Google Translate - Misplaced Pages

(Redirected from Google translate) Multilingual neural machine translation service

Google Translate

Google Translate website homepage
Type of site	Neural machine translation
Available in	249 languages; see below
Owner	Google
URL	translate.google.com
Commercial	Yes
Registration	Optional
Users	Over 500 million people daily
Launched	April 28, 2006; 18 years ago (2006-04-28) (as statistical machine translation) November 15, 2016; 8 years ago (2016-11-15) (as neural machine translation)
Current status	Active

Google Translate is a multilingual neural machine translation service developed by Google to translate text, documents and websites from one language into another. It offers a website interface, a mobile app for Android and iOS, as well as an API that helps developers build browser extensions and software applications. As of December 2024, Google Translate supports 249 languages and language varieties at various levels. It served over 200 million people daily in May 2013, and over 500 million total users as of April 2016, with more than 100 billion words translated daily.

Launched in April 2006 as a statistical machine translation service, it originally used United Nations and European Parliament documents and transcripts to gather linguistic data. Rather than translating languages directly, it first translated text to English and then pivoted to the target language in most of the language combinations it posited in its grid, with a few exceptions including Catalan–Spanish. During a translation, it looked for patterns in millions of documents to help decide which words to choose and how to arrange them in the target language. In recent years, it has used a deep learning model to power its translations. Its accuracy, which has been criticized on several occasions, has been measured to vary greatly across languages. In November 2016, Google announced that Google Translate would switch to a neural machine translation engine – Google Neural Machine Translation (GNMT) – which translated "whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece. It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar".

History

Google Translate is a web-based free-to-use translation service developed by Google in April 2006. It translates multiple forms of texts and media such as words, phrases and webpages.

Originally, Google Translate was released as a statistical machine translation (SMT) service. The input text had to be translated into English first before being translated into the selected language. Since SMT uses predictive algorithms to translate text, it had poor grammatical accuracy. Despite this, Google initially did not hire experts to resolve this limitation due to the ever-evolving nature of language.

In January 2010, Google introduced an Android app and iOS version in February 2011 to serve as a portable personal interpreter. As of February 2010, it was integrated into browsers such as Chrome and was able to pronounce the translated text, automatically recognize words in a picture and spot unfamiliar text and languages.

In May 2014, Google acquired Word Lens to improve the quality of visual and voice translation. It is able to scan text or a picture using the device and have it translated instantly. Moreover, the system automatically identifies foreign languages and translates speech without requiring individuals to tap the microphone button whenever speech translation is needed.

In November 2016, Google transitioned its translating method to a system called neural machine translation. It uses deep learning techniques to translate whole sentences at a time, which has been measured to be more accurate between English and French, German, Spanish, and Chinese. No measurement results have been provided by Google researchers for GNMT from English to other languages, other languages to English, or between language pairs that do not include English. As of 2018, it translates more than 100 billion words a day.

In 2017, Google Translate was used during a court hearing when court officials at Teesside Magistrates' Court failed to book an interpreter for the Chinese defendant.

A petition for Google to add Cree to Google Translate was created in 2021, but it was not one of the languages in development at the time of the Translate Community's closure.

At the end of September 2022, Google Translate was discontinued in mainland China, which Google said was due to "low usage".

In 2024, a record of 110 languages including Cantonese, Tok Pisin and some regional languages in Russia including Bashkir, Chechen, Ossetian and Crimean Tatar were added. The languages were added through the help of PaLM 2 AI model.

Functions

Google Translate can translate multiple forms of text and media, which includes text, speech, and text within still or moving images. Specifically, its functions include:

Written Words Translation: a function that translates written words or text to a foreign language.
Website Translation: a function that translates a whole webpage to selected languages.
Document Translation: a function that translates a document uploaded by the users to selected languages. The documents should be in the form of: .doc, .docx, .odf, .pdf, .ppt, .pptx, .ps, .rtf, .txt, .xls, .xlsx.
Speech Translation: a function that instantly translates spoken language into the selected foreign language.
Mobile App Translation: in 2018, Google introduced its new Google Translate feature called "Tap to Translate", which made instant translation accessible inside any app without exiting or switching it.
Image Translation: a function that identifies text in a picture taken by the users and translates text on the screen instantly by images.
Handwritten Translation: a function that translates language that are handwritten on the phone screen or drawn on a virtual keyboard without the support of a keyboard.
Bilingual Conversation Translation: a function that translates conversations in multiple languages.
Transcription: a function that transcribes speech in different languages.

