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Bonnell is a CPU microarchitecture used by Intel Atom processors which can execute up to two instructions per cycle. Like many other x86 microprocessors, it translates x86 instructions (CISC instructions) into simpler internal operations (sometimes referred to as micro-ops, effectively RISC style instructions) prior to execution. The majority of instructions produce one micro-op when translated, with around 4% of instructions used in typical programs producing multiple micro-ops. The number of instructions that produce more than one micro-op is significantly fewer than the P6 and NetBurst microarchitectures. In the Bonnell microarchitecture, internal micro-ops can contain both a memory load and a memory store in connection with an ALU operation, thus being more similar to the x86 level and more powerful than the micro-ops used in previous designs. This enables relatively good performance with only two integer ALUs, and without any instruction reordering, speculative execution or register renaming. A side effect of having no speculative execution is invulnerability against Meltdown and Spectre.

The Bonnell microarchitecture therefore represents a partial revival of the principles used in earlier Intel designs such as P5 and the i486, with the sole purpose of enhancing the performance per watt ratio. However, Hyper-Threading is implemented in an easy (i.e. low-power) way to employ the whole pipeline efficiently by avoiding the typical single thread dependencies.

First generation cores

Silverthorne microprocessor

On 2 March 2008, Intel announced a new single-core Atom Z5xx series processor (code-named Silverthorne), to be used in ultra-mobile PCs and mobile Internet devices (MIDs), which will supersede Stealey (A100 and A110). The processor has 47 million transistors on a 25 mm die, allowing for extremely economical production at that time (~2500 chips on a single 300 mm diameter wafer).

An Atom Z500 processor's dual-thread performance is equivalent to its predecessor Stealey, but should outperform it on applications that can use simultaneous multithreading and SSE3. They run from 0.8 to 2.0 GHz and have a TDP rating between 0.65 and 2.4 W that can dip down to 0.01 W when idle. They feature 32 KB instruction L1 and 24 KB data L1 caches, 512 KB L2 cache and a 533 MT/s front-side bus. The processors are manufactured in 45 nm process. Poulsbo was used as System Controller Hub and the platform was called Menlow.

Diamondville microprocessor

On 2 March 2008, Intel announced lower-power variants of the Diamondville CPU named Atom N2xx. It was intended for use in nettops and the Classmate PC. Like their predecessors, these are single-core CPUs with Hyper-Threading.

The N270 has a TDP rating of 2.5 W, runs at 1.6 GHz and has a 533 MHz FSB. The N280 has a clock speed of 1.66 GHz and a 667 MHz FSB.

On 22 September 2008, Intel announced a new 64-bit dual-core processor (unofficially code-named Dual Diamondville) branded Atom 330, to be used in desktop computers. It runs at 1.6 GHz and has an FSB speed of 533 MHz and a TDP rating of 8 W. Its dual core consists of two Diamondville dies on a single substrate.

During 2009, Nvidia used the Atom 300 and their GeForce 9400M chipset on a mini-ITX form factor motherboard for their Ion platform.

First generation power requirements

Although the Atom processor itself is relatively low-power for an x86 microprocessor, many chipsets commonly used with it dissipate significantly more power. For example, while the Atom N270 commonly used in netbooks through mid-2010 has a TDP rating of 2.5 W, an Intel Atom platform that uses the 945GSE Express chipset has a specified maximum TDP of 11.8 W, with the processor responsible for a relatively small portion of the total power dissipated. Individual figures are 2.5 W for the N270 processor, 6 W for the 945GSE chipset and 3.3 W for the 82801GBM I/O controller. Intel also provides a US15W System Controller Hub-based chipset with a combined TDP of less than 5 W together with the Atom Z5xx (Silverthorne) series processors, to be used in ultra-mobile PCs and MIDs, though some manufacturers have released ultra-thin systems running these processors (e.g. Sony VAIO X).

Initially, all Atom motherboards on the consumer market featured the Intel 945GC chipset, which uses 22 watts by itself. As of early 2009, only a few manufacturers are offering lower-power motherboards with a 945GSE or US15W chipset and an Atom N270, N280 or Z5xx series CPU.

Second generation cores

Pineview microprocessor

On 21 December 2009, Intel announced the N450, D510 and D410 CPUs with integrated graphics. The new manufacturing process resulted in a 20% reduction in power consumption and a 60% smaller die size. The Intel GMA 3150, a 45 nm shrink of the GMA 3100 with no HD capabilities, is included as the on-die GPU. Netbooks using this new processor were released on 11 January 2010. The major new feature is longer battery life (10 or more hours for 6-cell systems).

This generation of the Atom was codenamed Pineview, which is used in the Pine Trail platform. Intel's Pine Trail-M platform utilizes an Atom processor (codenamed Pineview-M) and Platform Controller Hub (codenamed Tiger Point). The graphics and memory controller have moved into the processor, which is paired with the Tiger Point PCH. This creates a more power-efficient 2-chip platform rather than the 3-chip one used with previous-generation Atom chipsets.

