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2001
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
This article is about the year 2001. For other uses, see 2001 (disambiguation).
Clockwise from top left: Misplaced Pages is founded; Dipendra Dev massacred his family and the Nepalese monarchy on 1 June; a T-55 tank and crew in Aračinovo during the Macedonia insurgency; U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom; an earthquake in Gujarat killed 13,805–20,023 people; a major Palestinian uprising against Israel takes place; economic crisis and political instability provoked a period of civil unrest in Argentina; the World Trade Center and the Pentagon are attacked by Islamist terrorists, starting the War on Terror.
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2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2001st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 1st year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 2nd year of the 2000s decade.

Calendar year

The year's most prominent event was the September 11 attacks against the United States by Al-Qaeda, which killed 2,977 people and instigated the global war on terror. The United States led a multi-national coalition in an invasion of Afghanistan after the Taliban government did not extradite Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.

Internal conflicts, political or otherwise, caused shifts in leadership in multiple countries, which included the assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Second EDSA Revolution in the Philippines, the massacre of the royal family by the crown prince in Nepal, and civil unrest in Argentina. Other notable political events were an escalation in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the storming of the Indonesian parliament, the Hainan Island incident between China and the United States, an insurgency in Macedonia, and a terrorist attack on the Parliament of India that began the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff.

Space milestones in 2001 were numerous, the most notable being the first spacecraft landing on an asteroid, the deorbit of the Russian station Mir, American entrepreneur Dennis Tito becoming the first space tourist, the discovery of 28978 Ixion in the Kuiper belt, a flyby of Io by the U.S. Galileo probe, and the first discovery of an atmosphere on an exoplanet. In addition, the year witnessed the first sequence of the human genome, the first self-contained artificial heart, and the first clone of a human embryo.

Demographics

The world population on January 1, 2001, was estimated to be 6.190 billion people, and it increased to 6.272 billion people by January 1, 2002. An estimated 133.9 million births and 52.1 million deaths took place in 2001. The average global life expectancy was 66.8 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2000. The rate of child mortality was 7.32%, a decrease of 0.26pp from 2000. 28.25% of people were living in extreme poverty, a decrease of 0.88pp from 2000. 2001 was designated as International Year of Volunteers by the United Nations.

The number of global refugees in 2001 was approximately 12 million. 500,000 were settled over the course of the year, but the same number of people were displaced in other locations, causing the number of refugees to remain largely unchanged. The largest sources of refugees were from Afghanistan and Macedonia. The number of internally displaced persons decreased from 21.8 million to 19.8 million in 2001, with the most affected areas being Afghanistan, Colombia, and Liberia.

Conflicts

Further information: Category:Conflicts in 2001

There were 34 active armed conflicts in 28 countries in 2001, the total numbers remaining unchanged from 2000. The majority of these conflicts took place in Africa and Asia: 14 occurred in Africa and 13 occurred in Asia. 15 were classified as "major armed conflicts" by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Four new armed conflicts emerged in 2001: the insurgency in Macedonia, the attempted coup in the Central African Republic, the United States invasion of Afghanistan, and the entry of Sierra Leone's Revolutionary United Front into the RFDG Insurgency in Guinea. The Sierra Leone Civil War was the only conflict that ended in 2001.

Internal conflicts

The Second Congo War continued with the assassination of President Laurent-Désiré Kabila on January 16. The 1999 ceasefire was mostly respected by the government and the various rebel groups, and United Nations ceasefire monitors established a presence throughout the year. The Algerian Civil War, the Angolan Civil War, and the Burundian Civil War all saw continued fighting between governments and rebels in Africa. The latter began the peace process through a provisional government on November 1. The Second Sudanese Civil War between the ruling National Islamic Front and various other groups escalated in 2001. This included a sub-conflict, the War of the Peters, which continued into 2001 until a ceasefire was negotiated in August.

