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About a general view on history, geography, demographics and political issues concerning the region, see Northern Epirus.

Northern Epirotes
Βορειοηπειρώτες

G. Zografos • K. Zappas • Decleration of Autonomy • P.Dimas
Total population
175,472 - 280,000 (Greeks of southern Albania/Northern Epirus) Greeks of southern Albania/Northern Epirus (including those of ancestral descent)
Regions with significant populations
Albania, Greece, United States, Australia
Albania	est. 95,472-200.000
Greece	35,000 (est. 1945)
United States of America	45,000 (est. 1965)
Languages
Greek, also Albanian and English depending on the residing place
Religion
Orthodox Christianity

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v t e

The Greeks of Albania are ethnic Greeks who live in or originate from Albania. They are mostly concentrated in the areas of the northern part of the historical region of Epirus, specifically in the country's south, in parts of Vlorë, Gjirokastër, Korçë and Berat County. The area is also known as Northern Epirus. Consequently, the Greeks hailing specifically from South Albania/Northern Epirus are also known as Northern Epirotes (Template:Lang-el Vorioipirotes, Template:Lang-sq). The Greeks who live in the 'minority zones' of Albania are officially recognized by the Albanian government as the Greek minority in Albania (Template:Lang-el, Template:Lang-sq).

In 1913, after the end of five centuries of Ottoman rule, the area was included under the sovereignty of the newly founded Albanian state. The following year, Greeks revolted and declared their independence, and with the following Protocol of Corfu the area was recognized as an autonomous region under nominal Albanian sovereignty, however, this was never implemented.

In modern times, the Greek population has suffered from the prohibition of the Greek language if spoken outside the recognized so-called 'minority zones' -a remnant of the communist era- and even the official use of its language within those zones. According to Greek minority leaders, the existence of Greek communities outside the 'minority zones' is even outright denied. Many formerly Greek place-names have been officially changed to Albanian ones. Greeks from the 'minority zones' were also frequently forcibly moved to other parts of the country since they were seen as possible sources of dissent and ethnic tension. During communist rule many Greek members of Albanian political parties were forced to cut off their ties with the Orthodox Church. In more recent times, the numbers of the minority have dwindled due to emigration to Greece.

Distribution

Northern Epirus

Recognized Greek 'minority zone'

During the communist regime (1945-1991) Enver Hoxha in order to establish control over the areas populated by the Greek minority, declared the so-called “minority zones” (Template:Lang-sq), consisting of 99 villages in the southern districts of Gjirokastër and Sarandë and Delvina.

Tirana's official minority policy defines the Greek origin of Albanian citizens according to the language, religion, birth and predecessors originating from the areas of the so-called “minority zones”. The Albanian law on minorities acknowledges the rights of the Greek minority only to those people who live in the areas which are recognized as minority zones. The “latest” census of the Population and Housing Census of the Statistic Department from 1989 includes only the numbers of the Greek minority, as it was acknowledged by the Albanian government of that time. This has had a practical use on the field of education: since with the exception of the areas populated by the official Greek minority, where teaching was held in Greek and Albanian language, in all other areas of Albania lessons were taught only in Albanian language.

Other Greek communities in Albania

However, the official Albanian definition about minorities did not recognize as members of a minority ethnic Greeks who live in mixed villages and towns inhabited by both Greek and Albanian speaking populations, even in areas that form a majority of ethnic Greeks. Consequently, the Greek communities in Himarë, Korce, Vlorë and Berat did not have access to any minority rights.

Contrary to the official Albanian definition that generally gives a limited definition of the ethnic Greeks living in Albania, the Greek migration policy defines the Greek origin on the basis of language, religion, birth and predecessors from the region called Northern Epirus. In that way, according to the Greek State Council, the Greek ethnic origin can be granted on the basis of cultural ancestry (sharing “common historical memories” and/or links with “historic homelands and culture”), Greek descent (Greek Albanians have to prove that the birth place of their parents or grandparents is in Northern Epirus), language, and religion.

Albanian sources often mention the term 'filogrek' (pro-Greek), meaning groups that feel connected with the Greek culture and heritage and sharing the same religion, the same sources however dispute their Greek ancestry.

Vlachs

A number of Vlachs (Aromanians) in the region claim Greek descent. In the past a number of them were assimilated into the Greek nation and participated in the Greek War of Independence. They are mostly concentrated in the southern part of the country in the districts of Sarandë, Vlorë, Fier, Gjirokastër, Përmet, Tepelenë, Devoll and Korçë.

Diaspora

Greece

At the end of the second World War approximately 35,000 Northern Epirotes found refuge in Greece.

