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Revision as of 19:37, 16 January 2011 by Wustefuchs (talk | contribs) (→Life in exile)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) For the vice president of the Parliament of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, see Ante Pavelić (1869).| Ante Pavelić | |
|---|---|
| File:Ante Pavelic.jpg | |
| Poglavnik of the Independent State of Croatia | |
| In office 10 April 1941 – 6 May 1945 | |
| Monarch | Aimone, Duke of Aosta (1941–1943) |
| Prime Minister | Nikola Mandić (1943–1945) |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Nikola Mandić (as Prime Minister) |
| Member of Parliament | |
| In office 11 September 1927 – 7 January 1929 | |
| Monarch | Alexander I |
| Prime Minister | Velimir Vukićević (1927–1928) Anton Korošec (1928–1929) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1889-07-14)14 July 1889 Bradina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 28 December 1959(1959-12-28) (aged 70) Madrid, Spain |
| Citizenship | Yugoslav |
| Political party | Party of Rights (1910–1929) Ustaše (1929–1945) Croatian Liberation Movement (1956–1959) |
| Spouse | Maria Pavelić (née Lovrenčević) |
| Alma mater | University of Zagreb |
| Occupation | Politician, statesman |
| Profession | Lawyer |
Ante Pavelić (14 July 1889 – 28 December 1959) was Croatian fascist leader, revolutionist and politician. He ruled as Poglavnik of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a World War II puppet state of Nazi Germany in Axis-occupied Yugoslavia. In the 1930s, he was a founding member and leader of the Croatian fascist ultra-nationalist separatist movement, the Ustaše. In 1941, having been installed by the Axis occupation as leader of a Croat puppet state, he instituted a racial policy that led to genocide for around three hundred thousand of people, inculding Serbs, Jews, and Gypsies in the Independent State of Croatia, along with Croat political opponents and resistance members. At the end of the war, Pavelić escaped abroad. He died from wounds caused by an assassination attempt in Madrid on 28 December 1959.
Early life
Birth and education
Ante Pavelić was born in the small Herzegovinian village of Bradina on the slopes of Ivan Mountain north of Konjic, and roughly 15 kilometers southwest of Hadžići, then part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. His parents had moved to the Austrian-Hungarian condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the village Krivi Put on the central part of the Velebit plain, in southern Lika (today's Croatia). In search of work his family moved to a village Jezero outside Jajce where Pavelić started to attend primary school - a Muslim Mekteb. In this mekteb Pavelić listened to Muslim traditions and lessons that influenced on his attitude about Bosnian Muslims and Bosnia. Also, Pavelić stated that name "ustaša" was taken from Bosnian rebels who called them selfs ustašas against Austrian-Hungarian occupation from 1878, and that Ustaša hymn "Ustasha March" ("Ustaška koračnica") was remake of Bosnian rebel song from 1878. Pavelić also attended primary school in Travnik, led by Jesuits and grew up in a city where the majority of population was Muslim. Because of that Bosnian Muslim culture made a big influence on his political views. Because of health problems, he interrupted his education for a short time in 1905. In Sommer he found job on railway in Sarajevo and Višegrad on Drina river. After that, he decided to continue his education in Zagreb, where his older brother lived. In Zagreb he finished his fourth class. Because he didn't complete his fourth class exam to end, he attended fourh class two times. In his first high school days in Zagreb, he joined Pure Party of Rights. Pavelić also became a member of the organization known as the "Frankovci", whose founder, Josip Frank, was the father-in-law of Slavko Kvaternik, an Austro-Hungarian colonel. Later he continued to attend high school in Senj in classical gymnasium wher he finished fifth class. Again, because of health reasons, he interrupted his education and started with job on road in Istria near Buzet. In 1909 he continued his education in Karlovac wher he finished his sixth class. He finished his seventh class in Senj and finally graduated in Zagreb 1910. In 1910 he entered Law Faculty at the University of Zagreb. At the time he was also employed as a lawyer in firm of Aleksandar Horvat, the president of the Pure Party of Rights, as lawyer's clerk where he earned his doctorate.