Several conflicts continued in Indonesia, though the insurgency in Aceh between the Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement was the only one to see widespread violence in 2001, as the war significantly escalated after the end of a ceasefire and breakdown of peace talks. The New People's Army rebellion saw two ceasefires between the Philippine government and the New People's Army, separated by a brief surge of heavy fighting after the assassination of a member of parliament. A ceasefire was also established with the nation's other insurgent group, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. In Myanmar, the Karen conflict continued, and the insurgency of the Shan State resumed hostilities after a temporary peace in 1999. The Tamil Tigers declared a ceasefire and requested peace talks during the Eelam War III in Sri Lanka, but hostilities resumed on April 25, and the Tamil Tigers launched several suicide attacks in July, including the Bandaranaike Airport attack. The Nepalese Civil War also saw increased hostilities in 2001.

The only major conflict in Europe was the Second Chechen War between the Russian government and the separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Russian forces controlled the republic's population centers, but Chechen forces continued to use guerrilla warfare. Macedonia saw a smaller scale conflict between the Macedonian government and the National Liberation Army (NLA), which sought reform for the status of Albanian people in Macedonia. The deployment of NATO peacekeeping forces to Macedonia was authorized on August 21. Yugoslavia similarly saw an insurgency by Albanian rebels, but the conflict did not escalate. The only major conflict in South America was the Colombian conflict between the Colombian government and various far-left and far-right groups. The United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia expanded into Ecuador in 2001 and carried out attacks on Ecuadorian citizens.

Two failed coup attempts took place in 2001: a group of junior officers sought to overthrow President Pierre Buyoya in Burundi while he was out of the country on April 18, and André Kolingba, a former president of the Central African Republic, led a military coup against his successor Ange-Félix Patassé on May 28, causing several days of violence.

International conflicts

The 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff was the only notable conflict between two national governments in 2001. The territorial dispute over the region of Kashmir consisted primarily of small scale attacks by militant groups until two attacks on Indian legislature buildings: one in October and one in December. The latter provoked a major escalation of troop deployments with preparations for a major war.

The Second Intifada continued from the previous year between Israel and Palestine. It escalated as terrorists affiliated with Hamas carried out attacks on Israeli citizens and the Israeli military responded with strikes against Palestine. Every ceasefire ended within a day of its establishment.

September 11 attacks and invasion of Afghanistan

Main articles: September 11 attacks and United States invasion of Afghanistan

The September 11 attacks were carried out by Al-Qaeda when 19 terrorists hijacked four commercial airplanes and crashed two of them into the World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon, and one near Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania. 2,977 people were killed; the attacks and the subsequent global war on terror are widely recognized as events that defined 2001.

The Afghan Civil War between the de jure Northern Alliance government and the de facto Taliban government continued from previous years. When the Taliban refused to extradite Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, the United States led a multi-national coalition in an invasion of Afghanistan on 7 October. The American-led coalition and the Northern Alliance captured Afghan cities until the Taliban surrendered to the Northern Alliance in Kandahar on December 6. The American-led coalition attacked the Al-Qaeda headquarters in Tora Bora in December, but Al-Qaeda's leadership had gone into hiding. An interim government of Afghanistan led by Hamid Karzai was formed on December 22.

Culture

Architecture and art

Main articles: 2001 in architecture and 2001 in art

New buildings constructed or opened in 2001 include the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Alexandria, the Sendai Mediatheque in Sendai, the DG Bank building in Berlin, the SEG Apartment Tower [de] in Vienna, and Aurora Place in Sydney. Prominent renovations made in 2001 include the Queen Elizabeth II Great Court in the British Museum and the entrance wing of the Milwaukee Art Museum. Preservation efforts were also completed on the Leaning Tower of Pisa, and it reopened to the public on December 15 after 12 years of reconstruction.

Museums that opened in 2001 include the Ghibli Museum in Tokyo, Japan the Jewish Museum Berlin, Germany, and the Leopold Museum in Vienna, Austria. In the United States, the Neue Galerie New York, opened, as did the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, constructed to host the Academy Awards.

Improvements in inkjet printing made high resolution photography more practical. Japanese photographer Hiroshi Sugimoto exhibited his photographs of wax statues of historical figures to provoke questions about the nature of artistic depiction. Several iconic works of photojournalism were produced during the September 11 attacks, including The Falling Man and Raising the Flag at Ground Zero. The Sphere was the only artwork to be recovered from the site, and the sculpture continued to be displayed in its damaged form as a memorial.

