Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)

(Redirected from Communist Party (bolshevik) of Ukraine) Banned political party in Ukraine For the post-Soviet banned party, see Communist Party of Ukraine and Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed). Not to be confused with Ukrainian Communist Party or Ukrainian Communist Party (Borotbists).

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Communist Party of Ukraine

Ukrainian name	Комуністична Партія України
Russian name	Коммунистическая партия Украины
First Secretary	Stanislav Hurenko (last)
Founder	Vladimir Lenin
Founded	17 July 1918 (1918-07-17)
Banned	30 August 1991; 33 years ago (1991-08-30)
Preceded by	Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) – Social-Democracy of Ukraine
Succeeded by	Socialist Party of Ukraine Communist Party of Ukraine (1993) Party of Democratic Revival of Ukraine (all banned)
Headquarters	Building 11 Ordzhonikidze Street, Lypky, Kyiv
Newspaper	Pravda Ukrainy (in Russian) Radyanska Ukrayina (in Ukrainian)
Youth wing	Komsomol of Ukraine Young Pioneers
Ideology	Communism Marxism–Leninism (Soviet)
National affiliation	Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Colours	Red
Slogan	"Workers of the world, unite!"
Anthem	The Internationale
Party flag

Politics of Ukraine Political parties Elections

Politics of Ukraine


Constitution President Supreme Soviet Administrative divisions
Government People's Secretariat (1918) Insurgent Bureau Provisional Worker–Peasant Government (1918–19) Council of People's Commissars (1919–46) Revolutionary Committee (1919–20) Council of Ministers (1946–91)
Elections Presidential: 1991 Parliamentary: 1990 Referendums: 1991 (March), 1991 (December)
Other countries
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The Communist Party of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Комуністична Партія України, romanized: Komunistychna Partiya Ukrayiny, КПУ, KPU; Russian: Коммунистическая партия Украины, romanized: Kommunisticheskaya partiya Ukrainy) was the founding and ruling political party of the Ukrainian SSR operated as a republican branch (union republics) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).

Founded as the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine (CP(b)U) in 1918 in Moscow, Russian SFSR, it was the sole governing party in Ukraine during its time in Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union. While the anti-Bolshevik Ukrainian People's Republic had its own political parties of socialist ideologies, the Communist Party of Ukraine was created out of the party of Russian Bolsheviks in Ukraine known as the RSDRP(b) – Social-Democracy of Ukraine. The party was denied the right to have a separate party statute and was governed by the statute of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In 1952, the party was renamed as the Communist Party of Ukraine.

Like all other CPSU republican branches, the CPU was committed, in accordance to the CPSU party statute, to adherence to Marxist–Leninist ideology based on the writings of Vladimir Lenin and Karl Marx, and formalized under Joseph Stalin. The party had pursued state socialism, under which all industries were nationalized and a command economy was introduced. Prior to the adoption of central planning in 1929, Lenin had introduced a mixed economy, commonly referred to as the New Economic Policy, in the 1920s, which allowed to introduce certain capitalist elements in the Soviet economy after the disastrous experience of war communism. This lasted until 26 August 1991, when the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) suspended and on 30 August 1991 prohibited the Communist Party of Ukraine based on the fact that "the leadership of the Communist Party of Ukraine in its actions supported the coup d'état" . From the parliamentary faction of the Communist Party, following its 1991 prohibition, the Socialist Party of Ukraine was created.

Due to efforts of some other communist cells across Ukraine that did not join the Socialist Party, the Communist Party of Ukraine was re-established in 1993 in Russian-speaking Donetsk as a communist political party of independent Ukraine, while joining the Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union from Moscow. Some members who joined the Socialist Party, joined the new political entity after its re-establishment, among whom the most notable was Adam Martyniuk. Following sanctions against the party in 1991, the party fell apart in a similar way to its parent organization (the Communist Party of the Soviet Union), having members of such main deviations like Democratic Platform and Interregional Deputy group reorganized into separate political entities. The ban lasted until 2001 and in May 2002, the older party was merged into the 1993 CPU. Following the 2014 Revolution of Dignity, all communist parties on the territory of Ukraine were outlawed and banned, with the ideology criminalized.