On 1 March 2010, Intel introduced the N470 processor, running at 1.83 GHz with a 667 MHz FSB and a TDP rating of 6.5 W.

The new Atom N4xx chips became available on 11 January 2010. It is used in netbook and nettop systems and includes an integrated single-channel DDR2 memory controller and an integrated graphics core. It also features Hyper-Threading and is manufactured on a 45 nm process. The new design uses half the power of the older Menlow platform. This reduced overall power consumption and size makes the platform more desirable for use in smartphones and other mobile internet devices.

The D4xx and D5xx series support the x86-64 bit instruction set and DDR2-800 memory. They are rated for embedded use. The series has an integrated graphics processor built directly into the CPU to help improve performance. The models are targeted at nettops and low-end desktops. They do not support SpeedStep.

The Atom D510 dual-core processor runs at 1.66 GHz, with 1 MB of L2 cache and a TDP rating of 13 W. The single-core Atom D410 runs at 1.66 GHz, with 512 KB of L2 cache and a TDP rating of 10 W.

Tunnel Creek microprocessor

Tunnel Creek is an embedded Atom processor used in the Queens Bay platform with the Topcliff PCH.

Lincroft microprocessor

The Lincroft (Z6xx) with the Whitney Point PCH is included in the Oak Trail tablet platform. Oak Trail is an Intel Atom platform based on Moorestown. Both platforms include a Lincroft microprocessor, but use two distinct input/output Platform Controller Hubs (I/O-PCH), codenamed Langwell and Whitney Point respectively. Oak Trail was presented on 11 April 2011 and was to be released in May 2011. The Z670 processor, part of the Oak Trail platform, delivers improved video playback, faster Internet browsing and longer battery life, "without sacrificing performance" according to Intel. Oak Trail includes support for 1080p video decoding as well as HDMI. The platform also has improved power efficiency and allows applications to run on various operating systems, including Android, MeeGo and Windows.

Stellarton microprocessor

Stellarton is a Tunnel Creek CPU with an Altera Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).

Sodaville SoC

Sodaville is a consumer electronics Atom SoC.

Groveland SoC

Groveland is a consumer electronics Atom SoC.

Third generation cores

The 32 nm shrink of Bonnell is called Saltwell.

Cedarview microprocessor

Intel released their third-generation Cedar Trail platform (consisting of a range of Cedarview processors and the NM10 southbridge chip) based on 32 nm process technology in the fourth quarter of 2011. Intel stated that improvements in graphics capabilities, including support for 1080p video, additional display options including HDMI and DisplayPort, and enhancements in power consumption are to enable fanless designs with longer battery life.

The Cedar Trail platform includes two new CPUs, 32 nm-based N2800 (1.86 GHz) and N2600 (1.6 GHz), which replace the previous generation Pineview N4xx and N5xx processors. The CPUs also feature an integrated GPU that supports DirectX 9.

In addition to the netbook platform, two new Cedarview CPUs for nettops, D2500 and D2700, were released on 25 September 2011.

In early March 2012, the N2800-based Intel DN2800MT motherboard started to become available. Due to the use of a netbook processor, this Mini-ITX motherboard can reach idle power consumption as low as 7.1 W.

Penwell SoC

Penwell is an Atom SoC that is part of the Medfield MID/Smartphone platform.

Berryville SoC

Berryville is a consumer electronics Atom SoC.

Cloverview SoC

Cloverview is an Atom SoC that is part of the Clover Trail tablet platform.

Centerton SoC

In December 2012, Intel launched the 64-bit Centerton family of Atom CPUs, designed specifically for use in Bordenville platform servers. Based on the 32 nm Saltwell architecture, Centerton adds features previously unavailable in most Atom processors, such as Intel VT virtualization technology, and support for ECC memory.

Briarwood SoC

Briarwood is an Atom SoC that is designed for a server platform.

Roadmap

See also

• List of Intel CPU microarchitectures
• List of Intel Atom microprocessors
• Atom (system on chip)
• Tick-Tock model

References

• Merritt, Rick (18 April 2007). "Intel cranks 45nm ultramobile CPU". EE Times. UBM Tech. Retrieved 28 October 2007.
• Kanellos, Michael (28 January 2008). "Intel reaches back in time for its ultralow power chips". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
• "New Intel® Centrino® Atom™ Processor Technology Ushers in 'Best Internet Experience in Your Pocket'". Shanghai: Intel. 2 April 2008. Archived from the original on 4 April 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
• Gavrichenkov, Ilya (27 September 2008). "The Battle of Low-Power Processors: Best Choice for a Nettop". X-bit Labs. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
• "Intel announces first Atom chips". LinuxDevices.com. Ziff Davis Enterprise Holdings. 2 April 2008. Archived from the original on 3 April 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
• Torres, Gabriel (12 September 2008). "Inside Atom Architecture". Hardware Secrets. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
• "Intel Pineview Atom based Motherboards". LinuxTECH. 31 December 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2017.