The 49th Venice Biennale shifted from traditional paintings and sculptures in 2001, giving an increased focus to film and architectural sculpture. Exhibitions were held in honor of visual artists such as Jacob Lawrence, Clyfford Still, Thomas Eakins, Dan Graham, Henri Rousseau, Paul Signac, Gustav Klimt, Marc Chagall, Raymond Hains, Johannes Vermeer, William Blake; architects such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Rudolph Schindler, and Frank Gehry; and photographers such as Walker Evans and August Sander.

Media

Main articles: 2001 in film, 2001 in music, and 2001 in video games

The highest-grossing films in 2001 were Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, and Monsters, Inc. The highest-grossing non-English film was Studio Ghibli's anime Spirited Away (Japanese), the 15th highest-grossing film of the year. The inaugural entries in the Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings film franchises brought fantasy into mainstream culture, popularizing young adult novels and catering to fandom communities.

In music, 3.2 billion units were sold with a value of US$33.7 billion. DVD-Audio and Super Audio CD rose to prominence, with approximately 600 titles available in these formats. Portable music grew in popularity after Apple Inc. released the iTunes media library on January 9 and the first iPod music player device on October 23. The music sharing program Napster ended its services after it was accused of facilitating music piracy, but it was replaced by other programs such as FastTrack. Worldwide, the best-selling albums were Hybrid Theory (2000) by Linkin Park, No Angel (1999) by Dido, and Survivor (2001) by Destiny's Child. The best-selling non-English album was Cieli di Toscana (transl.Tuscan Skies; 2001) by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, which topped the charts in the Netherlands and Sweden and was the 23rd best-selling album globally.

Three major video game systems were released in 2001: the GameCube and the Game Boy Advance by Nintendo, and the Xbox by Microsoft. Meanwhile, Sega ended its involvement in the market after the failure of the Dreamcast. The year 2001 is considered important in the video game industry, partly because of the release of many games recognized as classics. Many video games released in 2001 defined or redefined their respective genres, including hack and slash game Devil May Cry, first-person shooter game Halo: Combat Evolved, and open world action-adventure game Grand Theft Auto III, which is regarded as an industry-defining work.

Bratz, an American media franchise, released its new line of fashion dolls on May 21.

Sports

Main article: 2001 in sports

NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt, described as the greatest driver in the sport's history, died in a crash during the 2001 Daytona 500 on February 18. The World Wrestling Federation agreed to purchase its largest rival, World Championship Wrestling, on March 23. In April, golf player Tiger Woods became the only player to achieve a "Tiger Slam" after winning the 2001 Masters Tournament, in which he consecutively won all four championship golf titles outside of a single calendar year. The "Thunder in Africa" boxing match ended in a major upset after Hasim Rahman defeated champion Lennox Lewis on April 22. Lewis would go on to win a rematch on November 11.

The world record for largest victory in an international football match was set by Australia in a 0–22 victory against Tonga on April 9. Australia set this record again with a 31–0 victory against American Samoa on April 11. The unbalanced nature of these matches prompted changes to the FIFA qualification process. In Europe, the UEFA Women's Cup began its first season, establishing a continent-wide women's league for association football under the UEFA.

Two major crowd crushes took place at sporting events in 2001. 43 people were killed during the Ellis Park Stadium disaster on April 11 in Johannesburg, South Africa, caused by overcrowding, and 126 people were killed in the Accra Sports Stadium disaster on May 9 in Ghana, during an ongoing sports riot.

Economy

Further information: Category:2001 in economics See also: 2001 world oil market chronology and Economic effects of the September 11 attacks

A minor economic decline took place among many developed economies in 2001. The United States saw a recession from March to November after a correction of the dot-com bubble, an over-valued tech industry. Further economic disruption occurred in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. European economies also saw stalled growth in 2001, with Germany entering a brief recession toward the end of the year. Argentina's years-long economic crisis reached its peak in December when a bank run prompted the freezing of deposits, in turn causing widespread social unrest and the resignation of the President of Argentina. Overall, 2001 marked a decline in international trade by about 1.5%, which was a significant contrast from the 11% increase in 2000. This was the first negative growth in international trade since 1982. IT industries and the dot-com crash are attributed for the decline in trade. E-commerce declined in 2001, with the exception of EBay, which saw significant growth.

