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Xenastrapotherium Temporal range: Mid-Late Miocene (Friasian-Huayquerian) ~16–6.8 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Mandible of X. kraglievichi, Honda Group, Colombia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Astrapotheria
Family:	†Astrapotheriidae
Subfamily:	†Uruguaytheriinae
Genus:	†Xenastrapotherium Kraglievich, 1928
Type species
†Xenastrapotherium christi (Stelin, 1928)
Species
See text
Synonyms
†Astrapotherium christi Stehlin 1928 †Synastrapotherium Paula Couto 1976

Xenastrapotherium is an extinct genus of astrapothere, a type of hoofed herbivorous mammal, native to South America, which lived in the Middle to Late Miocene period, typically during the Laventan stage. It is a member of the family Astrapotheriidae in the subfamily Uruguaytheriinae, large astrapotheres, equipped with a trunk-like nose and protruding teeth, similar to the elephants, but their tusks were the canine teeth, not the incisors. Xenastrapotherium (named after the Greek word xenos "strange" add to the genus Astrapotherium, "lightning beast") was a genus widely distributed in northern South America, in contrast to other species of astrapotheres which lived in the area of the Southern Cone of the continent. It differed from other astrapotheres by having two lower incisors on each side of the jaw and the tusks have a pronounced longitudinal curvature, although their general shape and size are probably very similar to Astrapotherium, whose weight would be 900 to 1,500 kilograms, comparable to the current black rhinoceros.

Species

Several species of Xenastrapotherium have been described, although none is known from complete remains; they are distinguished by features of their teeth and jaws, and their geographical and temporal distribution. The species currently recognized are:

• X. christi Stehlin 1929: the first known species, originally classified by Stehlin (1929) as Astrapotherium christi, and later reclassified to the current genus. It was found in Venezuela near Zaraza in the state of Guarico, based on a full lower jaw.
• X. kraglievichi Cabrera 1929: based on several teeth and some jaws, discovered in the area of La Venta (Group Honda, Villavieja Formation) in the department of Huila, Colombia, dating from the middle Miocene, about 13 to 11 million years. Distinguished by their lower tusks, which were more horizontal and rounded in cross-section. This species was contemporary with its great relative, Granastrapotherium.
• X. aequatorialis Johnson & Madden 1997: Based on a piece of right lower jaw, found in the river Burgaya in the province of Cañar, Ecuador, in the Biblián Formation (Middle Miocene, 19 million years ago). It is distinguished by its molar with buccal and labial cingulum, and the first molar was lophodont and had roots. This species is older than the fossils of La Venta, contemporary with Astrapotheriinae like Astrapotherium, Astrapothericulus and Parastrapotherium.
• X. chaparralensis Johnson & Madden 1997: Another species known from Colombia, was found near to Chaparral in department of Tolima, in the Tuné Formation (early Miocene). It is distinguished by its greater molar area, a high molar buccal cingulum, with canines very similar to those of X. kraglievichi.
• X. amazonense Paula Couto 1976: Based on jaw fragments found in the vicinity of the river Breu, Pedra Pintada, Brazil, also found in the Fitzcarrald Arch in Peru. It is distinguished by the large size of the third molar, compared to other species of Xenastrapotherium. It was classified originally in its own genus, Synastrapotherium. A tusk assigned to this species was found in the zone of Acre in Brazil, in deposits from the late Miocene, which make it the most recent record for the astrapotheres; but this idea has been challenged, since the fossil could not be from an astrapothere.