History

Russian Bolsheviks in Ukraine

The party traces its beginning to committees and party's cells of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) that existed at the end of the 19th century in all bigger cities and industrial centers on Ukrainian territory which was part of the Russian Empire. Under influence from the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class in Saint Petersburg, in 1897 such organization was also formed in Kyiv and Yekaterinoslav which also were taking part in preparation and convocation of the 1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1898. With release of newspaper Iskra in December 1900 in Germany, on territory of Ukraine spread out a network of the Lenin's Iskra group and organizations. Among the most notable activists in Ukraine during that period were Ivan Babushkin, Rosalia Zemlyachka, Pyotr Krasikov, Isaak Lalayants, Friedrichs Lengniks, Maxim Litvinov, Grigory Petrovsky, Mykola Skrypnyk (Nikolay Skripnik), Dmitry Ulyanov, Vasiliy Shelgunov, Alexander Schlichter, Alexander Tsiurupa, and others. Following the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (1903) in social-democratic organizations has developed a struggle between Mensheviks and Bolsheviks. On behalf of Vladimir Lenin, in 1904 Vatslav Vorovsky with Lalayants and Levitskiy created in Odessa the Southern Bureau of the RSDLP that led activities of Odessa, Yekaterinoslav, Nikolayev committees, brought together around itself Bolshevik organizations of the South, conducted great deal of work in preparation to the 3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1905.

During the 1905 Russian Revolution, Bolsheviks in Ukraine played only a minor role. In more than 50 cities and settlements were created Soviets of working deputies. In December 1905, Bolsheviks led number of armed uprisings in Ukraine, among which were in Horlivka, Alexandrovsk (Zaporizhia), Kharkiv. Kyiv, Mykolaiv and many other cities were covered with strike action. In course of the revolution the RSDLP organizations in Ukraine grew significantly and in 1907 they were accounted for over 20,000 men. Organizers and leaders of party's activities during this time were Comrade Artyom (Fyodor Sergeev), Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich, Miron Vladimirov, Kliment Voroshilov, Serafima Gopner, Sergey Gusev, Lidia Knipovich, Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, Grigory Petrovsky, Nikolay Skripnik, Alexander Schlichter, Yemelyan Yaroslavsky, and others. During the following year of government reaction in 1907–10, Bolshevik organizations in Ukraine have suffered significant losses, yet continued their revolutionary activities. Guided by decisions of the 1912 Prague Conference, those Bolsheviks carried out work to expand and strengthen ties with the masses, their international upbringing, preparing workers to new revolutionary battles, were exposing supporters of what was labeled as "liquidationism", "otzovizm" (recalling representatives from the State Duma), and bourgeois nationalism. During the years of World War I (1914–18), the Bolsheviks of Ukraine propagated the Lenin's slogan of transforming the imperialist war into a civil war and fought against "social chauvinism and revolutionary defeatism."

During the 1917 February Revolution, known as the February bourgeois democratic revolution in communist jargon, the Bolshevik organizations guided by the Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party claimed that they led the struggle of the working people against monarchy, and after Nicholas II's abdication led a struggle for the masses against whom communists named as conciliators and bourgeois nationalists. The process of differentiation of the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks in the joint organizations of the RSDLP intensified and as well as the process of creation of independent Bolshevik organizations that in July 1917 accounted for around 33,000 men.

According to Yevgenia Bosch, the Kyiv party organization after the February Revolution accounted for only near 200 members and it mainly was concentrated on elections to the Soviet of Workers' Deputies. The performance of the party organization was far from stellar and huge advantage in the soviet (council) was secured by what Bosch called "petty bourgeois parties". The majority in the soviet was formed by Mensheviks. The soviet's executive committee (ispolkom) was also dominated by Mensheviks and Bundists, while Bolsheviks managed to have own representative Maks Savelyev. The Kyiv party organization chose not to participate in elections to the Soviet of Soldiers' Deputies due to lack of relations with local military. Also the Kyiv Bolsheviks chose to ignore the All-Ukrainian National Congress that was convened on proposition of the Central Council of Ukraine on 18 – 20 April [O.S. 5 – 7 April] 1917. The most important role for the organization was participation in the 1 May street demonstration to the point that the Bolsheviks decided to conducted own one in spite that the event was already organized by the Soviet of Workers' Deputies.