Greece became the 12th country to join the Eurozone on January 1. America Online (AOL), a U.S. online service provider, was at the apex of its popularity and purchased the media conglomerate Time Warner. The deal took effect on January 11, in the largest merger in history at that time. AOL would rapidly shrink thereafter, partly due to the decline of dial-up and rise of broadband, and the deal would fall apart before the end of the decade, which would be regarded as one of the world's greatest business failures. The Enron scandal took place in October 2001 when Enron Corporation, an American energy company based in Houston, Texas, was found to be committing fraud, bringing about the criminal conviction of several executives and causing the company to undergo the largest bankruptcy at that point in U.S. history. The national airlines of Belgium and Switzerland (Sabena and Swissair, respectively) ended operations in 2001.

Environment and weather

Main article: 2001 in the environment See also: List of earthquakes in 2001 and Tropical cyclones in 2001
One of the landslides caused by the January 2001 earthquake in El Salvador; About 585 of the deaths are caused by landslides in Santa Tecla and Comasagua.

2001 was the second hottest year on record at the time, exceeded only by 1998. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released its Third Assessment Report in 2001, warning that climate change in the 21st century could cause decreases in crop yields and an increase in temperature-related ailments and deaths. La Niña persisted from the previous year in the early months of 2001. Droughts occurred in Australia, Central America, Kenya, and the Middle East, the latter continuing from years prior. Hungary, Russia and Southeast Asia experienced significant rains, causing flooding. North Asia underwent a severe winter.

There were four earthquakes in 2001 that caused significant casualties. El Salvador was struck by two of them: a 7.6-magnitude earthquake on January 13 and a 6.6-magnitude earthquake on February 13, which resulted in the deaths of at least 944 and 315 people respectively. A 7.7-magnitude earthquake in Gujarat, India, on January 26 killed between 13,805 and 20,023 people, and destroyed nearly 340,000 buildings. An 8.4-magnitude earthquake, then the strongest that had occurred globally since 1965, killed at least 77 people in Peru on June 23. A 7.8-magnitude earthquake struck China with an epicenter near Kokoxili, close to the border between Qinghai and Xinjiang, on November 14, but it occurred in a sparsely populated mountainous region and there were no casualties.

The 2001 Atlantic hurricane season was slightly more active than normal, including 15 tropical storms and hurricanes. The deadliest storms were Tropical Storm Allison in June, Hurricane Iris in October, and Hurricane Michelle in November. All three of these storms had their names retired by the World Meteorological Organization. Tropical Storm Allison was the deadliest tropical storm to hit the United States without reaching hurricane strength. The 2001 Pacific typhoon season was slightly larger than average, including 28 tropical storms, 20 typhoons, and 11 intense typhoons. The most powerful storms were Typhoon Podul in October and Typhoon Faxai in December.

Health

Further information: Category:2001 in health

The World Health Organization (WHO) began a five-year program to reduce road injury fatalities following a warning of the problem's severity by the Red Cross the previous year. The WHO's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health released a report in 2001 detailing how spending by developed nations could protect health in developing nations but that efforts to do so were impeded by the anti-globalization movement.

An ebola outbreak continued from 2000 in Uganda until the final case was diagnosed on January 16. Another outbreak occurred in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo in October, which would continue until July 2002. An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease occurred in the United Kingdom in 2001, resulting in millions of slaughtered livestock to prevent spread. It affected thousands of farm animals and prompted the killing of millions of animals to contain the outbreak. The largest ever recorded outbreak of Legionnaires' disease occurred in July in Murcia, Spain. 449 cases were confirmed, with more than 800 suspected ones.

Approximately 400,000 people in New York City were exposed to air pollution by carcinogens and other harmful particles such as asbestos and metals as a result of the September 11 attacks, and many would go on to suffer chronic illness as a result of exposure.

