Desmatochelys - Misplaced Pages

(Redirected from Desmatochelys padillai) Extinct genus of turtles

Desmatochelys Temporal range: Cretaceous, 120–83.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Holotype skull of Desmatochelys lowi from two angles
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Family:	†Protostegidae
Genus:	†Desmatochelys Williston, 1894
Type species
†Desmatochelys lowi Williston, 1894
Other species
†D. padillai Cadena and Parham, 2015

Desmatochelys (from Greek δεσμός desmos 'link' + χέλῡς khelus ‘tortoise’) is an extinct genus of sea turtles belonging to the family Protostegidae. This genus contains two known species, D. lowii and D. padillai. D. lowii was first discovered in 1895, followed by D. padillai in 2015. Having been estimated at over 120 million years old, D. padillai is currently the oldest known species of sea turtle.

Desmatochelys lived during the Cretaceous, and had a wide geographic range, primarily along the Western Interior Seaway.

Taxonomy

The genus contains two species:

Desmatochelys lowi
Desmatochelys padillai

Initially, Desmatochelys formed its own family, Desmatochelydae. Later it was reassigned into the family Protostegidae. There is some debate among the paleontological community over the placement of Protostegidae (and therefore Desmatochelys) within turtle phylogeny. According to Elizabeth L. Nicholls, the genus should also be expanded to include closely related members that currently belong to Notochelone and Rhinochelys. As of 2019, Desmatochelys contains the two previously stated species, is within the family Protostegidae, and is placed along the stem of Chelonioidea - in other words, it is considered a basal turtle genus.

Discovery

D. lowii

The first specimen of Desmatochelys was described by Samuel Wendell Williston in the Kansas University Quarterly in 1894. In his article he describes its discovery by a railroad worker near Fairbury, Nebraska. Williston was granted access to the specimen by his colleague M. A. Low, giving rise to the name ‘lowii’. This specimen was from the Late Cretaceous Benton Formation and included a nearly complete skull and lower jaw as well as pieces of the limbs, carapace, and plastron. Since first being discovered, at least five new specimens of D. lowii have been described, found in South Dakota, Kansas, Arizona, Canada, and Mexico. Specimen assigned to D. cf. lowii is also described from Yezo Group, Hokkaido, Japan.

D. padillai

The fossils of the now known as Desmatochelys padillai were discovered in the 1940s in Colombia. The first systematic study was done by Donald Thomas Jeremy Smith at Kingston Polytechnic, Surrey, England. In a part of his doctoral dissertation in 1989, he suggested the specimen should be classified under the genus Desmatochelys. Elizabeth L. Nicholls confirmed this classification in 1992. Due to its incomplete features and lack of information on the geological setting, the species remained undescribed at the museum of University of California, Berkeley. James Parham, who is one of the taxonomic authorities of the species, had seen the original fossils at Berkeley while still a PhD candidate in 1996. He recalled, "If I had known how old the specimens at Berkeley were in 1996, I would have included them in my dissertation, for sure." Better specimens were discovered in 2007 by hobby palaeontologists, Mary Luz Parra and her brothers Juan and Freddy Parra. The specimens were recovered from Villa de Leyva in Colombia. The location is within Paja Formation, which is already dated to belong to Lower Cretaceous, i.e., more than 120 million years old. The fossils were preserved in the collections of the Centro de Investigaciones Paleontológicas in Villa Leyva and the University of California Museum of Paleontology. Formal description was done by Edwin Cadena at the Senckenerg Research Institute, and James Parham at the California State University. It was discovered in Colombia with the Lower Cretaceous Paja Formation. This placed its age around 120 million years, making it the oldest known sea turtle, a title which was previously held by Santanachelys gaffneyi. The specific name was given in honour of Carlos Bernardo Padilla, a renowned supporter of the palaeontology of the region.

Description

Desmatochelys was a large sea turtle, with some specimens reaching up to 2 meters long. Members of the genus are characterized by the extended skull roof, large nasal bones, and a paddle-like humerus, as well as a distinct body shell or carapace and reduced plastron like other protostegids.