Phylogeny

Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis published by Vallejo Pareja et al., 2015, showing the position of Xenastrapotherium:

Distribution

Fossils of Xenastrapotherium have been found in:

• Honda Group, Colombia
• Biblián Formation, Ecuador
• Ipururo Formation, Peru
• Solimões Formation, Brazil
• Honda Group, Bolivia

References

1. Astrapotherium christi at Fossilworks.org
2. ^ Xenastrapotherium at Fossilworks.org
3. ^ Johnson, S. C. & Madden, R. H. 1997. Uruguaytheriine astrapotheres of tropical South America. In Kay, R. F., Madden, R. H., Cifelli, R. L. & Flynn, J. J. (eds) Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press (Washington, D.C.), pp. 355-381.
4. Kraglievich, L. 1928. Sobre el supuesto Astrapotherium christi Stehlin descubierto en Venezuela (Xenastrapotherium n. gen.) y sus relaciones con Astrapotherium magnum y Uruguaytherium beaulieui. Buenos Aires, Franco.
5. Stehlin H (1928). "Ein Astrapotherium fund aus Venezuela". Eclogae Geol. Helvetiae. 21: 227–232.
6. Cabrera, A, 1929. Un Astrapotherido de Colombia, Rev. Soc. Argentina Cienc. Nat., t. 9, pp. 436-439, 3 fig., Buenos Aires.
7. Paula Couto C (1974). "Fossil mammals from the Cenozoic of Acre, Brazil. 1 - Astrapotheria". Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia. 2: 237–249.
8. Frailey C. D. 1986. — Late Miocene and Holocene mammals, exclusive of the Notoungulata, of the Rio Acre region, western Amazonia. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 374: 1–46.
9. Goillot Cyrielle, Antoine Pierre-Olivier, Tejada Julia, Pujos François (2011). "Middle Miocene Uruguaytheriinae (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) from Peruvian Amazonia and a review of the astrapotheriid fossil record in northern South America". Geodiversitas. 33 (2): 331–345. doi:10.5252/g2011n2a8. S2CID 129460591.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
10. M. C. Vallejo Pareja, J. D. Carrillo, J. W. Moreno Bernal, M. Pardo Jaramillo, D. F. Rodríguez González and J. Muñoz Duran (2015). "Hilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov., a new Miocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Astrapotheriidae) from the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (2): e903960. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E3960V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.903960. S2CID 130728894.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

• Website of the Berkeley University about the fauna of La Venta
• "Snorki the giant's friends and relatives" in Tetrapod Zoology
• Information about Xenastrapotherium in Spanish