Politics

Main article: 2001 in politics

Freedom House recognized 63% of national governments as electoral democracies by the end of 2001, with the Gambia and Mauritania being recognized as democracies following peaceful transfers of power. Peru also saw a significant expansion of civil rights, emerging from the authoritarian rule of Alberto Fujimori. Argentina, Liberia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Zimbabwe underwent significant democratic backsliding in 2001, with Liberia and Zimbabwe recognized as authoritarian governments by the end of the year. 64.65% of the world's population lived in countries that generally respected human rights, while 35.35% lived in countries that denied political rights and civil liberties.

Islamic terrorism became the predominant global political concern amidst the September 11 attacks and the War on Terror. Islamic extremism was identified as a major threat to democracy and human rights, both in the Muslim world through the implementation of Islamism and in the rest of the world through terrorism.

Domestic

Former Argentine president Fernando de la Rúa leaving the Casa Rosada after resigning on December 21

The Islamic State of Afghanistan was the de jure government of Afghanistan in 2001, but for several years it had operated as a government in exile while the Taliban-led Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan held de facto control over most of the country. The Islamic State of Afghanistan was restored to power following the invasion of Afghanistan with the appointment of president Hamid Karzai on December 22.

Joseph Kabila became president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo following the assassination of his father, President. Laurent-Désiré Kabila. President Abdurrahman Wahid of Indonesia was removed from office after thousands of protesters stormed the parliament building, and he was replaced by Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri, daughter of former president Sukarno. In Iran, Mohammad Khatami won reelection as president. Former general Ariel Sharon of Likud was elected prime minister of Israel. The Second EDSA Revolution took place in the Philippines in January when President Joseph Estrada resigned amid an impeachment, and he was succeeded by Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. In the United Kingdom, the Labour Party led by Tony Blair retained power in the 2001 election. The Argentine great depression escalated with rioting on December 19, prompting President Fernando de la Rúa to resign two days later.

Two former heads of government were arrested in 2001: President Slobodan Milošević of Serbia (1997–2000) was arrested for his role in the Srebrenica massacre and other crimes against humanity committed during the Bosnian War, and President Carlos Menem of Argentina (1989–1999) was arrested on June 7 for arms trafficking.

Civil unrest broke out in Belfast, Ireland, when children were repeatedly targeted and attacked by Protestants and Catholics, resulting in the death of one teenager.

Ghana underwent its first peaceful transfer of power since 1979 when John Kufuor was sworn in as President of Ghana on January 7. The Netherlands became the first modern country to legalize same-sex marriage on April 1. The royal family of Nepal was killed on June 1 by Crown Prince Dipendra, who effectively became king upon his father's death. King Dipendra fell into a coma after shooting himself, and he died days later. He was succeeded by his uncle Gyanendra. The Constitution of the Comoros was amended on December 24, creating a federal government with a rotating presidency and granting increased autonomy to the three island administrations.

International

Logo of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

Two major regional organizations were announced in 2001: the African Union was established on May 26 as a pan-African forum to promote unity between African countries, including cooperation in economic and security issues, and would replace the Organisation of African Unity in 2002. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation was announced on June 15 to facilitate political and economic cooperation between Asian countries. Three countries joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001: Lithuania on May 31, Moldova on July 26, and China on December 11. The WTO began the Doha Development Round in November to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy.

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants was signed on May 22 to limit the production of persistent organic pollutants. The World Conference against Racism 2001 began on August 31, in Durban, South Africa, under the auspices of the United Nations. Israel and the United States withdrew from the conference on September 3 over objections to a draft resolution document equating Zionism with racism and singling out the Jewish state for war crimes. The Aarhus Convention took effect on October 30, establishing the right to environmental information and environmental justice for European and Central Asian countries. The Convention on Cybercrime, the first international treaty to address cybercrime, was signed on November 23.

The 27th G8 summit was marred by anti-globalist protests in Genoa, Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, are held against the meeting by members of the anti-globalization movement. One demonstrator, Carlo Giuliani, is killed by a policeman, and several others are injured.