Unlike any other Bolshevik organizations in Ukraine that adopted the Lenin's April Theses without discussions, on 23 April 1917, the Kyiv party cell approved resolution in which it called the April Theses "yet insufficiently substantiated and developed". On 28 April 1917, at the city's assembly Bolsheviks stated that those theses require further discussion and promised to publish them in their newspaper. They never did. At the 7th All-Russian conference of Bolsheviks where the theses were adopted practically unanimously, the Kyiv Bolsheviks, led by Yurii Pyatakov and who had other thought, did not dare to oppose Vladimir Lenin.

Struggle for establishment of the Soviet power in Ukraine

Following the "July Days" and the semi-legal 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, Bolsheviks of Ukraine began to prepare the workers for an armed uprising "for Soviet power" (Ukrainian: за владу Рад, Russian: за власть Советов). Big help was provided to them by the Central Committee of the Petrograd-based RSDLP(b) that maintained connection with more than 50 of its party organizations in Ukraine. Active role in the preparation process of the masses to the "Socialist Revolution" (October Revolution) was conducted by Vasiliy Averin, Yevgenia Bosch, Kliment Voroshilov, Yan Gamarnik, Serafima Gopner, Vladimir Zatonsky, Andrei Ivanov, Emanuel Kviring, Yuriy Kotsiubynsky, Dmitriy Lebed, Grigory Petrovsky, Vitaly Primakov, Fyodor Sergeyev, Ivan Smirnov [ru; uk], and others. During the summer of 1917 on territory of modern Ukraine were formed two regional (oblast) branches of the RSDLP(b) of Southwestern Krai and Donets-Krivoi Rog Basin and later in the fall the bureau of the RSDLP(b) military organizations of the Southwestern Front (due to ongoing World War I). According to Yevgenia Bosch, the regional branch of the RSDLP(b) was supposed to consist of 7 guberniyas (Governorates): Kyiv, Chernihiv, Podolia, Volhynia, Poltava, Kherson, and Yekaterinoslav. Also membership of the party in Ukraine grew significantly in 1917 from 7,000 in April to 50,000 in October. Following the October Revolution in Petrograd, at the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets among its delegates, there were 65 Bolsheviks from Ukraine.

v t e Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–1921)
Kharkiv (Dec 1917) Poltava Kruty (Jan 1918) Darnytsia Kiev (Feb 1918) Operation Faustschlag (Feb 1918 Severynivka Battle of Berdychiv [uk] Battle for Kamianets-Podilskyi [uk] The Battle of Irpin [uk] German Occupation of Kiev [uk] Donbas [uk] Battle for Izyum [uk] Crimea Uprising of Crimean Tatars [uk] 1918 Ukrainian coup d'état Motovilivka (Nov 1918) Anti-Hetman Uprising (Nov–Dec 1918) Ukraine (1919) Kiev (Jan 1919) Kiev (Aug 1919) Triangle of Death First Winter Campaign (1919–20) Kiev (1920) Second Winter Campaign (1921) Bolshevik uprisings in Ukraine Dubno (Oct 1917) Kiev (Nov 1917) Vinnytsia (Nov 1917) Aleksandrovsk (Dec 1917) Ekaterinoslav (Jan 1918) Kiev (Jan–Feb 1918) Odessa (Jan 1918)

Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–1921)

Bolshevik uprisings in Ukraine

The very next day after the October Revolution, on 8–13 November (26–31 October by old style), 1917 Bolsheviks in Kyiv, who have been headquartered at the Mariinskyi Palace, attempted to secure power in Kyiv with less success and, after the Bolshevik's victory over the Kyiv Military District garrison, the authority in Kyiv was secured by the liberal democratic Regional Committee in Protection of Revolution in Ukraine where important role played the Central Council of Ukraine. In a week the Central Council adopted its "Third Universal" where it condemned the Bolshevik coup-d'état and declared Ukraine in federative union with the social democratic Russian Republic (instead of the communist Soviet Russia). In response to that on 26 November 1917, the Bolshevik Sovnarkom published its manifesto to the all population "About struggle with counter-revolutionary insurgency of Kaledin, Kornilov, Dutov, and supported by the Central Rada (О борьбе с контрреволюционным восстанием Каледина, Корнилова, Дутова, поддерживаемым Центральной Радой)".