When the communist regime in Albania collapsed in 1990, an additional of 189,000 ethnic Greeks live and work (some of the partly) in Greece as immigrants. They are considered 'omogeneis' (co-ethnics) by the Greek ministry of Interiors.

North America

A number of Northern Epirotes have migrated since the late 19th century to the Americas, and are generally integrated in the local Greek-American communities. The Pan-Epirotic Union of America, an organization which consisted of 26 branches in various cities, according to its estimates countered nearly 30.000 Northern Epirotes in North America in 1919. Notably in the same year, around 1,700 members of the Greek Northern Epirot diaspora from Korce (Korytsa) and Kolonje (Kolonia) petitioned the on-going Paris Peace Conference, for the unification of the region with Greece .

According to post-war sources (1965) they numbered over 15,000 families.

Australia

Northern Epirotes also emigrated in Australia, where they are active in raising political issues related to their motherland and the rights of the Greek populations still living there.

Culture

Language

Northern Epirotes speak a southern Greek dialect, in addition to the local Albanian loanwords, it retains some archaic forms and words that aren't used in Standard Modern Greek as well as in the Greek dialects of south Epirus. Despite the small distance between the various districts and villages, there exists some dialectal variation, most prominent in accent. What we do know about Northern Epirot is that it is a southern dialect far north of the reduced unstressed vowel system isogloss with the archaic disyllabic -ea. Linguists claim that the local dialect (especially the Chimariotic and the Argyrokastritic), was more conservative and purer, (like in Mani-Pelopones and Apulia), because it was spoken by populations which lived in virtual autonomy during Turkish rule, particularly due to the nature and geography of their regions, and that this dialect, separated from their surrounding dialects, underwent slower evolution, preserving a more archaic and more faithful picture of the mediaeval Greek vernacular.

Moreover it has been argued by analyst, that the provenance of the dialect remains obscure, because of the unique characteristic and more research is needed.

Religion

Christianity spread to the region during the 4th century. The following centuries saw the erection of characteristic examples of Byzantine architecture such as the churches in Kosine, Mborje and Apollonia. Later, during 1500-1800, impressive ecclesiastical art flourished across Northern Epirus. In Moscopole there were over 23 churches during the city's period of prosperity in the mid 18th century. Post Byzantine architectural style is prevalent in the region, e.g. in Vithcuq, Lambove, Mesopotam, Dropull.

Music

The Northern Epirote polyphonic tradition, with links in ancient Greek music, stil alive today, is of considerable musicological interest and merit as a performing act.

Epirote folk music has many unique features in its structure that are not common in the rest of the Greek world. Singers from the Pogon region (as well as in the Greek part of Upper Pogoni) perform a style of polyphony -typically shared with the Albanian and Vlach music of Epirus- that is characterized by a pentatonic structure. Another polyphonic type of singing in the region seems to have features in common with the lament songs (Template:Lang-el) sung in specific parts of Greece. The female lament singing of Northern Epirus is characteristic in nature and performance similar to that of Mani peninsula (Pelopones).

Education

Ottoman era

During the first period of Ottoman occupation illiteracy was a main characteristic of the wider Balkan region, but contrary to that the situation Epirus was not negative affected. Along with the tolerance of the Turkish rulers, the desire of the immigrants from Epirus and the love for literature and knowledge of the Epirotes facilitated an extended period of local renaissance.

The spiritual and ethnic contribution of the monastery schools in Epirus such as Katsimani (near Butrind), Drianou (in Droviani), Kamenas (in Delvina) and St. Athanasios in Policani (13th-17th century) was significant. The first Greek school in Delvine was founded at 1537, when the town was still under Venetian control and in Gjirokastër at 1633. The most important impetus for the creation of schools and the development of Greek education was given by the orthodox missionary Kosmas together with Nektarios Terpos from Moscopole.

In 18th century in Moscopole, an educational institution was established, called 'Nea Akadimia' (Greek: New Academy) and an extensive library. A local Epirote monk founded in 1731 the first printing-press in the Balkans (second only to that of Constantinople). However, after the destruction of Moscopole (1769), nearby Korce began to flourish.

In the late 19th century, the banker Christakis Zografos founded the Zographeion college in his homeplace of Qestorati (Lunxhëri). Many of the educated men that supported Greek culture and education, then the culture of the Orthodox Patriarchate, in the region were Vlachs by origin.