The rise in politics
Because he was employee and friend of Horvat, he often attended important party meetings. Later, Pavelić took Horvat's duties, while he was absent. After end of practice in 1918 he worked as an independent lawyer. Already in 1921 he was on the list of city elected officials in Zagreb, and soon became one of the leading figures in the party, which had a major impact on young members. Soon he entered leadership of the party and started to advocate the independence of Croatia. At first he was member of party's business committee, then secretary and later vice-president of Pure Party of Rights. His quarrelsome nature was increasingly apparent in the years immediately after World War I, when he became involved in a succession of disputes with the Centralist Party and the Croat Peasant Party of Stjepan Radić.
In that year he was arrested because of anti-Yugoslav attitudes, along with several other members of the party, but was released. Pavelić defended his fellow party members at their trial but lost. He married Maria Lovrenčević – who through her mother's family was part Jewish – on August 12, 1922 in St. Mark's Church in Zagreb. Her father was also member of Party of Rights, Martin Lovrenčević, and also a famous journalist. In his marriage with Maria he had three children, son Velimir and doughters Mirjana and Višnja.
He later became vice-president of the Croatian Bar Association. After he was elected for parliament as a member of Croatian Block, he was a contact person of Croatian Party of Rights with Nikola Pašić. In June in 1927 he represented Zagreb County on European Congress of Cities in Paris. In his speeches at Yugoslav Parliament he was pointed out in his attitudes against Serbian nationalism and spoke in favor of Croatian independence. His activity with youth in Croatian Party of Rights was prominent and he started with newspapers "Starčević" and "Kvaternik".
Serbian members of the Yugoslav Parliament disliked him and when a Serbian member said to him "Good night" (in parliament), Pavelić responded: Gentleman, I will be euphoric when I will be able to say to you 'good night'. I will be happy when all Croats can say 'good night' and thank you, for this 'party' we had here with you. I think that you will all be happy when you don't have Croats here any more.
As a member of Yugoslav Parliament he was eyewitness to the assassination of Stjepan Radić.
Life in exile
In 1927 Pavelić defended Macedonians charged in Skopje with terrorist offences. Through his Viennese contacts, Pavelić established clandestine links with the Italian government, but he was less successful in attempting to forge similar links in Hungary, where Budapest authorities were wary of putting relationships with other countries in jeopardy.
In 1927, Pavelić was elected to the national assembly, having previously served on the municipal council of Zagreb. Pavelić was one of two elected on the Croatian Bloc's list, the other being Ante Trumbić. Pavelić held the position of party secretary in the Party of Rights until 1929, the beginning of the royal government in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1928 he founded armed group named Hrvatski domobran ("Croatian Home Guard"), and Yugoslav authorities forbiden their activity and declared it illegal. By this act, Pavelić openly called Croats to a revolt. When king Alexander I proclaimed dictatorhip on 6 January 1929, Pavelić left to Italy and then to Wien. He didn't want to have any political activities, but by combination of circumstances he did. He established contact with Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization and was shortly invited to Bulgaria to meet representatives from Macedonian National Committee. At this meeting they made Sofia Declaration in which they formalized cooperation of ustašas and Macedonian revolutionists. This declaration was very important to Pavelić and Ustaša Movement. Yugoslavia protested to Bulgaria and in court they started prosecution of Pavelić because of high treason and he was sentenced to death in absentia together with Gustav Perečec. Serbian nationalism in Yugoslavia made easier for Pavelić to establish Ustasha - Croatian Revolutionary Organization. After that his permanent residence in Austria was forbidden and he and his family left for Italy where they lived until April 1941. In Italy he often changed his residence and he lived under false names. The most often name he used was Antonio Serdar. By this Italian authorities didn't want to formally support Ustašas and Pavelić because they didn't want to endanger their reputation, but Pavelić and the Ustaše received support from Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, who saw them as a means to help destroy Yugoslavia and expand Italian influence in the Adriatic. Mussolini allowed Pavelić to live in exile in Rome and train his paramilitaries for war with Yugoslavia. Later, many Croats will join to Ustašas because they were dissatisfied with situation in Yugoslavia. Even he left country in 1929, he didn't immediately founded his organization. In first, he used name "ustaša" for newspaper he wrote, then later, he used that name for organization he founded in 1930 and he named it Ustaša - Hrvatska revolucionarna organizacija (Ustaša - Croatian Revolutionary Organization; abbreviated UHRO). Short after that Croats in Argentina, United States, Belgium and many other European countries massively joined the organization Hrvatski domobran (Croatian Home Guard) which was led by Pavelić as Poglavnik. Early members of UHRO were later high ranking persons of Ustaša regime - Vjekoslav Luburić (codename Maks), Jure Francetić (codename Laszlo) and Rafael Boban.