On 16—18 December (3—5 by old style), 1917, the regional congress of the RSDLP(b) of the South-West region was held in Kyiv, and on 18—19 December (5—6), the regional conference of the RSDLP(b) of the Donets-Kryvyi Rih basin was held in Kharkiv. They called on the workers to fight against the Ukrainian Central Council.

Communist Party of Ukraine

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Organizational structure

Central Committees

Main article: Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)

Initial composition of the committee was elected at the 1st party Congress on 12 July 1918 and consisted of the following people: Ivan Amosov, Andrei Bubnov, Afanasiy Butsenko, Shulim Gruzman, Vladimir Zatonsky, Lavrentiy Kartvelishvili, Emmanuil Kviring, Stanislav Kosior, Isaak Kreisberg, Yuriy Lutovinov, Yuriy Pyatakov, Rafail Farbman, Pinkhus Rovner, Leonid Tarsky (Sokolovsky), Isaak Shvarts. Beside full members there also were candidate to the committee. The initial composition included Yan Hamarnik (Yakov Pudikovich), Dmitriy Lebed, Mikhail Mayorov (Meyer Biberman), Mykola Skrypnyk, Petro Slynko, Yakov Yakovlev (Epshtein). On 9 September 1918 Mayorov and Slynko replaced Kertvelishvili and Farbman as full members, while the last two lost their membership. During World War II on 2 October 1942 there was created the Illegal Central Committee of the Party consisting of 17 members. The committee was dissolved on 29 June 1943. Among the members of the committee were such personalities as Sydir Kovpak, Leonid Korniets, Oleksiy Fedorov, and others.

Politburo

The party had its own Politburo created on 6 March 1919. On 25 September 1952, the committee was renamed into the Bureau of the Central Committee (CC) of CP(b)U, and in October the same year as the Bureau of the CC CPU. On 10 October 1952 it became the Presidium of the CC CPU. On 26 June 1966 again the bureau was finally left with its original name as the Politburo of the CC CPU. At first it consisted of five members and later another one was added. The first Politburo included Andriy Bubnov, Emanuel Kviring, Vladimir Mescheryakov, Georgiy Pyatakov, Christian Rakovsky, and later Stanislav Kosior, all centrists. From 23 March until 15 April 1920, there was elected a Provisional Bureau which the next day was ratified by the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

Orgburo

Along with Politburo the party like its Russian counterpart had its own Orgburo that was created the same day as Politburo.

Party leader

Main article: First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine

The party was headed by its secretary. The position was highly influential and often was considered to be more important than the head of state (see Ukrainian SSR).

Years	Name	Remarks
1918 - 1920	Secretary of Central Committee
1920 - 1925	First Secretary of Central Committee
1925 - 1934	General Secretary of Central Committee
1934 - 1991	First Secretary of Central Committee

The following list is composed of the secretary of the Central Committee of the party who were the leaders of the Party. The position also was changing names between being called the First Secretary or the General Secretary, depending on a political atmosphere in the Soviet Union. The position was not officially of the head of state, but certainly was very influential, especially within the republic. The longest serving secretary was Vladimir Shcherbitsky with some 17 years as the head of the Communist Party, the second best is split between Stanislav Kosior and Nikita Khrushchev, both of which have 11 years.

Party Congresses and Conferences

There were 28 Congresses with the last one consisting out of two stages. There also were three consolidated conferences of the party from 1926 to 1932.

List of the party congresses and conferences (on equal rights as congresses)

1st Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Moscow, 5—12 July 1918
2nd Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Moscow, 17—22 October 1918
3rd Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kharkiv, 1—6 March 1919
4th Conference of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kharkiv, 17—23 March 1920
5th Conference of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kharkiv, 17—22 November 1920
6th All-Ukrainian Conference of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kharkiv, 9—14 December 1921
7th All-Ukrainian Conference of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kharkiv, 6—10 April 1923
8th All-Ukrainian Conference of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kharkiv, 12—16 May 1924
9th Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kharkiv, 6—12 December 1925
10th Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kharkiv, 20—29 November 1927
11th Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kharkiv, 5—15 June 1930
12th Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kharkiv, 18—23 January 1934
13th Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kyiv, 27 May — 3 June 1937
14th Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kyiv, 13—18 June 1938
15th Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kyiv, 13—17 May 1940
16th Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kyiv, 25—28 January 1949
17th Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kyiv, 23—27 September 1952
18th Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine — Kyiv, 23—26 March 1954
19th Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine — Kyiv, 17—21 January 1956
20th Extraordinary Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine — Kyiv, 16—17 January 1959
21st Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine — Kyiv, 16—19 February 1960
22nd Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine — Kyiv, 27—30 September 1961
23rd Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine — Kyiv, 15—18 March 1966
24th Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine — Kyiv, 17—20 March 1971
25th Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine — Kyiv, 10—13 February 1976
26th Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine — Kyiv, 10—12 February 1981
27th Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine — Kyiv, 6—8 February 1986
28th Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine — Kyiv, 19—23 June 1990 (first stage), 13—14 December 1990 (second stage)

