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Boreostemma Temporal range: Mid Miocene-Early Pliocene (Laventan-Montehermosan) ~13–5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Tail of Boreostemma from the Honda Group
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Cingulata
Family:	Chlamyphoridae
Subfamily:	†Glyptodontinae
Genus:	†Boreostemma Carlini et al. 2008
Type species
†Boreostemma pliocena Carlini et al. 2008
Species
B. acostae Villarroel 1983 B. gigantea Carlini et al. 1997 B. pliocena Carlini et al. 2008 B. venezolensis Simpson 1947

Boreostemma is an extinct genus of glyptodonts from northern South America. Fossils assigned to the genus were first described as belonging to Asterostemma from southern South America, but have been placed in the new genus Boreostemma by Carlini et al. in 2008. The type species is B. pliocena. Fossils of Boreostemma have been found in the Honda Group of Colombia, in Peru and Venezuela.

Etymology

The genus name Boreostemma is a combination of stemma, taken from Asterostemma, and boreo is derived from borealis, meaning "northern", to distinguish the northern South American genus from the southern Asterostemma.

Taxonomy

Boreostemma has been placed as closely related to the later Glyptodon and Glyptotherium. Cladogram after Barasoain et al. 2022:

Species

Four species have been described in the genus Boreostemma. Unspecified Boreostemma fossils were found in the Ipururo Formation of the department of Ucayali, Amazonian Peru. Asterostemma contains the type species A. depressa and several nomina dubia. The genus has been found in the Early Miocene (Santacrucian in the SALMA classification) Santa Cruz Formation of the province of Santa Cruz, Argentina and in the Solimões Formation in the state of Acre, Amazonian Brazil.

B. pliocena

The type species B. pliocena was described in 2008 by Carlini et al. based on 30 osteoderms palate fragment with M6-7 alveoli. Fossils have been described from the type locality along the road to Tío Gregorio in the Codore Formation at the Lagerstätte of Urumaco.

B. gigantea

B. gigantea was described as Asterostemma gigantea in 1997 by Carlini et al. based on a partial skeleton. Fossils have been recovered at the Duke Localities 32, 108, 113, 114 and 121W in the La Victoria Formation of the Honda Group at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte La Venta.

B. acostae

B. acostae was described as Asterostemma acostae in 1983 by Carlos Villarroel based on a carapace fragment with 44 plates. Fossils have been found in the Cerbatana Member, and the Chunchullo Sandstone of the La Victoria Formation, of the Honda Group at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte La Venta.

B. venezolensis

B. venezolensis was described as Asterostemma venezolensis in 1947 by George Gaylord Simpson, based on most of the carapace and the anterior end of the lower jaw, including teeth. Fossils have been uncovered from the Santa Inés Formation along the banks of the Güere River in the state of Anzoátegui in Venezuela.

Gallery

• Carapace of Boreostemma
• Reconstruction

See also

• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia
• Glyptodon

References

1. Carlini et al. 2008, p. 142.
2. Barasoain, Daniel; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Croft, Darin A.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Contreras, Víctor H.; Miño-Boilini, Ángel R.; Tomassini, Rodrigo L. (June 2022). "A New Glyptodont (Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: New Clues About the Oldest Extra-Patagonian Radiation in Southern South America". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 29 (2): 263–282. doi:10.1007/s10914-021-09599-w. ISSN 1064-7554. S2CID 245945029.
3. Boreostemma at Fossilworks.org
4. IN-DTC-28 at Fossilworks.org
5. IN-DTC-32 at Fossilworks.org
6. IN007 at Fossilworks.org
7. Cañadón Jack, Yak-Harvey at Fossilworks.org
8. Rio Acre at Fossilworks.org
9. Boreostemma pliocena at Fossilworks.org
10. Road to Tio Gregorio Locality at Fossilworks.org
11. Boreostemma gigantea at Fossilworks.org
12. Duke Locality 32 at Fossilworks.org
13. Duke Locality 108 at Fossilworks.org
14. Duke Locality 113 at Fossilworks.org
15. Duke Locality 114 at Fossilworks.org
16. Duke Locality 121W at Fossilworks.org
17. Boreostemma acostae at Fossilworks.org
18. Arcillas San Nicolas at Fossilworks.org
19. Chunchullo Sandstone at Fossilworks.org
20. Simpson, 1947, p.2
21. Boreostemma venezolensis at Fossilworks.org
22. Banks of the Güere River at Fossilworks.org

Bibliography

• Carlini, Alfredo A.; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Aguilera, Orangel A. (2008), "New Glyptodont from the Codore Formation (Pliocene), Falcón State, Venezuela, its relationship with the Asterostemma problem and the paleobiogeography of the Glyptodontinae", Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 82 (2): 139–152, Bibcode:2008PalZ...82..139C, doi:10.1007/BF02988405, retrieved 2017-09-26
• González Ruiz, Laureano R.; Ciancio, Martin R.; Martin, Gabriel M.; Zurita, Alfredo E. (2014), "First record of supernumerary teeth in Glyptodontidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata)" (PDF), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e885033 (1): 1–6, Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E5033G, doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.885033, retrieved 2017-09-26
• González, Laureano Raul (2010), Los Cingulata (Mammalia, Xenarthra) del Mioceno Temprano y Medio de Patagonia (edades Santacrucense y "Friasense") revisión sistemática y consideraciones bioestratigráficas (PhD thesis), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 1–468, retrieved 2017-09-26
• Simpson, George Gaylord (1947), "A Miocene glyptodont from Venezuela", American Museum Novitates (1368): 1–10, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.866.6506, retrieved 2018-10-01
• Zurita, Alfredo E.; González Ruiz, Laureano R.; Gómez Cruz, Arley J.; Arenas Mosquera, José E. (2013), "The most complete known Neogene Glyptodontidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from northern South America: taxonomic, paleobiogeographic, and phylogenetic implications", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33 (3): 696–708, Bibcode:2013JVPal..33..696Z, doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.726677, hdl:11336/2971, retrieved 2017-09-26