In Main Ustaša Department on 1 July 1933 he declared main goals of Ustaša Movement in 17 points. As a main goal he marked creation of independent Croatian state on her historical and ethnic area, and he stated that this is the right what Ustasha Movement must do by any means necessary even with force of weapons. According to rules he made he organizes actions, assassinations and diversions. Ustaše training camps were set up in Italy and Hungary, chiefly at Brescia and Borgotaro in Italy and Jankapuszta in Hungary.
In 1932 at a meeting held in Spittal in Austria, Pavelić, Gustav Perčec and Vjekoslav Servatzy decided to start with small uprising. Uprising started at midnight on 6 September 1932 and it is known as Velebit Uprising. Uprising was led by Andrija Artuković and it was involved about 20 ustašas armed with Italian equipment. In uprising ustašas attacked police station and after half an hour they pulled back to Velebit, all alive. This uprising was just improvisation of Croatian political emigration to scare Yugoslav authorities. On 12 April 1941 Pavelić confirmed that. Even the uprising was small Yugoslav authorities were very scared because they were unaware of ustaša power and they introduced major security measures.
They later made two attempts to assassinate King Alexander I of Yugoslavia. The lack of armed protection afforded to the Yugoslav monarch, and the general laxity of security precautions when it was well-known that one attempt had already been made on Alexander's life, testify to Pavelić's organizational abilities; he had apparently been able to bribe a high official in the Sûreté General. The Prefect of Police of Marseilles, Jouhannaud, was subsequently removed from office. For the second time, Pavelić was in absentia sentenced to death, this time by a French court. Under pressure of France Italian police arrested Pavelić and several Ustaša emigrants on 17 October 1934. Pavelić was in prison in Turino until 1934. In prison he wrote his novel "Liepa Plavojka" ("The Lovley Blonde")
Disappointed with Italian relations with Ustaša organization he made closer to Nazi Germany which promised to change map of Europe made by Treaty of Versailles. By the end of October in 1936 he finished study for German Foreign Ministry under title "Croatian Question" ("Die kroatische Frage"). But then, the German foreign policy wanted united Yugoslavia so Pavelić's study didn't leave much influence on them. Next book of Pavelić was "Horrors of mistakes - Communism and Bolshevism in Russia and in World" ("Errori e orrori - Comunismo e bolscevismo in Russia e nel Mundo") which was made for Italian public. Next day, after the book was published, it was seized and forbidden like any Ustaše's activity. Another blow was approaching of Italy and Yugoslavia after Ciano - Stojadinović Agreement on 1 April 1937, Pavelić was forced to declare a regulation in which he dissolves al ustaša services and camps on territory of Italy. After that he lived in Siena until 1939. After the fall of Stojadinović, Ustaša activity was increased in year 1939, especially in 1940. Nazi Germany was firm in that Yugoslavia must be united, Italians often changed decisions and only Pavelić was firm in creation of Croatian state.
Ustaše regime
In March 1941 Nazi Germany attacked Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Germans thought it would be easier to brake this state if they would made contact with people disappointed with king's regime, mainly Croats. As Croatian Peasant Party was supported the most by Croats, Germans wanted to give power to them by newly formed Croatian state, more accurately to Vladko Maček, so in beginning they ignored the existence of Ustašas. Germans thought that Pavelić was just an Italian political figure. When Maček refused to cooperate with Axis, Adolf Hitler decided to agree with Italian proposal for Pavelić and made him Head of State of Croatia. On 10 April 1941, over Radio Station Zagreb, Slavko Kvaternik declared Independent State of Croatia in name of Poglavnik dr. Ante Pavelić. On 13 April 1941 Pavelić entered onto Croatian soil and in night of 15 April he was in Zagreb together with his Ustaša's emigrant escort. After coming to Zagreb he took duties of Head of State and declared new government. Soon, his family also comes to Zagreb.
As new Croatian government wanted to get closer with her allies, they introduced similar political system - one-party state, in this case Ustašas and all other parties were dissolved including Croatian Peasant Party. Many Croats, who wanted to help in development of Croatian state were jailed because they were political misfit, including Vladko Maček who was imprisoned in Jasenovac and later sentenced on house arrest where he was until the end of the war.