For most of its features, Google Translate provides the pronunciation, dictionary, and listening to translation. Additionally, Google Translate has introduced its own Translate app, so translation is available with a mobile phone in offline mode.

Features

Web interface

Google Translate produces approximations across languages of multiple forms of text and media, including text, speech, websites, or text on display in still or live video images. For some languages, Google Translate can synthesize speech from text, and in certain pairs it is possible to highlight specific corresponding words and phrases between the source and target text. Results are sometimes shown with dictional information below the translation box, but it is not a dictionary and has been shown to invent translations in all languages for words it does not recognize. If "Detect language" is selected, text in an unknown language can be automatically identified. In the web interface, users can suggest alternate translations, such as for technical terms, or correct mistakes. These suggestions may be included in future updates to the translation process. If a user enters a URL in the source text, Google Translate will produce a hyperlink to a machine translation of the website. Users can save translation proposals in a "phrasebook" for later use, and a shareable URL is generated for each translation. For some languages, text can be entered via an on-screen keyboard, whether through handwriting recognition or speech recognition. It is possible to enter searches in a source language that are first translated to a destination language allowing one to browse and interpret results from the selected destination language in the source language.

Texts written in the Arabic, Cyrillic, Devanagari and Greek scripts can be automatically transliterated from their phonetic equivalents written in the Latin alphabet. The browser version of Google Translate provides the option to show phonetic equivalents of text translated from Japanese to English. The same option is not available on the paid API version.

Many of the more popular languages have a "text-to-speech" audio function that is able to read back a text in that language, up to several hundred words or so. In the case of pluricentric languages, the accent depends on the region: for English, in the Americas, most of the Asia–Pacific and West Asia, the audio uses a female General American accent, whereas in Europe, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Guyana and all other parts of the world, a female British (Received Pronunciation) accent is used, except for a special General Australian accent used in Australia, New Zealand and Norfolk Island, and an Indian English accent used in India; for Spanish, in the Americas, a Latin American accent is used, while in other parts of the world, a Castilian accent is used; for French, a Quebec accent is used in Canada, while in other parts of the world, a standard European accent is used; for Bengali, a male Bangladeshi accent is used, except in India, where a special female Indian Bengali accent is used instead. Until March 2023, some less widely spoken languages used the open-source eSpeak synthesizer for their speech; producing a robotic, awkward voice that may be difficult to understand.

Browser integration

Google Translate is available in some web browsers as an optional downloadable extension that can run the translation engine, which allow right-click command access to the translation service. In February 2010, Google Translate was integrated into the Google Chrome browser by default, for optional automatic webpage translation.

Mobile app

Google Translate

Screenshot

A screenshot of the Android app of Google Translate

Developer(s)

Google

Initial release

January 1, 2010; 14 years ago (2010-01-01) (for Android)
February 8, 2011; 13 years ago (2011-02-08) (for iOS)

Stable release(s) [±]

Android	8.22.46 (Build 698958551.3) / 26 November 2024; 25 days ago (2024-11-26)
iOS	8.21.571 / 12 November 2024; 39 days ago (2024-11-12)
Google Chrome	2.0.16 / 5 September 2024; 3 months ago (2024-09-05)

Platform

Android 6.0 and later
iOS 12.4 and later

Size

37.44 MB (Android)
177.4 MB (iOS)

Available in

249 languages; see below

Type

Neural machine translation

Website

translate.google.com/m?hl=en

The Google Translate app for Android and iOS supports 249 languages and can propose translations for 37 languages via photo, 32 via voice in "conversation mode", and 27 via live video imagery in "augmented reality mode".