Specimens of Desmatochelys have been found in Nebraska, South Dakota, Kansas, Arizona, Canada, Colombia, and Mexico. They are known to have existed along the Western Interior Seaway during the Late Cretaceous, and their range may have extended to the Pacific coast. Desmatochelys, like modern sea turtles, had a wide geographic distribution within the oceans.

As for its stratigraphic distribution, it is generally accepted that Desmatochelys was restricted to the Cretaceous, with occurrences ranging from the Barremian to the Campanian.

Nothing is known of this turtle's reproductive strategy, with the exception of their egg development. Desmatochelys is hypothesized to have laid rigid eggs instead of the soft-shelled eggs typical of extant marine turtles, as a closely related protostegid has been shown to do.

The fossils discovered in 2007 represent an almost complete skeleton. There are four skulls, two are complete and the others are nearly complete. The holotype consists of lower jaw, partial right hyoid, cervical vertebrae (3–8), right and left forelimbs (missing most phalanges), nearly complete carapace, left scapula and coracoid, partial hyoplastron and hypoplastron. The two partial shells are badly preserved but are distinct from those of other marine turtles.

References

Edwin A. Cadena and James F. Parham (2015). "Oldest known marine turtle? A new protostegid from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia". PaleoBios. 32 (1): 1–42.
Karl, H. V., & Tichy, G. (2010). Maorichelys wiffeni n. gen. n. sp., una nueva tortuga marina del Eoceno de Nueva Zelanda (Testudines: Dermochelyidae).
"Introduction to Testudines". UCMP Berkeley. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
^ Cadena, Edwin A.; Parham, James F. (2015-09-07). "Oldest known marine turtle? A new protostegid from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia". PaleoBios. 32 (1). doi:10.5070/P9321028615. ISSN 0031-0298.
^ López-Conde, Oliver A.; Sterli, Juliana; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús; Chavarría-Arellano, María L.; Porras-Múzquiz, Héctor (2019-10-01). "The first record of Desmatochelys cf. D. lowii from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Coahuila, Mexico". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 94: 102204. Bibcode:2019JSAES..9402204L. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.05.020. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 182226555.
^ University of Kansas.; Kansas, University of (1894). The Kansas University quarterly. Vol. v.3 (1894-1895). Lawrence, Kansas: The University.
Raselli, Irena (2018-12-07). "Comparative cranial morphology of the Late Cretaceous protostegid sea turtle Desmatochelys lowii". PeerJ. 6: e5964. doi:10.7717/peerj.5964. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6287587. PMID 30568851.
^ G. E. Hooks, III (1998). "Systematic Revision of the Protostegidae, with a Redescription of Calcarichelys gemma Zangerl, 1953". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011036. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 4523875.
Callaway, Jack; Nicholls, Elizabeth, eds. (1997). Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic Press. p. 243. ISBN 9780080527215.
Nicholls, Elizabeth L. (1992-02-01). "Note on the occurrence of the marine turtle Desmatochelys (Reptilia: Chelonioidea) from the Upper Cretaceous of Vancouver Island". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 29 (2): 377–380. Bibcode:1992CaJES..29..377N. doi:10.1139/e92-033. ISSN 0008-4077.
Raselli, I. 2018. Comparative cranial morphology of the Late Cretaceous protostegid sea turtle Desmatochelys lowii. PeerJ 6:e5964 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5964
Sato, T.; Konishi, T.; Hirayama, R.; Caldwell, M. W. (2012-10-01). "A review of the Upper Cretaceous marine reptiles from Japan". Cretaceous Research. 37: 319–340. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.009. ISSN 0195-6671.
Smith, Donald T.J. (1989). The cranial morphology of fossil and living sea turtles (Cheloniidae, Dermochelyidae and Desmarochelyidae). England: Kingston Polytechnic. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
Callaway, Jack M.; Nicholls, Elizabeth L. (1997). Ancient Marine Reptiles. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-08-052721-5.
Nicholls, E.L. (1992). "Note on the occurence [sic] of the marine turtle Desmatochelys (Reptilia: Chelonioidea) from the upper Cretaceous of Vancouver Island". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 29 (2): 377–380. Bibcode:1992CaJES..29..377N. doi:10.1139/e92-033.
Dodgson, Lindsay (18 September 2015). "World's Oldest Sea Turtle Fossil Discovered". LiveScience. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
Gaona-Narvaez, T.; Maurrasse, F. J.- M. R.; Etayo-Serna, F. (2013). "Geochemistry, palaeoenvironments and timing of Aptian organic-rich beds of the Paja Formation (Curiti, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia)". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 382 (1): 31–48. doi:10.1144/SP382.6. S2CID 129768186.
"Oldest fossil sea turtle discovered: Huge fossilized turtle is at least 120 million years old". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
"Desmatochelys". Paleos. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
Cadena, Edwin-Alberto; Parra‐Ruge, Mary L.; Parra‐Ruge, Juan de D.; Padilla‐Bernal, Santiago (2019). "A gravid fossil turtle from the Early Cretaceous reveals a different egg development strategy to that of extant marine turtles". Palaeontology. 62 (4): 533–545. doi:10.1111/pala.12413. ISSN 1475-4983. S2CID 134446621.
Virata, John (8 September 2015). "The Oldest Sea Turtle Fossil is 25 Million Years Older Than Previous Fossil". Reptiles. -5 Publishing, LLC. Retrieved 24 September 2015.