Pavelić was at the same time Poglavnik of Ustaša's and Poglavnik of Croatian state, and as such he hold absolute power in state. His cult of personality was promoted and he was represented as second most important person after Ante Starčević in Croatian history. His name was pronounced together with the noun liberator of Croatian people. In his honor, many artists write songs, work his sculptures and paint. The most famous sculpture of Pavelić is made by Antun Augustinčić and painting by Ante Kaštelančić.
Pavelić declared new government on 16 April 1941, but all very important decisions where made by him. He called Sabor in February 1942, but no important influence was made on it, and after December 1942 Sabor was never called again. The most influential factor for Croatian state where relations with Germany and Italy, and political system was modeled by German and Italian system. Thing what disrupted Croatian-Italian relations was Italian pretension for Croatian territory. The worst moment of Croatian-Italian diplomacy were Treaty of Rome in which Croatia was forced to give up part of Dalmatia, Krk, Rab, Korčula, Biograd, Šibenik, Split, Čiovo, Šolta, Mljet and part of Konavle and Bay of Kotor in favor of Italy. Croatian proposal that Split and island Korčula have Croatian-Italian administration were ignored by Italy, and those areas were under Italianization and fascist terror. This annexation was shock for Croatian public generally and only public protest in Independent State of Croatia occurred because of that. Hundreds of citizens, members of Ustaša Movement and Domobranstvo were protesting on Christmas, 25 December 1941. Pavelić tried to return abdicated areas and hide the real condition from him self and Croatian public with good relations with Italy. Croatian diplomacy previously asked for support of Germany with diplomatic conflict with Italy, but for Germans, that part was under Italian influence and they didn't want to involve. Because of communist propaganda, only Italian annexation was mentioned and Pavelić was discredited because of that, but the fact is Pavelić do his best to keep Croatia as whole and refused Italian suggestions about united custom, monetary and personal union. Italian suggestion that Croatia should have Italian king was accepted and Pavelić agreed to name Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta as king of Croatia, but in reality that was never accepted and king never had power over Croatian state.
Pavelić's internal policy was partly unaccepted by Croats, especially by arresting political enemies and more by Ustaša's relationship with Croatian Jews (who were accepted in Croatian society). Also, Ustaša's persecution of Serbs made them to join Partisans or Chetniks which was disaster for peace in Croatia. Croatian relations for Jews was introduced mainly because of German influence on Croatia. The most terrible thing in Ustaša's government were concentration and working camps. The most notorious of them is Jasenovac concentration camp where 70 000 - 80 000 people died. The death of 18 000 Jews in Croatia was very ironic to Croatian public because big part of high ranking officers of Army was Jewish, wives of some ministers were Jewish and Josip Frank was also a Jew, a person in whose party Pavelić also was a member. Ustaša Movement was anti-Serb, but German influence made it also anti-Semitic what was disaster for Ustaša's and for Croatian Jews. But destiny of Serbian Jews was even worse because they were under direct German control. Pavelić founded Ustaša Movement to liberate Croatian people from Serbian oppression and punish Serbs for torture of Croats and it was not based on racial and hate policy. Soon, Serbs revolted and committed a number of crimes against Croats and Muslims in Independent State of Croatia. Worried about this, Pavelić founded Croatian Orthodox Church in hope he will calm revolted Serbs. After that, by following ideology of Ante Starčević, Serbs were considered as Orthodox Croats, and their status was improved, especially in urban ares. People loyal to Pavelić, mainly Ustašas wanted the fight to bitter end, another part of Croats who was scared of new Yugoslavia also supported Pavelić and communism was strange to Croats in that time, so they didn't support Partisans.
At the meeting in Berchtesgaden in early June of 1941, Hitler encouraged Pavelić to accept transfer of Slovenes in Croatia and to deport Serbs of Croatia to Nedić's Serbia. Pavelić was advised by Hitler that to much tolerance can be damaging and suggested him that he conducts "fifty years of a nationally intolerant policy" In next few months Ustaše deported around 120,000 Serbs to Serbia of which, some ten thousand fled.
Pavelić and his government have devoted great attention to culture. Mostly because of propaganda but even so, most of the books didn't have ideological basics and culture in Croatia had big success. Croatian National Theatre held a number of performances and it was visited by many world-famous actors. Besides that, the most prominent in culture was publishing of Croatian Encyclopedia which was forbidden in communist regime as ustashoid. Croatian sport was also improved and Croatian Football Association became member of FIFA in 1941 for the first time.