The Android app was released in January 2010, and for iOS on February 8, 2011, after an HTML5 web application was released for iOS users in August 2008. The Android app is compatible with devices running at least Android 2.1, while the iOS app is compatible with iPod Touches, iPads and iPhones updated to iOS 7.0+.

A January 2011 Android version experimented with a "Conversation Mode" that aims to allow users to communicate fluidly with a nearby person in another language. Originally limited to English and Spanish, the feature received support for 12 new languages, still in testing, the following October.

The 'Camera input' functionality allows users to take a photograph of a document, signboard, etc. Google Translate recognises the text from the image using optical character recognition (OCR) technology and gives the translation. Camera input is not available for all languages.

In January 2015, the apps gained the ability to propose translations of physical signs in real time using the device's camera, as a result of Google's acquisition of the Word Lens app. The original January launch only supported seven languages, but a July update added support for 20 new languages, with the release of a new implementation that utilizes convolutional neural networks, and also enhanced the speed and quality of Conversation Mode translations (augmented reality). The feature was subsequently renamed Instant Camera. The technology underlying Instant Camera combines image processing and optical character recognition, then attempts to produce cross-language equivalents using standard Google Translate estimations for the text as it is perceived.

On May 11, 2016, Google introduced Tap to Translate for Google Translate for Android. Upon highlighting text in an app that is in a foreign language, Translate will pop up inside of the app and offer translations.

API

On May 26, 2011, Google announced that the Google Translate API for software developers had been deprecated and would cease functioning. The Translate API page stated the reason as "substantial economic burden caused by extensive abuse" with an end date set for December 1, 2011. In response to public pressure, Google announced in June 2011 that the API would continue to be available as a paid service.

Because the API was used in numerous third-party websites and apps, the original decision to deprecate it led some developers to criticize Google and question the viability of using Google APIs in their products.

Google Assistant

Google Translate also provides translations for Google Assistant and the devices that Google Assistant runs on such as Google Nest and Pixel Buds.

Supported languages

As of December 2024, the following 249 languages, dialects and language varieties written in different scripts (240 unique languages and dialects) are supported by Google Translate.

Languages with text-to-speech support

As of December 2024, the following 68 languages, dialects and language varieties currently have text-to-speech support.

Stages

History

(by chronological order of introduction)