List of the party conferences

1st Conference of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kharkiv, 17—21 October 1926
2nd Conference of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kharkiv, 9—14 April 1929
3rd Conference of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine — Kharkiv, 6—9 July 1932

Party newspapers

Central newspapers

Silski Visti (1920–1991)
Ukrayina Moloda (1991)

Regional newspapers

Bilshovyk Poltavshchyny (1917-1941)

Notes

^ Due to russification of Ukraine, the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia does not differentiate between two homonymic words in both languages (Russian and Ukrainian) that have different semantics. The Russian word for people "chelovek" (Russian: человек) (person, human) looks as it was adopted in Ukrainian here as "cholovik" (Ukrainian: чоловік) (man, guy). Given estimation for men, possibly includes estimation for people in whole if Russian was used.
^ Bosch, Ye., page 11
^ Bosch, Ye., page 12
Bosch, Ye., page 22

References

Melnychenko, V. The First Congress of the CP(b) of Ukraine (ПЕРШИЙ З'ЇЗД КП(Б) УКРАЇНИ). Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia (leksika.com.ua).
^ Pyrih, R. Communist Party of Ukraine, the Soviet period (КОМУНІСТИЧНА ПАРТІЯ УКРАЇНИ РАДЯНСЬКОЇ ДОБИ). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. 2007
УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДІЇ ВЕРХОВНОЇ РАДИ УКРАЇНИ «Про тимчасове припинення діяльності Компартії України»
Ukrainian Parliament Presidium Ukase. About banning of activities of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Про заборону діяльності Компартії України). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 30 August 1991
Pyrih, R. Communist Party of Ukraine of Soviet period (Комуністична партія України Радянської доби). Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine.
Леонида Кучму исключили из партии
Президент Украины Леонид Кучма, бывший президент Леонид Кравчук и экс-спикер парламента Иван Плющ исключены из рядов Компартии Украины
The Communist Party of Ukraine statute (Статут Комуністичної партії України) Archived 14 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Communist Party of Ukraine (www.kpu.ua)
^ Yurchuk, V., Kuras, I. Communist Party of Ukraine (КОМУНІСТИЧНА ПАРТІЯ УКРАЇНИ). Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia.
Brian Becker. From inter-imperialist war to global class war: Understanding distinct stages of imperialism. Liberation School. 20 July 2018
First Imperialist War. Living Marxism.
The First Imperialist. The critical review of the official version (Первая империалистическая. Критика официальной версии). KPRF.ru. 2 August 2018
Aleksandr Gorianin. About actual characteristics of the World War I: imperialist or what other? (О действительном характере Первой Мировой войны: империалистическая или какая-то иная?). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 February 1997
^ Kulchytskyi, S. The Lenin's April Theses (КВІТНЕВІ ТЕЗИ В.ЛЕНІНА). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. 2007
Центральный Комитет, избранный I-м съездом КП(б) Украины 12.7.1918, члены.
Yefimenko, H. Creation of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine (Створення Комуністичної партії (більшовиків) України) Archived 28 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. V tsei den istorii. 5 July 2018
Yefimenko, H. To the Soviet Russia. How the Ukrainian Communists "incorrect direction" were electing (До совітської Росії. Як комуністи України "неправильний напрям" обрали) Archived 23 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. DS News. 22 October 2018
Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands : Europe between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02290-8. OCLC 688506397.
Коммунистическая партия Украины
Про зміни і доповнення Конституції (Основного Закону) Української РСР
The Communist Party of Ukraine statute (Статут Комуністичної партії України) Archived 14 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Communist Party of Ukraine (www.kpu.ua)
The Central Committee elected at the 1st Congress of the CP(b)U 12.07. 1918, members (Центральный Комитет, избранный I-м съездом КП(б) Украины 12.7.1918, члены). Handbook on history of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union 1898–1991.
Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CP(b) – CP of Ukraine (Секретариат ЦК КП(б) - КП Украины). Handbook on history of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union 1898–1991.