One of the most important moments in history of Independent State of Croatia was Lorković-Vokić coup in 1944. Minister Mladen Lorković and officer Ante Vokić introduced their plans to Pavelić in which they would change sides and Pavelić would no longer be a Head of State because British demanded that. At first, Pavelić supported their ideas, but he was visited by local Gestapo officer and told that Germany will win the war with new weapons, so Pavelić was scared. Finally he decided to arrest Lorković and Vokić and others involved in coup, some representatives of Croatian Peasant Party and number of Domobran officers. Lorković and Vokić were shot at the end of April in 1945 in Lepoglava. After the "Anglo-American" coup was discovered, Pavelić started to make agreement with Soviet Union since September 1944 until February 1945. They agreed to recognize Croatian state under condition that they let free access to Red Army and free activity of communists. Pavelić refused their proposal and stayed allied with Nazi Germany until the end of the war.
Sawing that Germany fold and that Croatian army is not in condition to resist communists he ordered withdrawal of Croatian Armed Forces to Austria to surrender to British because he knew Partisans wouldn't treat his army by Geneva Convention. Pavelić left the country on 6 May 1945, and on 8 May he was on Austrian border. He left Croatian soldiers and civilians in Rogaška Slatina, and because of that, later Croatian emigrant accused him for escape and cowardice. Croatian soldiers and big number of civilians who were scared of communists, retreated to Austria. More than 100 000 Croats was in retreat, and at least 100 000 of them was killed by Partisans what history marked as Bleiburg massacre. Pavelić was aware that could happened, and he moved his family to Austria in late 1944, and him self later, lived there for shorter time in American Occupational Zone. Pavelić reported him self to American intelligence. The most interesting fact is that British and American intelligence were aware about Pavelić's location, but they done nothing to arrest him. Pavelić moved to Rome, where he was hidden by members of the Roman Catholic Church (according to de-classified US Intelligence documents.), but Americans refused to arrest him. Tito and his communist government accused Catholic Church for hiding Pavelić and reader of papers in that time could get impression that only job of pope was hiding Ustaša's Poglavnik. The second defendants were Anglo-American "imperialists" who wanted to "revive Nazism" and take communist Eastern Europe. But communists weren't completely wrong, because Anglo-American Intelligence did use former fascists and nazis as agents against communist state including Pavelić.
Crimes
As leader of NDH, Pavelić was responsible for a campaign of terror against Serbs, Jews, Gypsies, and anti-fascist Croats. Pavelić's Ustaše regime was the most murderous, in relation to its size, in Axis-occupied Europe. Numerous testimonies from the Nuremberg Trials, and in German, Italian and Austrian war archives, bear witness to atrocities perpetrated against the civilian population.
Serbian, Jewish, and Gypsy men, women, and children were literally hacked to death. Whole villages were razed to the ground and the people driven into barns to which the Ustaše set fire. General Edmund von Glaise-Horstenau reported to the OKW on 28 June 1941:
...according to reliable reports from countless German military and civil observers during the last few weeks the Ustaše have gone raging mad.
On 10 July, General Glaise-Horstenau added:
Our troops have to be mute witnesses of such events; it does not reflect well on their otherwise high reputation... I am frequently told that German occupation troops would finally have to intervene against Ustaše crimes. This may happen eventually. Right now, with the available forces, I could not ask for such action. Ad hoc intervention in individual cases could make the German Army look responsible for countless crimes which it could not prevent in the past.
According to these testimonies, German officers themselves were dismayed by the atrocities committed by the Ustaše, to the extent that they occasionally intervened to stop the bloodshed (Jasenovac, 1941), arrested one of the most notorious Ustaše (Friar Miroslav Filipović/Majstorović, Banja Luka, 1942) and disarmed an Ustaše detachment (Eastern Bosnia, 1942).
The regime declared in advance its intention to eliminate the Serbian population in NDH by killing one part, expelling a second part and converting the rest. A Gestapo report to Himmler (17 February 1942) on increased Partisan activities stated that "Increased activity of the bands is chiefly due to atrocities carried out by Ustasha units in Croatia against the Orthodox population. The Ustashas committed their deeds in a bestial manner not only against males of conscript age, but especially against helpless old people, women and children. The number of the Orthodox that the Croats have massacred and sadistically tortured to death is over seven hundred thousand."