v t e Genera of South American native ungulates
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Xenungulata, Pyrotheria, Astrapotheria, and other minor groups †Kollpaniidae? Andinodus Molinodus Pascualodus? Pucanodus Simoclaenus Tiuclaenus †Didolodontidae Didolodus Enneoconus Ernestokokenia Escribania? Lamegoia Paulogervaisia Raulvaccia Ricardocifellia Saltaodus Umayodus Xesmodon †Protolipternidae Asmithwoodwardia Miguelsoria Protolipterna †Xenungulata †Carodniidae Carodnia Etayoa Notoetayoa Rodcania †Pyrotheria †Colombitheriidae Colombitherium Proticia †Pyrotheriidae Baguatherium Berracotherium Carolozittelia Griphodon Propyrotherium Pyrotherium †Astrapotheria Eoastrapostylops †Trigonostylopidae Shecenia Tetragonostylops Trigonostylops †Astrapotheriidae Antarctodon Astrapodon Comahuetherium Liarthrus Maddenia Parastrapotherium †Albertogaudryinae Albertogaudrya Astraponotus †Astrapotheriinae Astrapothericulus Astrapotherium Scaglia †Uruguaytheriinae Granastrapotherium Hilarcotherium Uruguaytherium Xenastrapotherium
Litopterna †Eulitopterna †Adianthidae Adianthus Proadiantus Proectocion? Proheptaconus Thadanius Tricoelodus †Macraucheniidae Polymorphis †Cramaucheniinae Caliphrium Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia Oxyodontherium Paranauchenia Promacrauchenia Scalabrinitherium Windhausenia Xenorhinotherium †Proterotherioidea †Anisolambdidae †Anisolambdinae Anisolambda Eolicaphrium Guilielmofloweria Lambdaconops Paranisolambda Polyacrodon Protheosodon Wainka †Sparnotheriodontinae Heteroglyphis Notiolofos Phoradiadius Sparnotheriodon Victorlemoinea †Proterotheriidae Mesolicaphrium Neodolodus Olisanophus Promylophis Prothoatherium Pseudobrachytherium Salladolodus †Megadolodinae Bounodus Megadolodus †Proterotheriinae Anisolophus Brachytherium Diadiaphorus Diplasiotherium Eoauchenia Epecuenia Epitherium Lambdaconus Neobrachytherium Neolicaphrium Paramacrauchenia Picturotherium Prolicaphrium Proterotherium Tetramerorhinus Thoatheriopsis Thoatherium Uruguayodon Villarroelia †Notopterna †Amilnedwardsiidae Amilnedwardsia Ernestohaeckelia Rutimeyeria †Indaleciidae Adiantoides Indalecia †Notonychopidae Notonychops Requisia Incertae sedis Kyraodus Proacrodon
Notoungulata incertae sedis Acoelodus Archaeogaia Carolodarwinia Perutherium †Notioprogonia Satshatemnus Seudenius †Henricosborniidae Henricosbornia Nanolophodon Othnielmarshia Peripantostylops Simpsonotus †Notostylopidae Boreastylops Chilestylops Edvardotrouessartia Homalostylops Notostylops Otrhonia Parastylops †Toxodontia †Homalodotheriidae Asmodeus Chasicotherium Homalodotherium Trigonolophodon †Isotemnidae Anisotemnus Coelostylodon Distylophorus Hedralophus Isotemnus Lophocoelus Pampatemnus Periphragnis Pleurocoelodon Pleurostylodon Rhyphodon Thomashuxleya †Eutoxodontia †Leontiniidae Anayatherium Ancylocoelus Colpodon Coquenia Elmerriggsia Gualta Henricofilholia Huilatherium Leontinia Martinmiguelia Purperia? Scarrittia Taubatherium Termastherium †Notohippidae Acoelohyrax Argyrohippus Deuterotherium? Edvardocopeia Eomorphippus Eurygenium Mendozahippus Moqueguahippus Morphippus Nesohippus Notohippus Pampahippus Pascualihippus Patagonhippus Perhippidion Plexotemnus Puelia Purperia? Rhynchippus Rosendo Stilhippus Teushentherium Trimerostephanos †Toxodontidae †Nesodontinae Adinotherium Nesodon Proadinotherium †Toxodontinae Abothrodon Andinotoxodon Calchaquitherium Ceratoxodon Charruatoxodon Dinotoxodon Eutomodus Falcontoxodon Gyrinodon Haplodontherium Hemixotodon Hoffstetterius Hyperoxotodon Mesenodon Mesotoxodon Minitoxodon Mixotoxodon Neoadinotherium Neotoxodon Nesodonopsis Nonotherium Ocnerotherium Palyeidodon Paratrigodon Pericotoxodon Piauhytherium Pisanodon Plesiotoxodon Posnanskytherium Prototrigodon Stenotephanos Stereotoxodon Toxodon Toxodontherium Trigodon Trigodonops Xotodon †Typotheria Campanorco Griphotherion †Archaeopithecidae Archaeopithecus Teratopithecus †Oldfieldthomasiidae Allalmeia Brachystephanus Camargomendesia Colbertia Dolichostylodon Itaboraitherium Kibenikhoria Maxschlosseria Oldfieldthomasia Paginula Suniodon Tsamnichoria Ultrapithecus Xenostephanus †Interatheriidae Antofagastia Ignigena Johnbell Munizia Punapithecus †Interatheriinae Archaeophylus Argyrohyrax Boleatherium Brucemacfaddenia Caenophilus Choichephilum Cochilius Eopachyrucos Federicoanaya Interatherium Juchuysillu Miocochilius Neoicochilus Patriarchus Proargyrohyrax Progaleopithecus Protypotherium Santiagorothia †Notopithecinae Antepithecus Guilielmoscottia Notopithecus Transpithecus †Mesotheriidae Fiandraia? Trachytherus †Mesotheriinae Altitypotherium Caraguatypotherium Eotypotherium Eutypotherium Hypsitherium Mesotherium Microtypotherium Plesiotypotherium Pseudotypotherium Rusconitherium Typotheriopsis †Archaeohyracidae Archaeohyrax Archaeotypotherium Bryanpattersonia Eohyrax Pascualhyrax Protarchaeohyrax Pseudhyrax Punahyrax †Hegetotheriidae †Hegetotheriinae Ethegotherium Hegetotheriopsis Hegetotherium Hemihegetotherium Prohegetotherium Pseudohegetotherium Sallatherium †Pachyrukhinae Medistylus Propachyrucos Prosotherium Tremacyllus †Pachyrukhini Pachyrukhos Paedotherium Tremacyllus