1st stage
1. English to and from French
2. English to and from German
3. English to and from Spanish
2nd stage
1. English to and from Portuguese (Brazil)
3rd stage
1. English to and from Italian
4th stage
1. English to and from Chinese (Simplified)
2. English to and from Japanese
3. English to and from Korean
5th stage (launched April 28, 2006)
1. English to and from Arabic
6th stage (launched December 16, 2006)
1. English to and from Russian
7th stage (launched February 9, 2007)
1. English to and from Chinese (Traditional)
2. Chinese ((Simplified) to and from Traditional)
8th stage (all 25 language pairs use Google's machine translation system) (launched October 22, 2007)
1. English to and from Dutch
2. English to and from Greek
9th stage
1. English to and from Hindi
10th stage (as of this stage, translation can be done between any two languages, using English as an intermediate step, if needed) (launched May 8, 2008)
1. Bulgarian
2. Croatian
3. Czech
4. Danish
5. Finnish
6. Norwegian (Bokmål)
7. Polish
8. Romanian
9. Swedish
11th stage (launched September 25, 2008)
1. Catalan
2. Filipino (Tagalog)
3. Hebrew
4. Indonesian
5. Latvian
6. Lithuanian
7. Serbian
8. Slovak
9. Slovene
10. Ukrainian
11. Vietnamese
12th stage (launched January 30, 2009)
1. Albanian
2. Estonian
3. Galician
4. Hungarian
5. Maltese
6. Thai
7. Turkish
13th stage (launched June 19, 2009)
1. Persian
14th stage (launched August 24, 2009)
1. Afrikaans
2. Belarusian
3. Icelandic
4. Irish
5. Macedonian
6. Malay
7. Swahili
8. Welsh
9. Yiddish
15th stage (launched November 19, 2009)
1. The Beta stage is finished. Users can now choose to have the romanization written for Belarusian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Greek, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Thai and Ukrainian. For translations from Arabic, Hindi and Persian, the user can enter a Latin transliteration of the text and the text will be transliterated to the native script for these languages as the user is typing. The text can now be read by a text-to-speech program in English, French, German and Italian.
16th stage (launched January 30, 2010)
1. Haitian Creole
17th stage (launched April 2010)
1. Speech program launched in Hindi and Spanish.
18th stage (launched May 5, 2010)
1. Speech program launched in Afrikaans, Albanian, Catalan, Chinese (Mandarin), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Latvian, Macedonian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Swahili, Swedish, Turkish, Vietnamese and Welsh (based on eSpeak).
19th stage (launched May 13, 2010)
1. Armenian
2. Azerbaijani
3. Basque
4. Georgian
5. Urdu
20th stage (launched June 2010)
1. Provides romanization for Arabic.
21st stage (launched September 2010)
1. Allows phonetic typing for Arabic, Greek, Hindi, Persian, Russian, Serbian and Urdu.
2. Latin
22nd stage (launched December 2010)
1. Romanization of Arabic removed.
2. Spell check added.
3. For some languages, Google replaced text-to-speech synthesizers from eSpeak's robot voice to native speaker's nature voice technologies made by SVOX (Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Swedish and Turkish), and also the old versions of French, German, Italian and Spanish; Latin uses the same synthesizer as Italian.
4. Speech program launched in Arabic, Japanese and Korean.
23rd stage (launched January 2011)
1. Choice of different translations for a word.
24th stage (launched June 2011)
- 5 new Indic languages (in alpha) and a transliterated input method:
1. Bengali
2. Gujarati
3. Kannada
4. Tamil
5. Telugu
25th stage (launched July 2011)
1. Translation rating introduced.
26th stage (launched January 2012)
1. Dutch male voice synthesizer replaced with female.
2. Elena by SVOX replaced the Slovak eSpeak voice.
3. Transliteration of Yiddish added.
27th stage (launched February 2012)
1. Speech program launched in Thai.
2. Esperanto
28th stage (launched September 2012)
1. Lao
29th stage (launched October 2012)
1. Transliteration of Lao added. (alpha status)
30th stage (launched October 2012)
1. New speech program launched in English.
31st stage (launched November 2012)
1. New speech program in French, German, Italian, Latin and Spanish.
32nd stage (launched March 2013)
1. Phrasebook added.
33rd stage (launched April 2013)
1. Khmer
34th stage (launched May 2013)
1. Bosnian
2. Cebuano
3. Hmong
4. Javanese
5. Marathi
35th stage (launched May 2013)