At 1905 Greek education was flourishing in the region, as the whole population, including Orthodox Albanians taught in Greek schools. :

In Epirus, as throughout Turkey, a Greek village without a teacher, says a proverb, is as rare as a valley without the corresponding hills.
In villages where I could count more than one hundred houses, the teachers showed me their libraries.
Instruction is not compulsory but none would consent to deprive his child of an education.

— — Dumont, Albert. La Turquie d'Europe. mid. 19th century

.

However, in the northernmost districts of Berat and Durrës, the above numbers do not also reflect the ethnological distribution, because a large number of students were Orthodox Albanians.

Albanian state (1913-1991)

The educational rights of the Greek communities were granted with the Protocol of Corfu (1914) and with the statement of Albania's representatives in the League of Nations (1921). However, the Greek schools (there were over 360 until 1913) were forced to close and Greek education was virtually eliminated in 1934, but with the League of Nations intervention, a limited number of schools, and only of those inside the minority's recognize zone, reopened.

Greek education was limited inside the so-called 'minority zone', in parts of the districts of Gjirokastër, Delvina and Sarande, and pupils were taught only Albanian history and culture at primary level.

Post cold war period (1991-)

One of the major issues between the Albanian government and the Northern Epirote representatives is that of education and the need of more schools, due to overcrowded classrooms and unfulfilled demand. In 2006, the establishement of a Greek-language university in Gjirokastër was agreed upon after discussions between the Albanian and Greek government .

Benefaction

A number of people from the increasingly prosperous Northern Epirote diaspora of the 18th-19th centuries, made significant contributions not only to their homeland, but also both to the Greek state and to the Greek world under Ottoman Turkish domination. They devoted important fortunes for the construction of educational, cultural and social institutions. The Sinas family supported the expansion of the University of Athens and sponsored the foundation of the National Observatory. Ioannis Pangas from Korcë gave his entire wealth for educational purposes in Greece. The Zappas family, Evangelos and Konstantinos, endowed Athens with the re-construction of the ancient Marble stadium (Kallimarmaro) that hosted the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 and the Zappeion exhibition center.

Moreover the Zappa's founded a number of hospitals and schools in Athens and Constantinople. Christakis Zografos in the Ottoman capital offered vast amounts of money for the establishments of two Greek schools (a male, known as Zographeion Lyceum and a female) and a hospital.

Organizations

Albania

During the communist regime any separate organization by minorities was prohibitted. In 1991, the political organization Omonoia (Template:Lang-el) was founded, in the town of Dervican, by representatives of the Greek national minority. The organization has four affiliates in Sarandë, Delvinë, Gjirokastër and Tirana, and some sub-sections in Korçë, Vlorë and Përmet. Its leading forum is the General Council consisting of 45 members, it is elected by the General Conference and held every two years.

The Chair of Omonoia called for the autonomy of 'Northern Epirus' in 1991 on the basis that the rights provided for the minority under the Albanian constitution were highly precarious. This proposal was rejected and thereby spurred the organization's radical wing to 'call for Union with Greece'.

Omonoia was banned in the parliamentary elections of March 1991 on the grounds that it violated an Albanian law forbidding the 'formation of parties on a religious, ethnic and regional basis'. This situation was contested during the following elections on behalf of Omonoia by the Unity for Human Rights Party - a party which represents the Greek minority in the Albanian parliament. Omonoia still exists as a social and political organization and represents approximately 100,000 to 150,000 ethnic Greeks.

Omonoia has been the center of more than one political controversies in Albania. A major political controversy erupted in 1994 when five ethnic Greek members of Omonoia were arrested, investigated, and tried for treason. Their arrest was substantial marred by procedural shortcomings in the search of their homes and offices, their detention and their trial. None of the arrestees had access to legal counsel during their initial detention. Four of the five ethnic Greek members of Omonoia stated that, during their detention, authorities subjected them to physical and psychological pressure, including beatings, sleep deprivation, and threats of torture. The Albanian Government rejected these claims. The five ethnic Greeks also complained of lack of access to their families during the first 3 months of their 4-month investigation. During their trial, a demonstration by a group of about 100 Greek lawyers, journalists, and ethnic Greek citizens of Albania took place outside the courthouse. The Albanian Police broke up the protest and detained about 20 lawyers and journalists. The members of Omonoia were eventually sentenced to 6- to 8-year terms, which were subsequently reduced on appeal.

North America

The Panepirotic Federation of America was founded in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1942, by Greek immigrants from Epirus (both from the Greek and Albanian part). One of the organization's main goals has been the protection of the human rights of the Greek minority in Albania and to call on the Albanian Government to enhance its full acceptance in the community of responsible nations by restoring its full Greek Minority all educational, religious, political, linguistic and cultural rights due them under bilateral and international agreements signed by its representatives since the country was created in 1913, including the right to declare their ethnic and religious affiliation in a census monitored by international observers.