External links

Dmitricheva, O., Rakhmanin, S. Ukraine partisan. Part IV. Communist. Mirror Weekly. 1 March 2002.
Shurkhalo, D. How 100 years ago in Moscow was created the CP(b)U (Як 100 років тому у Москві створили КП(б)У). Radio Liberty. 12 August 2018
Personnel composition of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) – Communist Party of Ukraine (Персональный состав Центрального комитета КП(б) - КП Украины). Handbook on history of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union 1898–1991 (www.knowbysight.info).
Communist Party of Ukraine. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. (in English)
Project: According to the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. Ukraine SIG (www.jewishgen.org).

Communism in Ukraine

Political parties and
organizations

Origin	Communist Party of Ukraine Ukrainian Communist Party (1920–1925) Ukrainian Communist Party (Borotbists) (1918–1920) Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion) Ukrainian Communist Union (Bund) Borbysts Communist Party of Western Ukraine Ukrainian Peasants-Workers Socialist Association (Sel-Rob) Group of Ukrainian Communists Abroad
Successors	Communist Party of Ukraine Socialist Party of Ukraine Peasant Party of Ukraine Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed) Communist Party of Workers and Peasants Workers Party of Ukraine (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed) Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine

History and main
subjects

Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine and Communist Party of Ukraine

Central Committee

First (General) Secretaries	Georgy Pyatakov (1918) Serafima Hopner (1918) Emanuel Kviring (1918–1919) Georgy Pyatakov (1919) Stanislav Kosior (1919) Nikolay Bestchetvertnoi (1920) Vyacheslav Molotov (1920–1921) Dmitry Manuilsky (1921–1923) Emanuel Kviring (1923–1925) Lazar Kaganovich (1925–1928) Stanislav Kosior (1928–1938) Nikita Khrushchev (1938–1947) Lazar Kaganovich (1947) Nikita Khrushchev (1947–1949) Leonid Melnikov (1949–1953) Alexei Kirichenko (1953–1957) Nikolai Podgorny (1957–1963) Petr Shelest (1963–1972) Vladimir Scherbitsky (1972–1989) Vladimir Ivashko (1989–1990) Stanislav Gurenko (1990–1991)
Decision-making bodies	Politburo / Presidium Secretariat Orgburo Control Commission
Publications	Visti VUCVK Kommunist / Radyanska Ukraina Pravda Ukrainy

Party assemblies

Congresses	1st (1918) 2nd (1918) 3rd (1919) 4th (1920) 5th (1920) 6th (1921) 7th (1923) 8th (1924) 9th (1925) 10th (1927) 11th (1930) 12th (1934) 13th (1937) 14th (1938) 15th (1940) 16th (1949) 17th (1952) 18th (1954) 19th (1956) 20th (1959) 21st (1960) 22nd (1961) 23rd (1966) 24th (1971) 25th (1976) 26th (1981) 27th (1986) 28th (1990)
Conferences	1st (1926) 2nd (1929) 3rd (1932)

Elected by Congress

Central Committee	1st (Jul.–Oct. 1918) 2nd (1918–1919)

Successors

Socialist Party of Ukraine (1991–2022)
Peasant Party of Ukraine (1992)
Communist Party of Ukraine (1993–2015)
Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed) (2000–2015)
Communist Party of Workers and Peasants (2001–2015)
Workers Party of Ukraine (Marxist–Leninist) (2012)

Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Central Committee

Leaders	Vladimir Lenin (1912–24) Joseph Stalin (1924–53) Nikita Khrushchev (1953–64) Leonid Brezhnev (1964–82) Yuri Andropov (1982–84) Konstantin Chernenko (1984–85) Mikhail Gorbachev (1985–91)
General Secretaries	Elena Stasova (1917–18) Yakov Sverdlov (1918–19) Elena Stasova (Mar.–Dec. 1919) Nikolay Krestinsky (1919–21) Vyacheslav Molotov (1921–22) Joseph Stalin (1922–52) Nikita Khrushchev (1953–64) Leonid Brezhnev (1964–82) Yuri Andropov (1982–84) Konstantin Chernenko (1984–85) Mikhail Gorbachev (1985–91) Vladimir Ivashko (acting, Aug. 1991)
Decision-making bodies	Politburo / Presidium Secretariat Orgburo Control Commission
Departments	Administrative Organs Agriculture Chemical Industry Construction Culture Defence Industry Foreign Cadres General Heavy Industry Information International Light- and Food Industry Machine Industry Organisational-party Work Planning and Financial Organs Political Administration of the Armed Forces Propaganda Science and Education Trade and Consumers' Services Transportation-Communications Women
Publications	Pravda Bolshevik / Kommunist

National meetings

Congress	1st (1898) 2nd (1903) 3rd (1905) 4th (1906) 5th (1907) 6th (1917) 7th (1918) 8th (1919) 9th (1920) 10th (1921) 11th (1922) 12th (1923) 13th (1924) 14th (1925) 15th (1927) 16th (1930) 17th (1934) 18th (1939) 19th (1952) 20th (1956) 21st (1959) 22nd (1961) 23rd (1966) 24th (1971) 25th (1976) 26th (1981) 27th (1986) 28th (1990)
Conference	1st (1905) 2nd (1906) 3rd (Aug. 1907) 4th (Nov. 1907) 5th (1908) 6th (1912) 7th (1917) 8th (1919) 9th (1920) 10th (May 1921) 11th (Dec. 1921) 12th (1922) 13th (1924) 14th (1925) 15th (1926) 16th (1929) 17th (1932) 18th (1941) 19th (1988)

Leadership sittings

Elected by the
Central Committee

Politburo	Aug.–Oct. 1917 Oct.–Dec. 1917 6th (1917–18) 7th (1918–19) 8th (1919–20) 9th (1920–21) 10th (1921–22) 11th (1922–23) 12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34) 17th (1934–39) 18th (1939–52) 19th (1952–56) 20th (1956–61) 22nd (1961–66) 23rd (1966–71) 24th (1971–76) 25th (1976–81) 26th (1981–86) 27th (1986–90) 28th (1990–91)
Secretariat	6th (1917–18) 7th (1918–19) 8th (1919–20) 9th (1920–21) 10th (1921–22) 11th (1922–23) 12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34) 17th (1934–39) 18th (1939–52) 19th (1952–56) 20th (1956–61) 22nd (1961–66) 23rd (1966–71) 24th (1971–76) 25th (1976–81) 26th (1981–86) 27th (1986–90) 28th (1990–91)
Orgburo	7th (Jan.–Mar. 1919) 8th (1919–20) 9th (1920–21) 10th (1921–22) 11th (1922–23) 12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34) 17th (1934–39) 18th (1939–52)
Control Committee	17th (1934–39) 18th (1939–52) 19th (1952–56) 20th (1956–61) 22nd (1961–66) 23rd (1966–71) 24th (1971–76) 25th (1976–81) 26th (1981–86) 27th (1986–90)

Elected by the Central
Control Commission

Presidium	12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34) 28th (1990–91)
Secretariat	12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27)
Collegium	12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34)

Elected by
Congress

Central Committee	1st (1898–1903) 2nd (1903–05) 3rd (Apr.–Dec. 1905) CC of the 1st Conf. (1905–06) 4th (1906–07) 5th (1907–12) CC of the 6th Conf. (1912–17) CC of the 7th Conf. (Apr.–Aug. 1917) 6th (1917–18) 7th (1918–19) 8th (1919–20) 9th (1920–21) 10th (1921–22) 11th (1922–23) 12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34) 17th (1934–39) 18th (1939–52) 19th (1952–56) 20th (1956–61) 22nd (1961–66) 23rd (1966–71) 24th (1971–76) 25th (1976–81) 26th (1981–86) 27th (1986–90) 28th (1990–91)
Auditing Commission	8th (1919–21) 10th (1921–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34) 17th (1934–39) 18th (1939–52) 19th (1952–56) 20th (1956–61) 22nd (1961–66) 23rd (1966–71) 24th (1971–76) 25th (1976–81) 26th (1981–86) 27th (1986–90)
Control Commission	9th (1920–21) 10th (1921–22) 11th (1922–23) 12th (1923–24) 13th (1924–25) 14th (1925–27) 15th (1927–30) 16th (1930–34) 28th (1990–91)