Taxon identifiers
Desmatochelys	Wikidata: Q18609000 Wikispecies: Desmatochelys EoL: 4519501 GBIF: 4818784 IRMNG: 1036609 Open Tree of Life: 3606399 Paleobiology Database: 36344
Desmatochelys padillai	Wikidata: Q22286800 GBIF: 9272446 Open Tree of Life: 7664164 Paleobiology Database: 353086

Testudines

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Diapsida
Order: Testudines

Genus

Chelonioidea
(Sea turtles)

Cheloniidae	†Allopleuron Caretta †Carolinochelys Chelonia †Eochelone Eretmochelys †Gigantatypus †Glarichelys †Itilochelys Lepidochelys †Mexichelys †Miocaretta Natator †Pacifichelys †Syllomus †Tasbacka
Dermochelyidae	†Arabemys †Corsochelys †Cosmochelys Dermochelys †Eosphargis †Mesodermochelys †Psephophorus
	†Euclastes †Peritresius †Procolpochelys †Protosphargis †Puppigerus

Kinosternoidea

Dermatemydidae	Dermatemys
Kinosternidae	Claudius †Hoplochelys Kinosternon Staurotypus Sternotherus

Testudinoidea

Emydidae	†Acherontemys Chrysemys Clemmys Deirochelys Emys Actinemys Emydoidea Glyptemys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Terrapene Trachemys †Wilburemys
Geoemydidae	Batagur †Banhxeochelys Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Rhinoclemmys Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys
Platysternidae	Platysternon
Testudinidae	Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Centrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis †Cymatholcus †Floridemys Geochelone Gopherus †Hadrianus †Hesperotestudo Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria †Megalochelys †Oligopherus Psammobates Pyxis †Solitudo Stigmochelys †Stylemys Testudo

Trionychia

Carettochelyidae	†Allaeochelys †Anosteira Carettochelys
Trionychidae	Amyda Apalone †Axestemys Chitra Cyclanorbis Cycloderma †Drazinderetes Dogania †Gilmoremys †Hutchemys †Khunnuchelys Lissemys Nilssonia Palea †Palaeoamyda Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx
	†Basilochelys †Sinaspideretes