The organization played and still plays essential part in promoting the Northern Epirote Issue. It is claimed that the Albanian-American relations have worsen in 1946 due to successful lobbying of the Panepirotic Federation in promoting the Northern Epirote issue among American political cyrcles. Albanian leader E. Hoxha opposing the restoration of an autonomous Northern Epirus entity decided not to pursue diplomatic relations with the United States.

Australia

The Panepirotic Federation of Australia (Greek: Πανηπειρωτική Ομοσπονδία Αυστραλίας) was founded in 1982 as a Federation of various organisations representing migrants who originated from the region of Epirus, throughout Australia. It is known for its dedication to the maintenance and development of Epirotic culture in Australia, its passionate championing of the rights of the Greek minority of Northern Epirus and plays a prominent role in the life of the Greek community in Australia. It has donated over one million dollars to works of a charitable and philanthropic nature for the Greeks of Northern Epirus. It is also affiliated with the World Council of Epirotes Abroad and the World Council of Hellenes Abroad.

The Panepirotic Federation of Australia's former president, Mr Petros Petranis has notably completed a study of Epirotic migration to Australia, which is titled "Epirots in Australia" (Greek: Οι Ηπειρώτες στην Αυστραλία), published by the National Centre for Hellenic Studies, LaTrobe University, in 2004.

The Federation maintains a website and a Facebook group, and also hosts a Melbourne Radio program on 3xy Radio Hellas 1422 AM every Wednesday between 9-10pm, presented by Dimitrios Varnas and Konstantinos Kalymnios.

Notable people

For Greeks that lived in the region in antiquity, see List of Chaonians.

Academics

• Tasos Vidouris (1888-1967), professor and poet.

Literature & Art

• Stavrianos Vistiaris, 16th century poet.
• Katina Papa (1903-1959), author.
• Michail Vasileiou, entrepreneur and schollar from Gjirokastër.
• Theodosios Gousis, painter.
• Konstantinos Kalymnios, poet

Military/Resistance

• Konstantinos Lagoumitzis (1781-1827), revolutionary from Hormove.
• Michail Spyromilios (1800-1880), army General, military advisor and politician from Himara.
• Zachos Milios (1805-1860) army officer from Himara.
• Spyros Spyromilios (1864-1930) Gendarmerie officer, from Himara.
• Dimitrios Doulis (1865-1928), army officer, minister of military affairs of the Autonomous Rep. of Northern Epirus, from Nivica.
• Vasilios Sahinis (1897-1943), leader of the Northern Epirote resistance (1942-1943).

Philanthropy

• Alexandros Vasileiou (1760-1818), merchant and scholar, from Gjirokastër.
• Apostolos Arsakis (1792-1874), from Hotahovë.
• Evangelis Zappas (1800–1865), from Labovë e Zappes.
• Konstantinos Zappas (1814-1892).
• Ioannis Pangas (1814-1895), from Korçë (1883).
• Georgios Sinas (1783-1856), merchant of Moscopole origin, member of Filiki Eteria.
• Simon Sinas (1810-1876).
• Pandelis Sotiris (1843-1891), founder of the first Albanian language school in Korçë (1887).
• Christakis Zografos (1820-1896), banker and benefactor.

Politics

• Georgios Christakis-Zografos (1863-1920), diplomat, president of the provisional Government of Northern Epirus (1914).
• George Tenet, former Director of CIA, of Himariot origin.
• Vasil Bollano (Vasileios Bollanos) present chairman of Omonoia.

Religion

• Sophianos (-1711), bishop of Dryinoupolis (modern soutwest Albania) and scholar, from Polican (Pogon).
• Gavriel Konstantinidis, 18th century, monk, founder of the printing-house in Moscopole (1731).
• Vasileios of Dryinoupolis (1858-1936), bishop and member of the provisional government of Northern Epirus (1914), from Labova e Kryqit.

Sports

• Pyrros Dimas, three times gold and one bronze medalist in the Olympic games, in weight-lifting.
• Sotiris Ninis, football player.