Pavelić's regime was not officially recognized by the Vatican, but the Church never condemned the genocide and forced conversions to Catholicism perpetrated by the Ustaše. Soon after coming to power in April 1941, Pavelić was given a private audience in Rome by Pope Pius XII, an act for which the Pope was widely criticized.
Official policy against the Serbs was extermination, expulsion and assimilation. Between 197,000-217,000 Serbs were killed on territory of Independent State of Croatia by Ustaše and their Axis allies. As for Jews and Gypsies, the only policy was total annihilation of both. According to an official Yugoslav report, only 1,500 out of 30,000 Croatian Jews remained alive. Approximately 26,000 Gypsies were murdered by the Ustashi in the Independent State of Croatia. There were approximately 40,000 Gypsies living within the borders of the Independent State of Croatia.
Post-war
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Pavelić was hiding in Jesuit Monastery near Napoli. He was trustless to Krunoslav Draganović and he always met him beyond his hiding place. Krunoslav Draganović met him in southern Italy in Autumn 1948. He helped Pavelić to get passport from Red Cross with Hungarian name Pale Aranios. Draganović had a plan with Italian police to arrest Pavelić, but Pavelić fool Draganović and fled to Argentina. Pavelić arrived in Argentina in Italian ship Sestriere on 6 November 1948. At arriving to Argentina, in beginning, Pavelić lived together with writer Vinko Nikolić in an old house in bad condition. They didn't have much money and they lived very cheap. In Buenos Aires he was greeted by his son Velimir and daughter Mirjana. Soon, his wife Maria and older daughter Višnja, also arrived. Upon arriving in Argentina he became a security advisor to Juan Perón. In new environment, Pavelić lived under name Pav Pablo Aranyos which can be found on documents with which he arrived to Argentina. In 1950 Pavelić got amnesty and approval for further stay as other 34,000 of Croats, including those who had been Nazi collaborators and had fled from the Allied advance. After that he took his earlier false name Antonio Serdar, and under that name he continued to live in Buenos Aires. Like for most others political emigrants in Argentina, Pavelić also lived hard and he had to work as a bricklayer to live. His best contact with Perons was Branko Benzon who was in good relationship with Evita Peron. Benzon is unknown to public, but he was Croatian ambassador to Germany in time of war, and he also knew Hitler personally what was good for Croatian-German relations. Thanks to Benzon's friendship with Evita Peron, Pavelić became owner of influential housing firm in Argentina. Soon after arrival he joined to organization "Hrvatski domobran" ("Croatian Home Guard"). He tried to expand activity of this organization, so soon, in 1950, he founded Croatian Statehood Party. This party did not last long, so in 1956 most of Ustaša emigrants founded Croatian Liberation Movement - a organization which led all other Croatian political statehood and combat organizations outside of homeland with same goal. All political emigrants on this on 8 June 1956. Even earlier, at the end of 1940s, many Ustašas split from Pavelić because they thought that Croats, in new circumstances, need new political direction. Also, many other who split from Pavelić continued to call themselves Ustašas and wanted revival of Independent State of Croatia. The most famous person who split with Pavelić was former Ustaša officer, Vjekoslav Luburić who lived in Spain. Pavelić declared that he wants the restoration of Croatian state in borders what is now Republic of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina with Srem and Bay of Kotor. But, in 1954 Pavelić met with former Yugoslav Prime Minister Milan Stojadinović and with him they made new plan for delineation between Croatia and Serbia. It is not known on what they agreed, but in map shown in some Argentinian newspapers the border is Drina river. Pavelić often reported to Croats in emigration and sent various propaganda messages. For many times, communist government in Yugoslavia demanded extradition of Pavelić from Argentina, but for many reasons that was denied.
After the fall of Peron, Ante Pavelić and the Ustaše emigration were no longer protected by the Argentinian government, their security was threatened by the increased activity of Yugoslav intelligence. On 10 April 1957, the 16th anniversary of the founding of the Independent State of Croatia, Pavelić was shot in the back and seriously wounded while getting out of a bus in Lomas del Palomar near Buenos Aires. The assailant remained unknown, while the attempt is usually attributed to the Yugoslav intelligence Department of State Security (UDBA). Despite having a bullet lodged in his spine, Pavelić elected not to be hospitalized. Two weeks after the shooting, the Argentine authorities agreed to grant the Yugoslav government's request to extradite Pavelić, but he went into hiding before he could be extradited. At the end of 1957 Pavelić went to Spain from Chile. Although there were reports that Pavelić had fled to Paraguay to work for the Stroessner regime, his whereabouts remained unknown until late 1959, when it was learned that he had been granted asylum in Spain. He settled in Madrid from where he contacts with supporters World wide. In Spain, Pavelić lives secretly, with family life, probably by agreement with Spanish authorities, but Spain didn't give him citizenship. Ante Pavelić died in Madrid on 28 December 1959 at the German hospital in 70th age of life, reportedly from complications due to the bullet in his spine. He is buried in the oldest private cemetery in Madrid, in the San Isidro.