A diplomatic incident occurred when an American spy plane and a Chinese fighter plane collided over the South China Sea, with disagreement over who was at fault. A dispute took place between Japan and North Korea when the North Korean leader's son, Kim Jong-nam, attempted to sneak into Tokyo Disneyland.

Religion

Further information: Category:2001 in religion
The taller Buddha of Bamiyan before (left) and after destruction (right)

Following the September 11 attacks, inspired by religious extremism, both religious tolerance and religious intolerance came to the fore, with an increase in Islamophobia, particularly in the United States and Europe.

On January 22, Pope John Paul II created 37 cardinals, the largest ever created at a single time. The Catholic Church began investigations of sexual abuse cases among its priests in 2001, with 3,000 cases being considered over the following decade. The Taliban government of Afghanistan destroyed the Buddhas of Bamiyan to the protest of the international community. The Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque in Oman was completed in May. At the time, its chandelier was the largest in the world.

A self-immolation incident took place in Tiananmen Square in central Beijing, China, on January 23. Five members of the Falun Gong, a religious movement banned in mainland China, are alleged to have set themselves on fire, but details surrounding the incident are disputed by Falun Gong sources.

Jediism became a social phenomenon in 2001 after a movement to self-report as Jedi caused it to become the fourth largest religion in the United Kingdom and the second largest religion in New Zealand.

Science and technology

Main articles: 2001 in science and 2001 in spaceflight
Crew of Soyuz TM-32: (L-R) Dennis Tito, Talgat Musabayev, and Yuri Baturin

The Human Genome Project released the first draft of its human genome sequence on February 12. The first self-contained artificial heart was implanted on July 2. Several accomplishments were made in the field of cloning in 2001, including the clone of a gaur the clone of a mouflon, and the first clone of a human embryo. The pygmy three-toed sloth was among the animals first described in 2001. In October, the discovery of a prehistoric Sarcosuchus skeleton is announced after digging began the previous year. A CT scan performed on Ötzi, a 5,300-year-old mummy, uncovers an arrowhead lodged in his shoulder.

Several anthropological and archaeological developments were made in 2001, including the extraction of mtDNA from prehistoric skeletons, Newly described hominids included Sahelanthropus and Ardipithecus, while two additional hominids, Kenyanthropus and Orrorin, were proposed. Archaeological discoveries include rock art in Andros, 40,000-year-old tools in Mamontovaya Kurya, terracotta citizens in a pit adjacent to the Terracotta Army, a walled city at Dholavira, and a 2,900-year-old sweat lodge in Cuello.

There were only 57 successful orbital spaceflights in 2001, the fewest since 1963. Eight of these launches were crewed missions. Two failed spaceflights also took place. The NEAR Shoemaker made the first successful landing of a spacecraft on an asteroid on February 12. The Russian Mir space station was deorbited and destroyed on March 23, landing in the Pacific Ocean. The 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter was launched on April 7 and arrived at Mars on October 24. American entrepreneur Dennis Tito became the first space tourist on April 28 aboard the Russian Soyuz TM-32. 28978 Ixion was discovered on May 22. The Genesis probe was launched on August 8 to collect solar wind samples. Deep Space 1 carried out a flyby of Comet Borrelly on September 22, and Galileo carried out a flyby of Io on October 15. An atmosphere was discovered on an exoplanet for the first time on November 27.

The computer industry saw major decline during the recession in 2001. Apple Computer Inc. released the Mac OS X operating system for Mac computers on March 24, and it discontinued the Power Mac G4 Cube. 3G wireless technology first became available on October 1 when it was adopted by Japanese telecommunications company NTT Docomo with its Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access service. Microsoft released the Windows XP operating system to retail on October 25. The most powerful supercomputer to that point was designed by IBM for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States. Several malware scares took place in 2001, including the Code Red, Nimda, and Sircam worms.

Transportation

Further information: Category:2001 in transport, 2001 in aviation, and 2001 in rail transport
The crash site of American Airlines Flight 587 on November 13, one day after the crash

Air travel in the United States and worldwide was heavily affected by the September 11 attacks. Commercial flights in the United States were grounded for three days, and air travel then became subject to significantly increased security measures. The deadliest aircraft accidents in 2001 include a Vladivostok Air crash at International Airport Irkutsk, Russia, which killed 145 people on July 4, a collision at Linate Airport in Milan, Italy, which killed 118 people on October 8, and an American Airlines crash in Queens, New York City, which killed 265 people on November 12.