Wider organisation

Republican-level	Armenian Azerbaijani Byelorussian Bukharan Estonian Georgian Karelo-Finnish Kazakh Khorezmi Kirghiz Latvian Lithuanian Moldavian Russian SFSR Tajik Transcaucasian Turkestani Turkmen Ukrainian Uzbek

Local-level	Obkom Okrugkom Gorkom Raikom Partkom

Other organs	Statute All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol) Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy

Groupings

Ban on factions
Group of Democratic Centralism (1919–21)
Workers' Opposition (1920–21)
Workers' Truth (1921–23)
Left Opposition (1923–27)
Workers' Group (1923–30)
Right Opposition (1924–33)
United Opposition (1926–27)
Left-Right Bloc (1930)
Union of Marxist-Leninists (1932)
Bloc of Soviet Oppositions (1932–33)
Anti-Party Group (1957)
Soyuz (1990–91)
State Committee on the State of Emergency (1991)

v t e Modern Ukraine after the Russian Revolution (1917–1921)
Universals (Central Council of Ukraine) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Act Zluky
Ukrainian national states	Ukrainian People's Republic Ukrainian State Ukrainian People's Republic (led by Directorate)
Crimean national states	Crimean People's Republic Crimean Regional Government
Soviet states	Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets Ukrainian Soviet Republic Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic Odessa Soviet Republic Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
Other territories	West Ukrainian People's Republic Makhnovshchina Kholodny Yar Republic Kuban People's Republic
Parliaments	Central Council of Ukraine Minor Council Directorate Constituent Assembly Central Executive Committee of Ukraine
Political parties	Ukrainian Socialist Parties USDLP independent left Socialists-Sovereigns UPSF UPSR Borotbists Ukrainian Social Democratic Party Ukrainian Radical Party Soviet of Peasants Deputies Ukrainian Peasant Society Soviet of Workers Deputies Soviet of Soldiers Deputies Jewish Socialist Parties Fareynikte The Bund Poalei Zion Polish Socialist Parties Polish Democratic Center Party Polish Socialist Party Russian Socialist Parties Socialist Revolutionary Party Left Bolsheviks Mensheviks Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance
Major figures	Mykhailo Hrushevsky Volodymyr Vynnychenko Vsevolod Holubovych Symon Petliura Pavlo Skoropadskyi Noman Çelebicihan Yukhym Medvediev Volodymyr Zatonsky Georgiy Pyatakov Yuri Gaven Béla Kun Nestor Makhno Maria Nikiforova
All-Ukrainian National Congress Congress of the Enslaved Peoples of Russia All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets Labor Congress of Ukraine

v t e Left-wing political parties in Ukraine
Registered parties	Batkivshchyna Christian Socialists Hromada Justice Party Party of Regions Peasant Party of Ukraine Radical Party of Oleh Liashko Social Democratic Party of Ukraine Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) Social Democratic Union Socialist Ukraine Spade
Unregistered parties	Borotba Communist Party of Ukraine Communist Party of the Soviet Union (2001) Union of Communists of Ukraine Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Social Movement
Defunct parties	Communist Party of the Donetsk People's Republic Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed) Communist Party of Workers and Peasants Derzhava Jewish Communist Labour Bund Jewish Communist Party Left Opposition Left Socialist-Revolutionaries Ukrainian Party of Left Socialists-Revolutionaries Moldavian Progressive Party Nashi Organization of Marxists Party of Democratic Revival of Ukraine Revolutionary Ukrainian Party Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Socialist Party of Ukraine Ukraine – Forward! Ukrainian Communist Party Ukrainian Party of Communists-Borotbists Ukrainian Party of Socialists-Federalists Ukrainian Party of Socialist Independists Ukrainian Radical Party Ukrainian Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries Ukrainian Peasant Democratic Party Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party Ukrainian Social-Democratic League Union of Left Forces United Jewish Socialist Workers Party Workers Party of Ukraine (Marxist–Leninist) Workers Resistance

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