Notes

1. Moriarty, Jeff (1 April 2008). "'Atom 101' - Deciphering the Intel codewords around MIDs". Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
2. Lal Shimpi, Anand (27 January 2010). "Why Pine Trail Isn't Much Faster Than the First Atom". AnandTech. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
3. ^ Lal Shimpi, Anand (2 April 2008). "Intel's Atom Architecture: The Journey Begins". AnandTech. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
4. Ou, George (4 February 2008). "ISSCC 2008: Details on Intel Silverthorne". ZDNet. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
5. Ou, George (2 March 2008). "Intel christens Silverthorne as "Atom"". ZDNet. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
6. Kanter, David (5 December 2007). "ISSCC 2008 Preview: Silverthorne, Rock, Tukwila and More". Real World Technologies. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
7. Krazit, Tom (5 February 2008). "Intel sheds a little more light on Silverthorne". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
8. Shah, Agam (14 March 2008). "Intel expects Atom desktops for $199". LinuxWorld. Archived from the original on 17 March 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
9. Miller, Paul (12 March 2008). "Intel plots $100 "NetTop" market with Diamondville". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
10. Wilson, Mark (14 March 2008). "Intel Atom Will Bring Cheaper "Nettop" Computers". Gizmodo. Gawker Media. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
11. ^ "Intel® Atom™ Processor N270 (512K Cache, 1.60 GHz, 533 MHz FSB)". Intel. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
12. "Intel® Atom™ Processor N280 (512K Cache, 1.66 GHz, 667 MHz FSB)". Intel. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
13. "Intel® Atom™ Processor 330 (1M Cache, 1.60 GHz, 533 MHz FSB)". Intel. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
14. "Intel® Atom™ Processor with Mobile Intel® 945GSE Express Chipset". Intel. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
15. "Mobile Intel® 945GSE Express Chipset (Intel® 82945GSE Graphics and Memory Controller)". Intel. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
16. "Intel® 82801GBM I/O Controller". Intel. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
17. "Intel® System Controller Hub US15W". Intel. Archived from the original on 18 January 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
18. "Intel Announces Next-Generation Atom Platform" (Press release). Santa Clara, California: Intel. 21 December 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
19. ^ Ng, Jansen (21 December 2009). "Intel Officially Announces "Pineview" Atom Chips, "Pine Trail" Netbook Platform". DailyTech. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
20. Lugmayr, Luigi (20 December 2009). "New Intel Atom N450, D410 And D510 CPUs Are Official". I4U News. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
21. Crothers, Brooke (20 December 2009). "Intel launches redesigned Atom chip for Netbooks". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
22. Ricker, Thomas (18 December 2009). "ASUS Eee PC 1005P/PE with Atom N450 and 12.5-hour battery breaks cover". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
23. Walton, Jarred (21 December 2009). "ASUS Eee PC 1005PE: Pineview Arrives". AnandTech. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
24. Melanson, Donald (20 May 2009). "Intel details next-generation Atom platform, say hello to Pine Trail". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
25. Davies, Chris (27 February 2010). "Intel Atom N470 gets early announcement". SlashGear. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
26. "Intel® Atom™ Processor N470 (512K Cache, 1.83 GHz)". Intel. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
27. "Vendors Launching Atom N450 Netbooks Soon". HardOCP. KB Networks. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
28. Shilov, Anton (1 April 2008). "Intel Atom Processors Set to Get Embedded Graphics Core, Memory Controller". X-bit Labs. Archived from the original on 2008-06-21. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
29. "Intel® Atom™ Processor D510 (1M Cache, 1.66 GHz)". Intel. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
30. "Intel® Atom™ Processor D410 (512K Cache, 1.66 GHz)". Intel. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
31. ^ "New Intel® Atom™ Processor for Tablets Spurs Companion Computing Device Innovation" (Press release). Santa Clara, California: Intel. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
32. "Products (Formerly Cedarview)". Intel. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
33. Latif, Lawrence (3 October 2011). "Intel quietly launches four Atom chips". The Inquirer. Incisive Media Investments. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
34. "Intel® Desktop Board DN2800MT". Intel. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
35. "Intel DN2800MT CedarView Atom mini-ITX board power draw testing with Linux and Windows 7". LinuxTECH. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
36. "Products (Formerly Centerton)". Intel. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
37. Smith, Ryan (11 December 2012). "Intel Launches "Centerton" Atom S1200 Family, First Atom For Servers". AnandTech. Retrieved 22 March 2013.

External links

• Intel - Intel Atom Processor Overview
• Intel Atom Processor
• Intel - Intel Atom Processor Family

• Intel microarchitectures
• X86 microarchitectures