See also
- Ivica Matković
- Jure Francetić
- Ljubo Miloš
- Petar Brzica
- Mile Budak
- Srbosjek
- Magnum Crimen
- Bleiburg massacre
- Yugoslav Front of World War II
Notes
References
- Croatia: between Europe and the Balkans by William Bartlett. Routledge, 2003. p. 20. ISBN 041527432X
- World fascism: a historical encyclopedia by Cyprian Blamires. Libary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, 2006. p. 691. ISBN 1576079406
- "Ante Pavelic (Croatian nationalist)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Accessed 11 November 2009.
- "Independent State of Croatia". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Accessed 11 November 2009.
- "Croatia". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Accessed 11 November 2009.
- "Yugoslavia". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed 11 November 2009.
- "Ustasa (Croatian political movement)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Accessed 11 November 2009.
- ^ Sedlar, Jakov. Pavelić Unmasked.
- Antoljak, Stjepan (1995). Ante Pavelić - 100 godina. Naklada Starčević & Libar. ISBN 9539636914.
- War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration by Jozo Tomasevich, Stanford University Press 2001, page 417.
- Hitler's new disorder: the Second World War in Yugoslavia by Stevan K. Pavlowitch, Columbia University Press, page 29.
- ^ Fischer, Jürgen (2007). Balkan strongmen: dictators and authoritarian rulers of South Eastern Europe. Purdue University Press. ISBN 9781557534552.
- Nikad viđeni predmeti Ante Pavelića, Jutarnji List
- ^ Cohen, Philip J. (1999). Serbia's secret war: propaganda and the deceit of history. Fourth Printing. ISBN 0890967601.
- Srdja Trifkovic: Ustasha: Croatian Separatism and European Politics 1929-45, Lord Byron Foundation for Balkan Studies (London 1998) pp41ff
- Edmond Paris: Genocide in Satellite Croatia 1941-45, American Institute for Balkan Affairs (Chicago 1961) pp20-21
- Jasenovac - Donja Gradina: Industry of Death 1941-45
- Ante Pavelić: 1889-1959
- Povijest Crne legije - Jure i Boban by Marko Marković
- Headquarters Counter Intelligence Corps, Allied Forces Headquarters APO 512, January 30, 1947
- Sugar, Peter F. (1971). Native fascism in the Successor States, 1918-1945. Issue 4 of Twentieth century series. ABC-Clio, p. 139.
- ^ Lampe, John R. Ideologies and national identities: the case of twentieth-century - Southeastern Europe.
{{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 9639241725" ignored (help) - Pavlowitch, Stevan K. Hitler's new disorder: the Second World War in Yugoslavia.
{{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 9780231700504" ignored (help) - Death by government by R. Rummel, p. 351. Seventh paperback printing, 2009. ISBN 9781560009276
- Jasenovac - Donja Gradina: Industry of Death 1941-45
- Ladislaus Hory and Martin Broszat: Der Kroatische Ustascha-Staat, 1941-1945 Stuttgart, 1964
- Edmond Paris: Genocide in Satellite Croatia, The American Institute for Balkan Affairs, 1525 West Diversey Parkway, Chicago, Illinois. Published in 1961, 1962, 1990, Introduction
- "All Or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust, 1941-1943" by Jonathan Steinberg Routledge 2002 Pages 29-30
- The Ustasha - The Insurgents and the Swastika (Part IV)
- See: Djuro Schwartz, "In the Jasenovac camps of death" (ג'ורו שווארץ, "במחנות המוות של יאסנובאץ".)