1. 16 additional languages can be used with camera-input: Bulgarian, Catalan, Croatian, Danish, Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Indonesian, Icelandic, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian and Swedish.
36th stage (launched December 2013)
1. Hausa
2. Igbo
3. Maori
4. Mongolian
5. Nepali
6. Punjabi (Gurmukhi)
7. Somali
8. Yoruba
9. Zulu
37th stage (launched June 2014)
1. Definition of words added.
38th stage (launched December 2014)
1. Burmese
2. Chewa
3. Kazakh
4. Malagasy
5. Malayalam
6. Sinhala
7. Sotho
8. Sundanese
9. Tajik
10. Uzbek
39th stage (launched October 2015)
1. Transliteration of Arabic restored.
40th stage (launched November 2015)
1. Aurebesh
41st stage (launched February 2016)
1. Aurebesh removed.
2. Speech program launched in Bengali.
3. Amharic
4. Corsican
5. Hawaiian
6. Kurdish (Kurmanji)
7. Kyrgyz
8. Luxembourgish
9. Pashto
10. Samoan
11. Scottish Gaelic
12. Shona
13. Sindhi
14. West Frisian
15. Xhosa
42nd stage (launched September 2016)
1. Speech program launched in Ukrainian.
43rd stage (launched December 2016)
1. Speech program launched in Khmer and Sinhala.
44th stage (launched June 2018)
1. Speech program launched in Burmese, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali and Telugu.
45th stage (launched September 2019)
1. Speech program launched in Gujarati, Kannada and Urdu.
46th stage (launched February 2020)
1. Kinyarwanda
2. Odia
3. Tatar
4. Turkmen
5. Uyghur
47th stage (launched February 2021)
1. Speech program launched in Afrikaans, Bulgarian, Catalan, Icelandic, Latvian, and Serbian (changed from eSpeak to a natural voice).
2. New speech system (WaveNet) for several languages.
48th stage (launched January 2022)
1. Speech program launched in Hebrew.
49th stage (launched May 2022)
1. Assamese
2. Aymara
3. Bambara
4. Bhojpuri
5. Dogri
6. Ewe
7. Guarani
8. Ilocano
9. Konkani
10. Krio
11. Kurdish (Sorani)
12. Lingala
13. Luganda
14. Maithili
15. Maldivian
16. Meitei
17. Mizo
18. Northern Sotho
19. Oromo
20. Quechua
21. Sanskrit
22. Tigrinya
23. Tsonga
24. Twi
25. eSpeak voice synthesizer removed from Armenian, Esperanto, Macedonian and Welsh.
50th stage (launched November 2022)
1. Speech program launched in Albanian, Bosnian and Swahili (changed from eSpeak to natural).
2. New speech program launched in Malayalam, Marathi and Tamil.
51st stage (launched March 2023)
1. Speech program launched in Croatian (changed from eSpeak to natural).
52nd stage (launched April 2023)
1. Speech program launched in Welsh (only on Google search results).
2. New speech programs launched in Chinese (simplified and traditional), German, Indonesian, Malay, Malayalam, Tamil, and Telugu (Chinese, German, Indonesian, Malayalam and Tamil reverted from WaveNet).
53rd stage (launched June 2023)
1. Speech program launched in Lithuanian and Punjabi.
54th stage (launched June 2024)
1. Abkhaz
2. Acehnese
3. Acholi
4. Afar
5. Alur
6. Avar
7. Awadhi
8. Balinese
9. Baluchi
10. Baoulé
11. Bashkir
12. Batak Karo
13. Batak Simalungun
14. Batak Toba
15. Bemba
16. Betawi
17. Bikol
18. Breton
19. Buryat
20. Cantonese
21. Chamorro
22. Chechen
23. Chuukese
24. Chuvash
25. Crimean Tatar (Cyrillic)
26. Dari
27. Dinka
28. Dombe
29. Dyula
30. Dzongkha
31. Faroese
32. Fijian
33. Fon
34. Friulian
35. Fulani
36. Ga
37. Hakha Chin
38. Hiligaynon
39. Hunsrik
40. Iban
41. Jamaican Patois
42. Jingpo
43. Kalaallisut
44. Kanuri
45. Kapampangan
46. Khasi
47. Kiga
48. Kikongo
49. Kituba
50. Kokborok
51. Komi
52. Latgalian
53. Ligurian
54. Limburgish
55. Lombard
56. Luo
57. Madurese
58. Makassar
59. Malay (Jawi)
60. Mam
61. Manx
62. Marshallese
63. Marwadi
64. Mauritian Creole
65. Meadow Mari
66. Minang
67. Nahuatl (Eastern Huasteca)
68. Ndau
69. Ndebele (South)
70. Nepalbhasa (Newari)
71. NKo
72. Nuer
73. Occitan
74. Ossetian
75. Pangasinan
76. Papiamento
77. Portuguese (Portugal)
78. Punjabi (Shahmukhi)
79. Qʼeqchiʼ
80. Romani
81. Rundi
82. Sami (North)
83. Sango
84. Santali
85. Seychellois Creole
86. Shan
87. Sicilian
88. Silesian
89. Susu
90. Swati
91. Tahitian
92. Tamazight
93. Tamazight (Tifinagh)
94. Tetum
95. Tibetan
96. Tiv
97. Tok Pisin
98. Tongan
99. Tswana
100. Tulu
101. Tumbuka
102. Tuvan
103. Udmurt
104. Venda
105. Venetian
106. Waray
107. Wolof
108. Yakut
109. Yucatec Maya
110. Zapotec
111. Speech program launched in Amharic, Bulgarian, Cantonese, Galician, Hausa, and Welsh
55th stage (launched October 2024)
1. Crimean Tatar (Latin)
2. French (Canada)
3. Inuktut (Latin)
4. Inuktut (Syllabics)
5. Santali (Ol Chiki)
6. Tshiluba

