Misplaced Pages

365th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group
A radar-equipped B-24D Liberator modified for antisubmarine use
Active	1942–1944; 2015–present
Country	United States
Branch	United States Army Air Forces
Role	Intelligence Support
Part of	Air Combat Command
Garrison/HQ	Nellis Air Force Base
Nickname(s)	The Search (1942-1944)
Commanders
World War II Commander	Col W. C. Dolan
Insignia
365th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group emblem (approved 26 October 2015)

The 1st Search Attack Group was a United States Army Air Forces unit that served during World War II. Its last assignment was with First Air Force. It was based at Langley Field, Virginia throughout its existence, and equipped with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, Douglas B-18 Bolo, and Consolidated B-24 Liberator aircraft. It was disbanded on 20 April 1944.

The original mission of the group was the development of equipment and tactics best suited for aerial anti-submarine warfare. Among the devices that the group helped develop or test were the radar altimeter, the magnetic anomaly detector, the sonobuoy, improved airborne depth charges, long-range navigation systems, and airborne microwave radar.

The group also conducted training on equipment and antisubmarine tactics for Army Air Forces units and personnel. During the summer and fall of 1942, most of the unit's aircrews deployed to the Caribbean, where they conducted missions against German U-boats. After the Navy assumed responsibility for land based aerial antisubmarine operations in 1943, the unit continued to conduct radar training for bomber crews until it was disbanded.

The group was reconstituted in 1985 as the 365th Electronic Warfare Group, but was not active under that designation. It was redesignated the 365th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group and activated at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, where it provides intelligence support for the Adversary Tactics Group and the United States Air Force Weapons School.

Mission

The group provides analysis of intelligence from multiple sources to support airpower employment, focusing on threat tactics, characteristics, and capabilities. It performs threat support and high-end training to enable future Air Force employment, It supports Red Flag exercises at Nellis and supports the Adversary Tactics Group and the United States Air Force Weapons School.

History

World War II

Organization

The unit was first organized as the 1st Sea-Search Attack Group (Medium) at Langley Field, Virginia six months after the United States entered World War II on 17 June 1942 and assigned directly to Headquarters, Army Air Forces. Its mission was to test equipment and develop techniques and tactics for aerial use against submarines and surface vessels. In addition to its test mission, the group also flew antisubmarine patrols. The group was initially assigned a single squadron, the 2d Sea-Search Attack Squadron (Medium).

The group and squadron were formed from a cadre of crews who had received training on Air to Surface Vessel (ASV) radars from scientists at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Radiation Laboratory, which had installed radars in their Douglas B-18 Bolo aircraft. Although the original intention was to return the planes and crews to their original units, Lt Col W. C. Dolan, the senior officer among the trainees and commander of the 20th Bombardment Squadron, urged that they be combined into a single specialized unit. Col Dolan's suggestion was accepted, and following testing of the ASV radars with the Navy near New London, Connecticut, the crews moved to Langley, where they were initially attached to the 20th Squadron. Once the group and its squadron were formed the crews and planes were transferred to it and Col Dolan assumed command.

The first ASV-10 radar sets were placed on B-18s, and 90 Bolos were modified with the radars by the end of June 1942. However, B-24 Liberator had a much longer range than the B-18. Equipped with auxiliary fuel tanks, radar and a powerful searchlight, the B-24 was ideal for extended antisubmarine patrols. The USAAF outfitted its first two microwave radar equipped B-24s in September 1942. In December 1942, the 1st Group added a second squadron, the 3d Sea-Search Attack Squadron (Heavy). Although initially equipped with B-18s, the squadron was organized as the unit to which the group's heavy B-24 Liberators would be assigned.

World War II era radar sets, particularly the newly operational ones the group tested in its bombers, were difficult to maintain, and scientists assigned to the group for testing found that instead, much of their time was consumed by maintenance of the unit's radar equipment. Deployments during the late summer and early fall of 1942 also demonstrated that large amounts of a variety of components and trained radar maintenance men, in addition to the radar operator on the plane crew, were needed to keep the radars in service. As a result, the Army Air Forces expanded the 1st to establish a school within the group to train ground personnel in maintenance of radar equipment.

1943 saw several changes to the group's name. Recognizing that the B-18s that had formed the unit's original equipment were being replaced by longer range four-engine airplanes, the (Medium) in the group's name was replaced by (Heavy) in June. The group's final expansion occurred in October 1943, when the 18th Antisubmarine Squadron, which had been part of the 25th Antisubmarine Wing and equipped with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, was assigned to the group as the 4th Sea-Search Attack Squadron (Heavy). The 18th had been acting as the 25th Wing's replacement training unit and was a good fit for the group's expanding training mission. In November, recognizing that the Navy had absorbed the portion of the antisubmarine mission that the Army Air Forces had been performing and the concentration of the unit mission on radar training, rather than antisubmarine work, the "Sea" was dropped from the name and it became the 1st Search Attack Group.

