.4	13.9	14.2	14.1	14.2		12.9	13.1	13.1	13.3	13.6
Omsk Oblast	11.5	13.3	14.4	15.1	14.8		12.8	13.3	13.4	13.3	13.4
Tomsk Oblast	11.7	13.2	13.6	13.7	13.8		11.4	11.4	11.5	11.8	11.8
Altai Krai	10.8	12.2	12.6	13.2	13.5		14.0	14.0	14.2	14.2	14.2
Kemerovo Oblast	10.5	12.1	12.5	13.2	13.6		14.1	14.3	14.5	14.6	14.6
Far East Federal District	12.1	13.4	13.9	14.1	13.9		12.1	12.5	12.6	12.6	12.6
Sakha Republic	14.4	16.0	17.1	17.8	17.5		8.1	8.4	8.6	8.6	8.7
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug	13.2	13.4	13.5	13.3	13.1		9.1	10.0	9.6	10.7	10.5
Sakhalin Oblast	12.9	14.3	13.6	13.6	13.0		12.0	13.1	13.2	13.0	13.1
Khabarovsk Krai	12.0	13.4	14.3	14.0	14.0		13.0	13.1	13.4	13.3	13.4
Jewish Autonomous Oblast	11.7	13.3	14.0	13.8	13.7		13.2	15.0	15.4	14.9	14.5
Amur Oblast	11.8	12.9	13.3	13.8	14.1		13.4	13.7	13.9	13.9	13.8
Kamchatka Krai	11.8	12.9	13.1	13.2	13.0		11.0	11.6	11.4	11.5	11.4
Primorsky Krai	10.9	12.2	12.7	12.8	12.6		13.2	13.6	13.5	13.4	13.5
Magadan Oblast	10.9	11.1	11.8	12.2	12.5		11.3	11.3	11.8	11.9	11.9
Volga Federal District	11.1	12.9	13.3	13.4	13.3		13.1	13.6	13.9	13.9	14.0
Tatarstan	12.4	14.4	14.7	14.8	14.8		11.3	11.6	12.0	12.2	12.1
Perm Krai	12.2	14.2	14.7	14.8	14.7		13.2	13.8	14.2	14.0	14.1
Mari El	11.9	13.9	14.5	14.7	14.6		12.4	13.2	13.7	13.7	13.7
Udmurtia	11.8	13.8	14.6	14.6	14.6		12.0	12.6	12.9	12.8	12.8
Bashkortostan	12.1	13.7	14.5	14.9	14.6		12.4	12.8	13.3	13.2	13.2
Orenburg Oblast	11.5	13.5	14.2	14.6	14.8		13.2	13.5	14.1	14.2	13.9
Chuvashia Republic	11.3	13.3	13.8	13.9	14.0		12.6	13.1	13.1	13.3	13.2
Samara Oblast	10.8	12.6	12.8	12.6	12.3		13.7	13.9	14.2	14.3	14.4
Kirov Oblast	10.7	12.6	12.7	12.8	13.0		14.4	14.9	15.2	15.1	15.4
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	10.6	11.9	12.3	11.9	11.8		14.7	15.4	15.6	15.9	15.9
Ulyanovsk Oblast	10.0	11.6	11.9	11.9	11.6		14.0	14.8	14.9	14.6	14.4
Saratov Oblast	9.5	11.0	11.5	11.5	11.5		13.6	14.0	14.2	14.2	14.4
Penza Oblast	8.9	10.2	10.7	10.9	10.7		14.1	14.5	14.9	14.8	14.8
Mordovia	8.5	9.9	9.7	10.1	10.1		13.5	14.1	14.2	14.3	14.8
North-West Federal District	11.1	12.5	12.5	12.3	12.2		12.8	13.2	13.4	13.3	13.5
Nenets Autonomous Okrug	15.3	18.3	17.5	16.6	16.6		8.5	8.8	9.3	8.9	10.7
Saint Petersburg	12.6	13.9	13.6	13.1	12.8		11.5	11.7	11.9	11.7	12.0
Komi Republic	11.5	13.1	13.6	14.1	14.2		11.7	12.3	12.3	12.2	11.9