Languages formerly in development and beta version

The following languages were not yet supported by Google Translate, but were available in the Translate Community at the time of its closure. As of March 2024, there were 102 languages in development, of which 8 were in beta version. In March 2024, Google phased out Contribute feature.

The languages in beta version were closer to their public release and had an exclusive extra option to contribute that allowed evaluating up to four translations of the beta version by translating an English text of up to 50 characters.

* indicates that the language is now available on Google Translate.

Translation methodology

In April 2006, Google Translate launched with a statistical machine translation engine.

Google Translate does not apply grammatical rules, since its algorithms are based on statistical or pattern analysis rather than traditional rule-based analysis. The system's original creator, Franz Josef Och, has criticized the effectiveness of rule-based algorithms in favor of statistical approaches. Original versions of Google Translate were based on a method called statistical machine translation, and more specifically, on research by Och who won the DARPA contest for speed machine translation in 2003. Och was the head of Google's machine translation group until leaving to join Human Longevity, Inc. in July 2014.

Google Translate does not directly translate from one language to another (L1 → L2). Instead, it often translates first to English and then to the target language (L1 → EN → L2). However, because English, like all human languages, is ambiguous and depends on context, this can cause translation errors. For example, translating vous from French to Russian gives vous → you → ты OR Bы/вы. If Google were using an unambiguous, artificial language as the intermediary, it would be vous → you → Bы/вы OR tu → thou → ты. Such a suffixing of words disambiguates their different meanings. Hence, publishing in English, using unambiguous words, providing context, or using expressions such as "you all" may or may not make a better one-step translation depending on the target language.

The following languages do not have a direct Google translation to or from English. These languages are translated through the indicated intermediate language (which in most cases is closely related to the desired language but more widely spoken) in addition to through English:

Belarusian (be ↔ ru ↔ en ↔ other);
Catalan (ca ↔ es ↔ en ↔ other);
Galician (gl ↔ pt ↔ en ↔ other);
Haitian Creole (ht ↔ fr ↔ en ↔ other);
Korean (ko ↔ ja ↔ en ↔ other);
Slovak (sk ↔ cs ↔ en ↔ other);
Ukrainian (uk ↔ ru ↔ en ↔ other);
Urdu (ur ↔ hi ↔ en ↔ other).

According to Och, a solid base for developing a usable statistical machine translation system for a new pair of languages from scratch would consist of a bilingual text corpus (or parallel collection) of more than 150–200 million words, and two monolingual corpora each of more than a billion words. Statistical models from these data are then used to translate between those languages. To acquire this huge amount of linguistic data, Google used United Nations and European Parliament documents and transcripts. The UN typically publishes documents in all six official UN languages, which has produced a very large 6-language corpus. Google representatives have been involved with domestic conferences in Japan where it has solicited bilingual data from researchers.

When Google Translate generates a translation proposal, it looks for patterns in hundreds of millions of documents to help decide on the best translation. By detecting patterns in documents that have already been translated by human translators, Google Translate makes informed guesses (AI) as to what an appropriate translation should be.

Before October 2007, for languages other than Arabic, Chinese and Russian, Google Translate was based on SYSTRAN, a software engine which is still used by several other online translation services such as Babel Fish (now defunct). From October 2007, Google Translate used proprietary, in-house technology based on statistical machine translation instead, before transitioning to neural machine translation.

