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Events in 1870 in animation.

Events

• February 5: The Philadelphia-based engineer Henry Renno Heyl presented his Phasmatrope to 1500 persons at a church entertainment evening at the Philadelphia Academy of Music. This modified magic lantern had a wheel that could hold 16 photographic slides and a shutter. The wheel was rotated in front of the light source by an intermittent mechanism to project the slides successively, probably with a speed of 3 fps. The program contained three subjects: All Right (a popular Japanese acrobat), Brother Jonathan, and a waltzing couple. Brother Jonathan addressed the audience with a voice actor behind the screen and professed that "this art will rapidly develop into one of the greatest merit for instruction and enjoyment." The pictures of the waltzing couple survived and consist of four shots of costumed dancers (Heyl and a female dancing partner) that were repeated four times in the wheel. The pictures were posed. The waltzing animations were screened with an appropriate musical accompaniment by a 40-person orchestra. Heyl's only known other show was a screening on 16 March 1870 at the Franklin Institute.
• Specific date unknown:
  • The board game manufacturing company Milton Bradley and Co. had gained patents for the construction of the animation device zoetrope since 1867. The London Stereoscopic and Photographic Company was licensed as the British publisher, and repeated most of the Milton Bradley animations. In 1870, the Stereoscopic & Photographic Company made its own addition to the available zoetrope products. It added a set of twelve animations by the famous British illustrator George Cruikshank.
  • The French entertainer François Dominique Séraphin had popularised shadow plays in France during the 18th century. Séraphin died in 1800 but his shadow play shows continued, initially under the direction of his nephew. The shadow play theatre which Séraphin had established closed in 1870. The shadow play tradition is considered a precursor of silhouette animation.
  • Around 1870, the first demonstration of the Kaleidotrope took place at the Royal Polytechnic Institution: a slide with a single perforated metal or cardboard disc suspended on a spiral spring. The holes can be tinted with colored pieces of gelatin. When struck, the disc's vibration and rotation sends the colored dots of light swirling around in all sorts of shapes and patterns. It was dubbed "Kaleidotrope" when commercial versions were marketed.

Deaths

October

• October 9: John Barnes Linnett, British lithograph printer, (the first person to patent the flip book, a type of small book with relatively springy pages, each having one in a series of animation images located near its unbound edge), dies at an unknown age. Early film animators cited flip books as their inspiration more often than the earlier animation devices, which did not reach as wide an audience.

References

1. Musser, Charles (1990). The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907. Vol. 1. University of California Press. p. 47. ISBN 9780520085336. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
2. Rossell, Deac (2006). "The Exhibition of Moving Pictures before 1896". KINtop: Jahrbuch zur Erforschung des frühenFilms.
3. Veras, Christine (April 23, 2022). "Reanimating the History and the Forgotten Characteristics of the Zoetrope". Animation. 17: 26–48. doi:10.1177/17468477221085412. S2CID 248367347 – via SAGE.
4. "Toy patent" (PDF). docs.google.com. 1867.
5. Herbert, Stephen. (n.d.) From Daedaleum to Zoetrope, Part 2. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
6. "Full text of "Les pupazzi noirs"". Retrieved 13 August 2012.
7. "Shadows". The Richard Balzer Collection. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
8. Jouvanceau, Pierre (2004). The Silhouette Film. Pagine di Chiavari. trans. Kitson. Genoa: Le Mani. ISBN 88-8012-299-1.
9. The Magic Lantern - Vol. 1. No. 2. October 1874.
10. McDonough, John; Egolf, Karen (2015). The Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 9781135949068. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
11. Chronological Index of Patents Applied for and Patents Granted. G.E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode. 1869. p. 65. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
12. England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1995
13. Crafton 1993, p. 7.

Sources

• Crafton, Donald (1993). Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898–1928. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-11667-0.

• 1870 in animation