Vologda Oblast	11.4	13.3	13.8	13.6	13.8		14.4	15.0	14.8	14.8	15.1
Kaliningrad Oblast	11.1	12.5	12.8	12.7	12.5		12.5	12.6	13.3	13.3	13.2
Arkhangelsk Oblast	10.6	12.0	12.4	12.6	12.7		12.9	13.5	13.4	13.2	13.4
Republic of Karelia	10.3	11.9	12.2	12.4	12.0		14.5	14.8	15.3	14.6	14.7
Murmansk Oblast	10.3	11.2	11.9	11.8	11.8		11.0	11.5	11.5	11.4	11.0
Novgorod Oblast	10.2	11.8	11.9	11.8	12.0	17.1	17.4	17.6	17.3	17.8
Pskov Oblast	9.5	11.1	11.1	10.9	11.0	17.4	17.9	18.2	18.5	18.6
Leningrad Oblast	8.4	9.2	9.1	9.1	9.0	13.4	14.0	14.1	14.6	14.6
Southern Federal District	11.1	12.4	12.8	12.9	12.6	13.0	13.5	13.6	13.4	13.2
Astrakhan Oblast	12.1	14.0	14.5	15.0	14.8	11.4	12.0	12.3	12.7	12.3
Krasnodar Krai	12.0	13.4	13.6	13.6	13.2	12.5	12.9	13.1	13.0	12.9
Sevastopol	11.3	13.0	13.7	12.7	11.7	13.3	14.1	15.2	14.4	14.0
Republic of Crimea	11.0	12.1	12.7	12.4	12.3	14.4	15.2	15.4	14.7	13.8
Kalmykia	10.9	12.5	13.6	14.1	14.5	9.9	9.7	9.8	9.9	9.9
Adygea	10.6	12.1	12.5	12.8	12.7	12.7	12.9	13.0	13.3	13.2
Rostov Oblast	10.3	11.6	12.1	12.2	11.7	13.4	13.9	13.9	14.1	13.8
Volgograd Oblast	9.9	11.2	11.5	11.5	11.6	13.1	13.6	13.8	13.7	13.5
Central Federal District	10.5	11.7	11.8	11.5	11.4	12.9	13.5	13.5	13.7	13.7
Moscow Oblast	12.0	13.2	13.1	12.6	12.1	12.4	13.1	13.0	13.9	14.1
Kaluga Oblast	10.8	12.2	12.7	11.8	11.8	14.8	15.1	15.1	15.3	15.3
City of Moscow	10.8	11.8	11.7	11.4	11.3	9.6	10.0	10.0	9.7	9.7
Kostroma Oblast	10.7	12.0	12.5	12.6	12.7	14.8	15.6	16.0	15.9	16.2
Yaroslavl Oblast	10.5	12.1	12.2	12.0	12.1	15.2	15.7	15.6	15.6	15.9
Lipetsk Oblast	10.0	11.4	11.7	11.6	11.4	14.7	15.2	15.4	15.4	15.3
Tver Oblast	9.9	11.2	11.3	11.2	11.4	16.9	17.6	17.7	17.8	18.1
Ryazan Oblast	9.8	11.4	11.2	11.0	10.8	15.3	15.9	15.9	16.1	15.8
Belgorod Oblast	9.8	11.2	11.6	11.6	11.6	13.5	13.9	14.0	14.0	13.9
Vladimir Oblast	9.7	11.2	11.6	11.2	11.1	15.7	16.4	16.5	16.5	16.7
Ivanovo Oblast	9.7	10.9	11.4	11.2	11.2	15.8	16.0	16.1	16.4	16.4
Kursk Oblast	9.6	11.1	11.7	11.8	11.7	15.5	16.1	16.3	16.6	16.3
Voronezh Oblast	9.6	10.7	11.1	10.9	10.7	14.7	15.2	15.4	15.7	15.7
Oryol Oblast	9.5	11.0	11.2	11.0	11.1	15.7	16.3	16.4	16.4	16.3
Bryansk Oblast	9.5	10.9	11.4	11.0	11.1	15.3	15.6	15.8	16.0	15.9
Smolensk Oblast	9.1	10.3	10.6	10.8	10.6	15.6	16.1	16.4	16.1	16.5
Tula Oblast	9.0	10.2	10.5	10.0	9.9	16.5	17.0	17.1	17.1	17.4
Tambov Oblast	8.6	9.6	9.8	9.8	9.6	15.2	15.8	16.0	16.3	16.1