Chelydridae	Chelydra †Chelydrops †Chelydropsis †Emarginachelys †Macrocephalochelys Macrochelys †Planiplastron †Protochelydra
†Nanhsiungchelyidae	†Anomalochelys †Basilemys †Jiangxichelys
†Protostegidae	†Alienochelys †Archelon †Atlantochelys †Bouliachelys †Calcarichelys †Cratochelone †Desmatochelys †Iserosaurus †Notochelone †Ocepechelon †Pneumatoarthrus †Protostega †Rhinochelys †Santanachelys †Terlinguachelys
	†Adocus †Argillochelys †Bashuchelys †Ctenochelys †Prionochelys †Toxochelys

Pleurodira

†Araripemydidae	†Araripemys
†Bothremydidae	†Araiochelys †Arenila †Azabbaremys †Bothremys †Cearachelys †Chedighaii †Chupacabrachelys †Eotaphrosphys †Foxemys †Galianemys †Ilatardia †Inaechelys †Itapecuruemys †Jainemys †Kinkonychelys †Kurmademys †Labrostochelys †Nigeremys †Phosphatochelys †Polysternon †Puentemys †Rosasia †Rhothonemys †Sankuchemys †Taphrosphys †Ummulisani †Zolhafah
Chelidae	Acanthochelys Chelodina Chelus Elseya Elusor Emydura Hydromedusa †Lomalatachelys Mesoclemmys Myuchelys Phrynops Platemys †Prochelidella Pseudemydura Rheodytes Rhinemys †Yaminuechelys
Pelomedusidae	Pelomedusa Pelusios
Podocnemididae	†Albertwoodemys †Bauruemys †Brontochelys †Caninemys †Carbonemys †Cerrejonemys †Cordichelys Erymnochelys †Lapparentemys †Latentemys Peltocephalus Podocnemis †Stupendemys
†Sahonachelyidae	†Sahonachelys †Sokatra

	†Caribemys †Caririemys †Tacuarembemys

Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. † = extinct.

See also List of Testudines families

Paleontology in Colombia

Notable
researchers

After 1900	Etayo Hammen Hettner Hoffstetter Páramo
19th century	Cuvier Humboldt

Major
fossiliferous
stratigraphic units

Pleistocene	Sabana Fm. Tibitó Soatá Fm.
Neogene	Barzalosa Fm. Castilletes Fm. Honda Group La Venta Jimol Fm. Uitpa Fm. Ware Fm.
Paleogene	Bogotá Fm. Cerrejón Fm. Cerrejón
Cretaceous	La Frontera Fm. Hiló Fm. Hondita Fm. Oliní Gp. Paja Fm.
Jurassic	Arcabuco Fm. Valle Alto Fm.
Devonian	Cuche Fm. Floresta Fm.

Notable fossils

Pleistocene	Gomphotheres Megatherium
Honda Gp.	Anachlysictis Aramus paludigrus Balanerodus Boreostemma Cebupithecia Colombophis Dracaena colombiana Dukecynus Eunectes stirtoni Galbula hylochoreutes Granastrapotherium Gryposuchus Hilarcotherium Hoazinoides Hondadelphys Huilatherium Lagonimico Langstonia Lycopsis Micodon Miocallicebus Miocochilius Mohanamico Mourasuchus Neotamandua Nuciruptor Patasola Potamosiren Purussaurus Saimiri annectens Saimiri fieldsi Stirtonia Xenastrapotherium
Gualanday Gp.	Colombitherium
Bogotá Fm.	Etayoa
Cerrejón Fm.	Acherontisuchus Anthracosuchus Carbonemys Cerrejonemys Cerrejonisuchus Montrichardia aquatica Puentemys Titanoboa
Oliní Gp.	Eonatator
Hondita Fm.	Pachyrhizodus etayoi Yaguarasaurus
Hiló Fm.	Ammonites
Paja Fm.	Acostasaurus Callawayasaurus Desmatochelys Kronosaurus Leivanectes Leyvachelys Muiscasaurus Padillasaurus Platypterygius Sachicasaurus Stenorhynchosaurus
Arcabuco Fm.	Dinosaur tracks
Valle Alto Fm.	Flora
Cuche Fm.	Antarctilamna Asterolepis Bothriolepis Holoptychius Pterygotus Strepsodus
Floresta Fm.	Trilobites

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