However, the Army Air Forces found that standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization, were proving less well adapted to training and other support missions. Accordingly, it adopted a more functional system in which each of its bases was organized into a separate numbered unit, while the groups and squadrons on the base were disbanded or inactivated. This resulted in the 1st, along with other units at Langley, being disbanded in April 1944, and being replaced by the 111th AAF Base Unit (Search Attack and Staging), which assumed the group's mission, personnel, and equipment. The 111th continued the group's mission until September 1944, when it was discontinued.

Testing

The group antisubmarine warfare testing mission relied on cooperation with and assistance from the Navy. The group's location at Langley also gave it access to the research and test facilities of the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. In addition, early on the group received two Royal Air Force (RAF) aircraft already equipped with ASV radar, Consolidated LB-30 Liberators, the export version of the B-24, along with one RAF crew with experience in antisubmarine warfare. In August 1942, the group air echelon was temporarily diverted from testing when it deployed, first to Key West Naval Air Station, then to Waller Field on Trinidad to fly antisubmarine missions in the Caribbean. The first crews returned to Langley in September and operations were continued from Trinidad until 16 October.

Equipment

One important device tested by the group was the magnetic anomaly detector (MAD). MAD could sense changes in the Earth's magnetic field, as could be produced by a submarine's steel hull. Aircraft outfitted with this device would patrol in an area where a submarine had been spotted but had submerged. Combined with the use of sonobuoys to listen for the sounds of a submarine, MAD provided a high probability of conducting a successful attack. The group conducted its first operation using MAD on 13 July 1942 and located a submarine which had been damaged in a previous attack.

The group also helped develop the radar altimeter, or absolute altimeter. This device used a microwave radar to determine an aircraft's exact altitude above the surface within ten feet. This altimeter permitted antisubmarine aircraft to fly safely as low as 50 feet above the surface. Low altitude attacks substantially improved the chances of destroying the target submarine. This device became standard equipment on Army Air Forces antisubmarine aircraft by 1943.

Another important development assisted by the group was LORAN. LORAN transmitters, located at known points allowed an antisubmarine aircraft to receive signals from three stations, allowing the aircraft to pinpoint its location to within four miles as far as 1,500 miles from the transmitters. LORAN permitted efficient control of converging air and surface forces for a coordinated attack.

The 1st also helped develop an effective depth bomb fuses that could be set for as little as about 25 feet. Eventually, the Americans and British developed a depth bomb that sank slowly and exploded at the desired depth to destroy the target submarine. By 1943, this weapon had become the standard for aircraft attacks on submarines.

Tactics

Another task of the 1st Sea Search Attack Group was to develop techniques for using ASV radar to find surfaced submarines. By February 1943, a skilled radar operator could identify surfaced submarines at more than 40 miles (64 km) and even the conning tower of a boat running decks awash at 15 to 30 miles (24 to 48 km). In May 1943, the group conducted an exercise from Key West to demonstrate and evaluate the tactics it had developed.

Using its B-18s and B-24s, the 1st Group trained combat crews in the tactics to employ the equipment it had tested. Tactic included routine aerial patrol of waters in which an enemy threat might exist, air escort of convoys and intensive patrol of an area in which submarines had been spotted. The Army Air Forces termed this third operation a "killer hunt." At various times, each of these tactics had a place in the antisubmarine war. As 1943 progressed, the training mission began to predominate over the testing mission, and included training with H2X radars, which were used primarily for high altitude bombing rather than antisubmarine warfare.

On 9 July 1943, the Army Air Forces agreed to the transfer of its antisubmarine mission to the Navy's Tenth Fleet. The 1st Group became concerned primarily with radar training for combat crews until disbanding in April 1944. As a training unit, assignment directly to Headquarters, Army Air Forces was no longer a requirement and the group became part of First Air Force. The three squadrons conducted specialized training, the 2d in low altitude bombing, the 3d in H2X radar operations with the B-24, and the 4th in H2X installed in B-17s.

Reactivation as an intelligence unit

In 1985, as part of a project by the United States Air Force to revive disbanded World War II units, the group was reconstituted as the 365th Electronic Warfare Group, but the group was not reactivated until February 2015 as the 365th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. It added intelligence units at two other bases in 2016.