v t e Paleontology in Colombia
Notable researchers	After 1900 Etayo Hammen Hettner Hoffstetter Páramo 19th century Cuvier Humboldt
Major fossiliferous stratigraphic units	Pleistocene Sabana Fm. Tibitó Soatá Fm. Neogene Barzalosa Fm. Castilletes Fm. Honda Group La Venta Jimol Fm. Uitpa Fm. Ware Fm. Paleogene Bogotá Fm. Cerrejón Fm. Cerrejón Cretaceous La Frontera Fm. Hiló Fm. Hondita Fm. Oliní Gp. Paja Fm. Jurassic Arcabuco Fm. Valle Alto Fm. Devonian Cuche Fm. Floresta Fm.
Notable fossils	Pleistocene Gomphotheres Megatherium Honda Gp. Anachlysictis Aramus paludigrus Balanerodus Boreostemma Cebupithecia Colombophis Dracaena colombiana Dukecynus Eunectes stirtoni Galbula hylochoreutes Granastrapotherium Gryposuchus Hilarcotherium Hoazinoides Hondadelphys Huilatherium Lagonimico Langstonia Lycopsis Micodon Miocallicebus Miocochilius Mohanamico Mourasuchus Neotamandua Nuciruptor Patasola Potamosiren Purussaurus Saimiri annectens Saimiri fieldsi Stirtonia Xenastrapotherium Gualanday Gp. Colombitherium Bogotá Fm. Etayoa Cerrejón Fm. Acherontisuchus Anthracosuchus Carbonemys Cerrejonemys Cerrejonisuchus Montrichardia aquatica Puentemys Titanoboa Oliní Gp. Eonatator Hondita Fm. Pachyrhizodus etayoi Yaguarasaurus Hiló Fm. Ammonites Paja Fm. Acostasaurus Callawayasaurus Desmatochelys Kronosaurus Leivanectes Leyvachelys Muiscasaurus Padillasaurus Platypterygius Sachicasaurus Stenorhynchosaurus Arcabuco Fm. Dinosaur tracks Valle Alto Fm. Flora Cuche Fm. Antarctilamna Asterolepis Bothriolepis Holoptychius Pterygotus Strepsodus Floresta Fm. Trilobites
Category • Images

• Astrapotheriidae
• Burdigalian first appearances
• Langhian extinctions
• Miocene mammals of South America
• Huayquerian
• Chasicoan
• Mayoan
• Laventan
• Colloncuran
• Friasian
• Neogene Bolivia
• Fossils of Bolivia
• Neogene Brazil
• Fossils of Brazil
• Neogene Colombia
• Fossils of Colombia
• Honda Group, Colombia
• Neogene Ecuador
• Fossils of Ecuador
• Neogene Peru
• Fossils of Peru
• Neogene Venezuela
• Fossils of Venezuela
• Fossil taxa described in 1929
• Prehistoric placental genera