See also

• Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus
• Protocol of Corfu
• Greeks
• Demographics of Albania

References

1. CIA Factbook-Albania
2. The Greeks: the land and people since the war. James Pettifer. Penguin, 2000. ISBN 0140288996
3. Albania's Captives. Pyrrhus J. Ruches. Argonaut, 1965. P.5 "No less than 30,000 arrived as refugees following World War II. Another 5,000 had crossed the artificial border and settled before 1939."
4. Albania's Captives. Pyrrhus J. Ruches. Argonaut, 1965. P.6 "...over 15,000 Northern Epirotes and their families are integrated in the thriving Greek-American community..."
5. Petiffer, James (2001). "The Greek Minority in Albania - In the Aftermath of Communism" (PDF). Surrey, UK: Conflict Studies Research Centre. p. 7. ISBN 1-903584-35-3. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
6. ,Miranda Vickers, James Pettifer (1997). Albania: from anarchy to a Balkan identity. London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 187. ISBN 0715632019.
7. Tom Winnifrith. Badlands, borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania. Tom Winnifrith. Duckworth, 2002. ISBN 0715632019, p. 29: "...today Vlach- and even Greek speakers-speakers in the town and villages near by."
8. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece
9. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Albania
10. ^ James Pettifer.The Greek Minority in Albania In the Aftermath of Communism. Paper prepared for the British MoD, Defence Academy, 2001. ISBN 1-903584-35-3. Cite error: The named reference "Pettifer 2001" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
11. US Department of State, 2008 Human Rights Report: Albania
12. ^ U.S. Department of State - Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1994:Albania
13. Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities: Second Opinion on Albania 29 May 2008. Council of Europe: Secretariat of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.
14. Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity. Miranda Vickers, James Pettifer. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1997. ISBN 1850652902 "...in practise many villages of ethnic Greeks were unable to obtain minority classification because a few Albanians also lived there.
15. ^ Contested Spaces and Negotiated Identities in Dhermi/Drimades of Himare/Himara area, Southern Albania. Nataša Gregorič Bon. Nova Gorica 2008.
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17. ^ The new Albanian migration. Russell King, Nicola Mai, Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers. Sussex Academic Press, 2005. ISBN 1903900786
18. Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory. Marii︠a︡ Nikolaeva Todorova. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2004. ISBN 1850657157
19. Migration and Migration Policy in Greece. Critical Review and Policy Recommendations. Anna Triandafyllidou. Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP). Data taken from Greek ministry of Interiors.
20. The question of Northern Epirus at the Peace Conference. Pan-Epirotic Union of America. Nicolas J. Cassavetis. Oxford University Press American Branch. 1919.
21. Decleration of the Northern Epirotes from the districts of Korytsa and Kolonia. Pan-Epirotic Union of America.
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29. Dangerous voices: women's laments and Greek literature. Gail Holst-Warhaft. Routledge, 1992. ISBN 9780415072496, p. 139.
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31. Albania's Captives. P. Ruches. Argonaut, 1965. P. 33
32. Geschichte des Buchhandels in Albanien: Prolegomena zu einer Literatursoziologie Armin Hetzer. In Kommission bei O. Harrassowitz, 1984.
33. Nicodemos of the Holy Mountain: a handbook of spiritual counsel. Nicodemus, Peter A. Chamberas, George S. Bebis. Paulist Press, 1989. ISBN 0809130386
34. Albania's Captives. P. Ruches. Argonaut, 1965. P. 51
35. Ruches, Pyrros (1965), Albania's Captives, Chicago, USA: Argonaut, pp. 52–53
36. M. V. Sakellariou. Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotike Athenon, 1997. ISBN 9789602133712, p.309.
37. ^ Greece of Tomorrow. George H. Chase. READ BOOKS, 2007. ISBN 1406707589
38. Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Albania, 2006. U.S. Department of State.
39. Albanian Historical Folksongs, 1716-1943: A Survey of Oral Epic Poetry from Southern Albania, Pyrrhus J. Ruches. Argonaut, 1967
40. ^ Working Paper. Albanian Series. Gender Ethnicity and Landed Property in Albania. Sussana Lastaria-Cornhiel, Rachel Wheeler. September 1998. Land Tenure Center. University of Wisconsin.
41. Report submitted by Albania puruant to article 25, paragraph 1 of the framework convention for the protection of national minorities. ACFR/SR (2001). 26 July 2001.
42. P. Papondakis, The Omonoia Five trial: democracy, ethnic minorities and the future of Albania' - Sudosteuropa, 1996
43. Panepirotic foundation of America
44. http://www.panepirotic.org/html/resolutions.html Resolutions of the Panepirotic Federation of America. June 16, 2007 Worcester, MA
45. The Albanians: an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present. Edwin E. Jacques. McFarland, 1995 ISBN 0899509320. P. 462.

• Greek people
• Northern Epirotes
• Ethnic groups in Europe
• Ethnic groups in Albania
• Albanian–Greek relations