Lineage

• Constituted as the 1st Sea-Search Attack Group (Medium) on 8 June 1942

Activated on 17 June 1942

Redesignated as 1st Sea-Search Attack Group (Heavy) on 24 June 1943

Redesignated as 1st Sea-Search Attack Unit c. 17 September 1943

Redesignated as 1st Search Attack Group on 29 November 1943

Disbanded on 20 April 1944

• Reconstituted on 31 March 1985 and redesignated 365th Electronic Warfare Group
• Redesignated 365th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group 13 February 2015

Actovated on 17 February 2015

Assignments

• Headquarters, United States Army Air Forces, 17 June 1942 (Attached to I Bomber Command, until 15 October 1942, then to Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command (later I Bomber Command))
• First Air Force, 10 November 1943 – 20 April 1944
• 363d Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing, 17 February 2015 – present

Stations

• :Langley Field, 17 June 1942 – 20 April 1944
• Nellis Air Force Base, 17 February 2015 – present

Components

• 2d Sea-Search Attack Squadron (later 2d Search Attack Squadron): 17 June 1942 – 10 April 1944
• 3d Sea-Search Attack Squadron (later 3d Search Attack Squadron): 10 December 1942 – 10 April 1944
• 4th Sea-Search Attack Squadron (later 4th Search Attack Squadron): 23 October 1943 – 10 April 1944
• 15th Intelligence Squadron, 15 February 2015 – 12 Feb 2021
• 51st Intelligence Squadron, unknown – present

Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina

• 57th Intelligence Squadron, 17 February 2015 – present

Joint Base San Antonio (Lackland Air Force Base)

• 526th Intelligence Squadron, 15 February 2015 – present
• 547th Intelligence Squadron, 15 February 2015 – present

Subordinate to the 363rd ISR Wing at Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Virginia, the 365 ISR Group oversees operations of the 15th Intelligence Squadron at Joint Base Langley-Eustis, the

Aircraft

• Douglas B-18 Bolo, 1942–1943
• Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1943–1944
• Consolidated B-24 Liberator (including LB-30), 1942–1944
• North American B-25 Mitchell, 1942

Campaign

Campaign Streamer	Campaign	Dates	Notes
	Antisubmarine	17 June 1942 – 1 August 1943

See also

• B-17 Flying Fortress units of the United States Army Air Forces
• B-24 Liberator units of the United States Army Air Forces

References

Notes

1. Aircraft is serial 42-40483. The retracted antenna for the radar is visible just aft of the open bomb bay doors in the place where the ventral gun turret would normally be installed.
2. The radar or absolute altimeter gives the altitude an aircraft is above the surface it is flying over, rather than the altitude above sea level given by the barometric altimeter.
3. Aircraft is Douglas B-18B serial 37-530. Originally built as a B-18A.
4. There was apparently never a 1st Sea-Search Attack Squadron. See Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 808 (index of World War II combat squadrons numbered 1).
5. An acronym from long range navigation.
6. Two antisubmarine groups located overseas continued to operate for several months. Warnock, p. 26
7. The two I Bomber Commands to which the group was attached were different commands. The first became XX Bomber Command and trained very heavy bombardment units, and its place in First Air Force was later taken by the former Antisubmarine Command. Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 437, 452.

Citations

1. 1st Search Attack Group History , p. 9
2. ^ Bailey, Carl E. (18 May 2017). "Factsheet 365 Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
3. ^ Warnock, p. 23
4. ^ Department of the Air Force/MPM Letter 648q, 31 July 1985, Subject: Reconstitution, Redesignation, and Consolidation of Selected Air Force Organizations
5. ^ No byline (15 June 2015). "Fact Sheet 365th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group". 57th Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
6. ^ Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 24–25
7. ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 17
8. 1st Search Attack Group History , pp. 4–9, 13
9. ^ Warnock, p. 24
10. ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 23
11. 1st Search Attack Group History, p. 37
12. ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 30
13. ^ 1st Search Attack Group History, p. 19
14. Goss, p. 75
15. Maurer, Combat Units, p. 7
16. Mueller, p. 313
17. ^ 1st Search Attack Group History, pp. 12–13
18. 1st Search Attack Group History, pp. 14, 16, 33
19. 1st Search Attack Group History, p. 24
20. 1st Search Attack Group History, pp. 38–39. The full report of the tests follows in the group'w history.
21. ^ 1st Search Attack Group History, p. 18
22. Warnock, p. 26
23. 1st Search Attack Group History, pp. 18–19
24. 1st Search Attack Group History, p. 17
25. Haulman, Daniel L. (18 May 2017). "Factsheet 57 Intelligence Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 31 December 2017.