- "For the rest - Serbs, Jews and Gypsies - we have three million bullets. We will kill one part of the Serbs, the other part we will resettle, and the remaining ones we will convert to the Catholic faith, and thus make Croats of them." Mile Budak, Minister of Education of Croatia, July 22, 1941 The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican, Vladimar Dedijer, Anriman-Verlag, Freiburg, Germany, 1988 p 130 See http://www.fantompowa.net/Flame/yugoslavia_catholic_church.htm
- Israel Gutman (ed.) Encyclopedia of the Holocaust vol 2, p.739
- Žerjavić, Vladimir (1993). Yugoslavia - Manipulations with the number of Second World War victims. Croatian Information Centre.
{{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0919817327" ignored (help) - Bideleux, Robert (2007). The Balkans: a post-communist history. Routledge.
{{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0415229626" ignored (help) - http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Judgment/Judgment-031.html
- Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations in Comparative Perspective: In Comparative Perspectively Kurt Jonassohn, Karin Solveig Björnson Published by Transaction Publishers, 1998 ISBN 0765804174, 9780765804174 page 283
- Yad Vashem Studies by Yad Vashem, rashut ha-zikaron la-Sho?ah ?ela-gevurah, Yad Vashem Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, 1990, page 49
- ^ Jutarnji list - Peron Paveliću otvara graditeljsko poduzeće
- ^ Yossi Melman, Tied up in the Rat Lines, Haaretz, 17 January 2006
- Ustaše i Nezavisna Država Hrvatska 1941-1945 by Fikreta Jelić-Butić; Liber, 1977. p. 28
- "Yugoslav Rebel Shot in Argentina," Oakland Tribune, April 12, 1957, p3
- "Ex-Puppet Premier of Croatia Dies," Nevada State Journal (Reno), January 3, 1960, p. 26.
Sources
- Jakov Sedlar : Pavelić bez maske (engl. Pavelić unmasked); Biographical documentary about Ante Pavelić with text of dr. Mario Jareb from Croatian Institute for History. Country of origin: Croatia. 2009.
- Hermann Neubacher: Sonderauftrag Suedost 1940-1945, Bericht eines fliegendes Diplomaten, 2. durchgesehene Auflage, Goettingen 1956
- Ladislaus Hory and Martin Broszat: Der Kroatische Ustascha-Staat, 1941-1945 Stuttgart, 1964
- Encyclopædia Britannica, 1943 - Book of the year, page 215, Entry: Croatia
- Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Europe, edition 1995, page 91, entry: Croatia
- Encyclopædia Britannica, Edition 1991, Macropedia, Vol. 29, page 1111.
- Helen Fein: Accounting for Genocide - Victims and Survivors of the Holocaust, The Free Press, New York, Edition 1979, pages 102, 103.
- Alfio Russo: Revoluzione in Jugoslavia, Roma 1944.
- Ruth Mitchell: The Serbs Choose War, Doubleday, Doran, 1943, page 148
- Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, vol. 2, p. 739.
- Avro Manhattan: The Vatican's Holocaust, Ozark Books, 1986, page 48.
- Edmond Paris: Genocide in Satellite Croatia, The American Institute for Balkan Affairs, 1525 West Diversey Parkway, Chicago, Illinois. Published in 1961, 1962, 1990
- Cali Ruchala, Lord of the Danse Macabre: Ante Pavelic and the Independent State of Croatia, Degenerate Magazine © 1996
- Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism: 1914-45, UCL Press Ltd. 1995, page 404-411
External links
- Ante Pavelić biography at Biografije.org Template:Hr icon
- Tied up in the Rat Lines, by Yossi Melman, Haaretz
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by? | Member of Parliament for the City of Zagreb 1927–1929 |
Succeeded by? |
| New office | Poglavnik of the Independent State of Croatia 1941–1945 |
Succeeded byNikola Mandićas Prime Minister |
| Preceded byPrince Aimone, Duke of Aostaas King-designate | Abolished | |
| Party political offices | ||
| New office | Poglavnik of the Ustaše movement 1929–1945 |
Abolished |
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| See also | |||||||||||||||||
- 1889 births
- 1959 deaths
- People from Konjic
- Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Independent State of Croatia
- Croatian people of World War II
- Croatian Nazi collaborators
- World War II political leaders
- People sentenced to death in absentia
- The Holocaust in Croatia
- Holocaust perpetrators
- Representatives in the Yugoslav National Assembly (1921–1941)
- Ustaše
- Croatian lawyers
- Party of Rights (1861–1929) politicians
- University of Zagreb alumni