The Incheon International Airport opened in Incheon on March 22. The TGV Mediterranee railway opened in France.

The deadliest rail accidents in 2001 include a collision that killed at least 30 people at Nvoungouti in the Republic of the Congo on January 12, a train derailment over a bridge that killed 59 people in Kadalundi, India, on June 22, and two accidents in Indonesia: a collision that killed 31 people in Jakarta on September 2, and a collision that killed 42 people at the Ketanggungan Barat railway station on December 25.

The Segway, a self-balancing personal transporter invented by Dean Kamen, was unveiled on December 3 after months of public speculation and media hype, on the ABC News morning program Good Morning America.

The K-141 Kursk nuclear submarine is lifted from the Barents Sea after the Kursk submarine disaster of the previous year.

Events

January

Map of the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia, part of the Yugoslav Wars

February

433 Eros as seen from the NEAR spacecraft

March

April

Two men marrying in Amsterdam on April 1, the first day in which the possibility to marry was opened to same-sex couples
Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi and U.S. President George W. Bush meet at the White House in September 2001.

May

June

Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou at Main Street after Tropical Storm Allison hit Houston, Texas, U.S.

July

Photo session of the G8 leaders in Genoa, 2001: (L-R) Junichiro Koizumi, Tony Blair, George W. Bush, Jacques Chirac, Silvio Berlusconi, Vladimir Putin, Jean Chretien, Gerhard Schroeder, Guy Verhofstadt, and Romano Prodi

August

A Genesis collector array in the clean lab at Johnson Space Center. The hexagons consist of a variety of ultra-pure, semiconductor-grade wafers, including silicon, corundum, gold on sapphire, diamond-like carbon films, and other materials.

September

The World Trade Center and the Statue of Liberty just after the September 11 attacks in New York City

October

Swissair Airbus A321-100 (2001)
First generation iPod

November

Size comparison of HD 209458 b with Jupiter (left)

December

ZPU-2 anti-aircraft gun that was mounted on the North Korean vessel sunk in the Battle of Amami-Ōshima

Nobel Prizes

See also

Notes

  1. SIPRI defines a major armed conflict as "the use of armed force between two or more organized armed groups, resulting in the battle-related deaths of at least 1000 people in any single calendar year and in which the incompatibility concerns control of government, territory or communal identity".

References

  1. ^ Nadeem, Reem (September 2, 2021). "Two Decades Later, the Enduring Legacy of 9/11". Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  2. ^ "The United Nations pays tribute to the victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks at the 9/11 Memorial in New York". United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism. September 20, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  3. ^ Arthur S Banks; William Overstreet; Thomas Muller (April 15, 2008). Political Handbook of the World 2008. CQ Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-87289-528-7.
  4. ^ Paddock, Richard C. (January 20, 2001). "Estrada Quits; New Philippine Leader Installed". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  5. ^ "Nepal mourns slain king". BBC News. June 2, 2001. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2009.
  6. ^ Krauss, Clifford (December 21, 2001). "Argentine Leader, His Nation Frayed, Abruptly Resigns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  7. ^ "Israel pulls out of Gaza". CNN. April 18, 2001. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  8. ^ "Clashes as 10,000 besiege Indonesian parliament". the Guardian. January 29, 2001. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  9. ^ Air Forces Monthly, vol. 158, May 2001, p. 4
  10. ^ "Peace support operations in North Macedonia (2001-2003)". NATO. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  11. ^ "Terrorist Attack on the Parliament of India". Embassy of India – Washington DC. 18 December 2001. Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  12. ^ "NEAR Shoemaker". NASA. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  13. ^ "Mir Destroyed in Fiery Descent". CNN. 22 March 2001. Archived from the original on 21 November 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  14. ^ United States. President. Aeronautics and Space Report of the President. U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 138.
  15. ^ "28978 Ixion (2001 KX76)". Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
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