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

• Ferguson, Arthur B. (April 1945). "The Antisubmarine Command, USAF Historical Study No. 107" (PDF). Washington DC: Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Intelligence, Historical Division. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
• Goss, William A (1955). "The Organization and its Responsibilities, Chapter 2 The AAF". In Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. VI, Men & Planes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. OCLC 704158.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) . Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
• Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6.
• Warnock, Timothy. "The Battle Against the U-Boat in the American Theater" (PDF). Bolling AFB, DC: Air Force History Support Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
• "1st Search Attack Group History". U Boat Archive. Retrieved 7 May 2015. (link is to index, which contains links to various sections of the history)

v t e USAAF First Air Force in World War II
Airfields	First Air Force Group Training Stations First Air Force Replacement Training Stations First Air Force Tactical Airfields Freeman Army Airfield Godman Army Airfield Selfridge Field
Units	Commands I Bomber Command I Fighter Command I Ground Air Support Command Wings 25th Antisubmarine 50th Troop Carrier 52d Troop Carrier 53d Troop Carrier 60th Troop Carrier 61st Troop Carrier Boston Fighter New York Fighter Norfolk Fighter Philadelphia Fighter Groups Bombardment 2d Bombardment 13th Bombardment 22d Bombardment 34th Bombardment 43d Bombardment 45th Bombardment 301st Bombardment 302d Bombardment 400th Bombardment 402d Bombardment 455th Bombardment 459th Bombardment 460th Bombardment 471st Bombardment Combat Cargo 1st Combat Cargo 2d Combat Cargo 4th Combat Cargo Fighter 8th Fighter 31st Fighter 33d Fighter 52d Fighter 56th Fighter 57th Fighter 58th Fighter 59th Fighter 79th Fighter 80th Fighter 83d Fighter 87th Fighter 324th Fighter 325th Fighter 326th Fighter 327th Fighter 332d Fighter 348th Fighter 352d Fighter 353d Fighter 355th Fighter 356th Fighter 358th Fighter 359th Fighter 361st Fighter 362d Fighter 365th Fighter 366th Fighter 368th Fighter 370th Fighter 371st Fighter 373d Fighter 402d Fighter 413th Fighter 476th Fighter Reconnaissance 26th Reconnaissance 73d Reconnaissance Troop Carrier 10th Troop Carrier 60th Troop Carrier 61st Troop Carrier 62d Troop Carrier 63d Troop Carrier 89th Troop Carrier 313th Troop Carrier 314th Troop Carrier 315th Troop Carrier 316th Troop Carrier 317th Troop Carrier 349th Troop Carrier 375th Troop Carrier 403d Troop Carrier 433d Troop Carrier 434th Troop Carrier 435th Troop Carrier 436th Troop Carrier 437th Troop Carrier 438th Troop Carrier 439th Troop Carrier 440th Troop Carrier 441st Troop Carrier 442d Troop Carrier Other 1st Search Attack 477th Composite Incidents Freeman Field Mutiny
United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth

v t e USAAF Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command in World War II
Command	I Bomber Command (First Air Force, 1941–42)
Wings	25th Antisubmarine 26th Antisubmarine
Groups	1st Search Attack 2d Bombardment 13th Bombardment 45th Bombardment 304th Bombardment 377th Bombardment 378th Bombardment 479th Antisubmarine 480th Antisubmarine
Squadrons	Antisubmarine 1st 2d 3d 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 22d 23d 25th Other 2d Search Attack 3d Search Attack 4th Search Attack
Airfields	United States Dover (Delaware) Drew (Florida) Jacksonville (Florida) Key West (Florida) Lantana (Florida) Miami (Florida) Orlando (Florida) Savannah (Georgia) Grenier (New Hampshire) Atlantic City (New Jersey) Fort Dix (New Jersey) Mitchel (New York) Bluethenthal (North Carolina) Cherry Point (North Carolina) Charleston (South Carolina) Hyannis (Massachusetts) Otis (Massachusetts) Westover (Massachusetts) Langley (Virginia) Newfoundland Gander Torbay Caribbean and South America Batista (Cuba) Guantanamo (Cuba) Zanderij (Suriname) Vernam (Jamaica) Carlsen (Trinidad) Europe Dunkeswell (England) Podington (England) St. Eval (England) North Africa Port Lyautey (Morocco)

• American Theater of World War II
• Military units and formations disestablished in 1944
• Intelligence groups of the United States Air Force