Net migration rate

2.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011)

Health

Life expectancy

Further information: List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy

total population: 72.5 years
male: 67.5 years
female: 77.4 years

The disparity in the average lifespan between genders in Russia is the largest in the world. Women live 9–12 years longer than men, while the difference in lifespan is typically only five years in other parts of the world. David Stuckler, Lawrence King, and Martin McKee propose mass privatization and the neo-liberalist shock therapy policies of Yeltsin administration as key reasons of falling life expectancy of Russian men. As of 2011, the average life expectancy in Russia was 64.3 years for males and 76.1 years for females. According to the WHO 2011 report, annual per capita alcohol consumption in Russia is about 15.76 litres, fourth highest volume in Europe (compare to 13.37 in the UK, 13.66 in France, 15.6 in Ukraine, 16.45 in the Czech Republic, etc.). In the late 1950s, the USSR claimed a higher life expectancy than the United States, but the Soviet Union has lagged behind Western countries in terms of mortality and life expectancy since the late 1960s.
When controlling for confounding variables, neither alcoholism, poverty, pollution, nor the collapse of the health system explain the high male mortality. Most former communist countries got through the same economic collapse and health system collapse. Alcohol consumption per capita is as high in other East European countries. Poverty is high in many other countries. One factor that could explain the low male lifespan in Russia is violence, tolerance for violence and tolerance for risk, "male toughness". Violence, tolerance for risk together with alcoholism reduce the Russian male lifespan.

The life expectancy was about 70 in 1986, prior to the transition-induced disruption of the healthcare system. The turmoil in the early 1990s caused life expectancy in Russia to steadily decrease while it was steadily increasing in the rest of the world. Recently however, Russian life expectancy has again begun to rise. Between 2006 and 2011 the male life expectancy in Russia rose by almost four years, increasing the overall life expectancy by nearly 4 years to 70.3.

Mortality

In 2012, 1,043,292, or 55% of all deaths in Russia were caused by cardiovascular disease. The second leading cause of death was cancer, which claimed 287,840 lives (15.2%). External causes of death such as suicide (1.5%), road accidents (1.5%), murders (0.8%), accidental alcohol poisoning (0.4%), and accidental drowning (0.5%), claimed 202,175 lives in total (10.6%). Other major causes of death were diseases of the digestive system (4.6%), respiratory disease (3.6%), infectious and parasitic diseases (1.6%), and tuberculosis (0.9%). The infant mortality rate in 2012 was 7.6 deaths per 1,000 (down from 8.2 in 2009 and 16.9 in 1999).

Under-five mortality rate

7.7 deaths/1000 live births (2016)

Abortions and family planning

In the 1980s only 8% to 10% of married Russian women of reproductive age used hormonal and intrauterine contraception methods, compared to 20% to 40% in other developed countries. This led to much higher abortion rates in Russia compared to other developed countries: in the 1980s Russia had a figure of 120 abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age compared with only 20 per 1,000 in Western countries. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 many changes took place, such as the demonopolization of the market for contraceptive drugs and media liberalization, which led to a rapid conversion to more efficient pregnancy-control practices. Abortion rates fell in the first half of the 1990s for the first time in Russia's history, even despite declining fertility rates. From the early 1990s to 2006, the number of expected abortions per woman during her lifetime fell by nearly 2.5 times, from 3.4 to 1.2. As of 2004, the share of women of reproductive age using hormonal or intrauterine birth control methods was about 46% (29% intrauterine, 17% hormonal).

Despite an increase in "family planning", a large portion of Russian families do not achieve the target of desired children at the desired time. According to a 2004 study, current pregnancies were termed "desired and timely" by 58% of respondents, while 23% described them as "desired, but untimely", and 19% said they were "undesired". The share of unexpected pregnancies remains much lower in countries with developed family planning culture, such as the Netherlands, whose percentage of unwanted pregnancies 20 years before was half of that in Russia as of 2008.