v t e Genera of armadillos and their extinct allies
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Superorder: Xenarthra
Cingulata Incertae sedis †Noatherium †Saltatherium †Peltephilidae Anantiosodon Epipeltephilus Parapeltecoelus Peltecoelus Peltephilus Ronwolffia †Pachyarmatheriidae Neoglyptatelus Pachyarmatherium †Pampatheriidae Holmesina Kraglievichia Machlydotherium? Pampatherium Plaina Scirrotherium Tonnicinctus Vassallia Yuruatherium Dasypodidae †Acantharodeia †Amblytatus †Archaeutatus †Barrancatatus †Chasicotatus †Chorobates †Coelutatus †Eocoleophorus †Epipeltecoelus †Eutatus †Hemiutaetus †Isutaetus †Lumbreratherium †Macrochorobates †Mazzoniphractus †Meteutatus †Prodasypus †Prostegotherium †Pucatherium †Punatherium †Stenotatus †Utaetus Dasypodinae †Stegotherium †Astegotheriini Astegotherium Nanoastegotherium Parastegosimpsonia Riostegotherium Stegosimpsonia Dasypodini †Anadasypus Dasypus †Pliodasypus †Propraopus Chlamyphoridae †Proeutatus Chlamyphorinae Calyptophractus †Chlamydophractus Chlamyphorus Euphractinae Chaetophractus †Doellotatus Euphractus †Macroeuphractus †Paleurphractus †Proeuphractus †Prozaedyus Zaedyus †Glyptodontinae Andinoglyptodon Asterostemma Boreostemma Castellanosia Clypeotherium Cochlops Comaphorus Coscinocercus Daedicuroides Doedicurus Eleutherocercus Eosclerocalyptus Eucinepeltus Glyptatelus Glyptodon Glyptodontidium Glyptostracon Glyptotherium Heteroglyptodon Hoplophorus Kelenkura Lomaphorus Metopotoxus Neosclerocalyptus Neothoracophorus Neuryurus Palaehoplophorus Palaeopeltis Panochthus Paraglyptodon Parapropalaehoplophorus Phlyctaenopyga Plaxhaplous Plohophorus Prodaedicurus Propalaehoplophorus Protoglyptodon Pseudoneothoracophorus Stromaphorus Stromatherium Trachycalyptus Urotherium Xiphuroides Tolypeutinae Cabassous †Kuntinaru †Pedrolypeutes Priodontes Tolypeutes †Vetelia

v t e Paleontology in Colombia
Notable researchers	After 1900 Etayo Hammen Hettner Hoffstetter Páramo 19th century Cuvier Humboldt
Major fossiliferous stratigraphic units	Pleistocene Sabana Fm. Tibitó Soatá Fm. Neogene Barzalosa Fm. Castilletes Fm. Honda Group La Venta Jimol Fm. Uitpa Fm. Ware Fm. Paleogene Bogotá Fm. Cerrejón Fm. Cerrejón Cretaceous La Frontera Fm. Hiló Fm. Hondita Fm. Oliní Gp. Paja Fm. Jurassic Arcabuco Fm. Valle Alto Fm. Devonian Cuche Fm. Floresta Fm.
Notable fossils	Pleistocene Gomphotheres Megatherium Honda Gp. Anachlysictis Aramus paludigrus Balanerodus Boreostemma Cebupithecia Colombophis Dracaena colombiana Dukecynus Eunectes stirtoni Galbula hylochoreutes Granastrapotherium Gryposuchus Hilarcotherium Hoazinoides Hondadelphys Huilatherium Lagonimico Langstonia Lycopsis Micodon Miocallicebus Miocochilius Mohanamico Mourasuchus Neotamandua Nuciruptor Patasola Potamosiren Purussaurus Saimiri annectens Saimiri fieldsi Stirtonia Xenastrapotherium Gualanday Gp. Colombitherium Bogotá Fm. Etayoa Cerrejón Fm. Acherontisuchus Anthracosuchus Carbonemys Cerrejonemys Cerrejonisuchus Montrichardia aquatica Puentemys Titanoboa Oliní Gp. Eonatator Hondita Fm. Pachyrhizodus etayoi Yaguarasaurus Hiló Fm. Ammonites Paja Fm. Acostasaurus Callawayasaurus Desmatochelys Kronosaurus Leivanectes Leyvachelys Muiscasaurus Padillasaurus Platypterygius Sachicasaurus Stenorhynchosaurus Arcabuco Fm. Dinosaur tracks Valle Alto Fm. Flora Cuche Fm. Antarctilamna Asterolepis Bothriolepis Holoptychius Pterygotus Strepsodus Floresta Fm. Trilobites
Category • Images

• Prehistoric cingulates
• Miocene xenarthrans
• Miocene mammals of South America
• Laventan
• Montehermosan
• Neogene Colombia
• Fossils of Colombia
• Honda Group, Colombia
• Neogene Peru
• Fossils of Peru
• Neogene Venezuela
• Fossils of Venezuela
• Fossil taxa described in 2008