Ethnic groups

The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. As of the 2010 census, 80.90% of the population that disclosed their ethnicity (111,016,896 people) is ethnically Russian, followed by (groups larger than one million):

• 1.40% Ukrainians (1,927,988)

4.1% (5,864,000) settled, refugee or working plus temporaneous or permanent settlement.

• 3.77% Tatars (5,310,649)
• 1.15% Bashkirs (1,584,554)
• 1.05% Chuvashs (1,435,872)
• 1.04% Chechens (1,431,360)
• 0.86% Armenians (1,182,388)

According to the 2010 Census in Russia lived 142,856,536 people. It is important to note that 5,629,429 people (3.94% of the overall population.) did not declare any ethnic origin, compared to about 1 million in the 2002 Census. This is due to the fact that those people were counted from administrative databases and not directly, and were therefore unable to state their ethnicity. Therefore, the percentages mentioned above are taken from the total population that declared their ethnicity, given that the non-declared remainder is thought to have an ethnic composition similar to the declared segment.

Most smaller groups live compactly in their respective regions and can be categorized by language group. The ethnic divisions used here are those of the official census, and may in some respects be controversial. The following lists all ethnicities resolved by the 2010 census, grouped by language:

Historical perspective

The ethno-demographic structure of Russia has gradually changed over time. During the past century the most striking change is the fast increase of the peoples from the Caucasus. In 1926, these people composed 2% of the Russian population, compared to 6.5% in 2010. Though low in absolute numbers, the Siberian people also increased during the past century, but their growth was mainly realized after WW II (from 0.7% in 1959 to 1.2% in 2010) and not applicable to most of the small peoples (less than 10,000 people).

Peoples of European Russia

The relative proportion of the peoples of European Russia gradually decreased during the past century, but still compose 91% of the total population of Russia in 2010. The absolute numbers of most of these peoples reached its highest level in the beginning of the 1990s. Since 1992, natural growth in Russia has been negative and the numbers of all peoples of European Russia were lower in 2010 than in 2002, the only exceptions being the Roma (due to high fertility rates) and the Gagauz (due to high levels of migration from Moldova to Russia).

Several peoples saw a much larger decrease than can be explained by the low fertility rates and high mortality rates in Russia during the past two decades. Emigration and assimilation contributed to the decrease in numbers of many peoples. Emigration was the most important factor for Germans, Jews and Baltic peoples (Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians). The number of Germans halved between 1959 and 2010. Their main country of destination is Germany.

The number of Jews decreased by more than 80% between 1959 and 2010. In 1970, the Soviet Union had the third largest population of Jews in the world, (2,183,000 of whom 808,000 with residence in Russia), following only that of the United States and Israel. By 2010, due to Jewish emigration, their number fell as low as 158,000. A sizeable emigration of other minorities has been enduring, too. The main destinations of emigrants from Russia are the USA (Russians, Jews, Belarusians, Chechens, Meskhetian Turks, Ukrainians and others), Israel (Jews), Germany (Germans and Jews), Poland (Poles), Canada (Finns and Ukrainians), Finland (Finns), France (Jews and Armenians) and the United Kingdom (mainly rich Russians).

Assimilation (i.e., marrying Russians and having children of such unions counted as Russians) explains the decrease in numbers of Ukrainians, Belarusians and most of the Uralic peoples. The assimilation is reflected in the high median age of these peoples (see the table below), as assimilation is stronger among young people than among old people. The process of assimilation of the Uralic peoples of Russia is probably going on for centuries and is most prominent among the Mordvins (1.4% of the Russian population in 1926 and 0.5% in 2010), the Karelians, Veps and Izhorians.

Assimilation on the other hand slowed down the decrease of the number of ethnic Russians. Besides, the decrease of the number of Russians was also slowed down by the immigration of ethnic Russians from the former Soviet republics, especially Central Asia. Similarly, the numbers of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans, Jews, and other non-autochthonous ethnic groups has also been decreased by emigration to Ukraine, Belarus, Germany, Israel, and so forth, respectively.

Peoples of European Russia in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010

Peoples of the Caucasus

Peoples of the Caucasus in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010