Google Translate Community

Google used to have crowdsourcing features for volunteers to be a part of its "Translate Community", intended to help improve Google Translate's accuracy. Volunteers could select up to five languages to help improve translation; users could verify translated phrases and translate phrases in their languages to and from English, helping to improve the accuracy of translating more rare and complex phrases. In August 2016, a Google Crowdsource app was released for Android users, in which translation tasks are offered. There were three ways to contribute. First, Google showed a phrase that one should type in the translated version. Second, Google showed a proposed translation for a user to agree, disagree, or skip. Third, users could suggest translations for phrases where they think they can improve on Google's results. Tests in 44 languages showed that the "suggest an edit" feature led to an improvement in a maximum of 40% of cases over four years. Despite its role in improving translation quality and expanding language coverage, Google closed the Translate Community on March 28, 2024.

Statistical machine translation

Although Google has deployed a new system called neural machine translation for better quality translation, there are languages that still use the traditional translation method called statistical machine translation. It is a rule-based translation method that uses predictive algorithms to guess ways to translate texts in foreign languages. It aims to translate whole phrases rather than single words then gather overlapping phrases for translation. Moreover, it also analyzes bilingual text corpora to generate a statistical model that translates texts from one language to another.

Neural machine translation

In September 2016, a research team at Google announced the development of the Google Neural Machine Translation system (GNMT) to increase fluency and accuracy in Google Translate and in November announced that Google Translate would switch to GNMT.

Google Translate's neural machine translation system used a large end-to-end artificial neural network that attempts to perform deep learning, in particular, long short-term memory networks. GNMT improved the quality of translation over SMT in some instances because it uses an example-based machine translation (EBMT) method in which the system "learns from millions of examples." According to Google researchers, it translated "whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece. It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar". GNMT's "proposed architecture" of "system learning" has been implemented on over a hundred languages supported by Google Translate. With the end-to-end framework, Google states but does not demonstrate for most languages that "the system learns over time to create better, more natural translations." The GNMT network attempts interlingual machine translation, which encodes the "semantics of the sentence rather than simply memorizing phrase-to-phrase translations", and the system did not invent its own universal language, but uses "the commonality found in between many languages". GNMT was first enabled for eight languages: to and from English and Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Turkish. In March 2017, it was enabled for Hindi, Russian and Vietnamese, followed by Bengali, Gujarati, Indonesian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil and Telugu in April.

Since 2020, Google has phased out GNMT and has implemented deep learning networks based on transformers.

Accuracy

Google Translate is not as reliable as human translation. When text is well-structured, written using formal language, with simple sentences, relating to formal topics for which training data is ample, it often produces conversions similar to human translations between English and a number of high-resource languages. Accuracy decreases for those languages when fewer of those conditions apply, for example when sentence length increases or the text uses familiar or literary language. For many other languages vis-à-vis English, it can produce the gist of text in those formal circumstances. Human evaluation from English to all 102 languages shows that the main idea of a text is conveyed more than 50% of the time for 35 languages. For 67 languages, a minimally comprehensible result is not achieved 50% of the time or greater. A few studies have evaluated Chinese, French, German, and Spanish to English, but no systematic human evaluation has been conducted from most Google Translate languages to English. Speculative language-to-language scores extrapolated from English-to-other measurements indicate that Google Translate will produce translation results that convey the gist of a text from one language to another more than half the time in about 1% of language pairs, where neither language is English. Research conducted in 2011 showed that Google Translate got a slightly higher score than the UCLA minimum score for the English Proficiency Exam. Due to its identical choice of words without considering the flexibility of choosing alternative words or expressions, it produces a relatively similar translation to human translation from the perspective of formality, referential cohesion, and conceptual cohesion. Moreover, a number of languages are translated into a sentence structure and sentence length similar to a human translation. Furthermore, Google carried out a test that required native speakers of each language to rate the translation on a scale between 0 and 6, and Google Translate scored 5.43 on average.

When used as a dictionary to translate single words, Google Translate is highly inaccurate because it must guess between polysemic words. Among the top 100 words in the English language, which make up more than 50% of all written English, the average word has more than 15 senses, which makes the odds against a correct translation about 15 to 1 if each sense maps to a different word in the target language. Most common English words have at least two senses, which produces 50/50 odds in the likely case that the target language uses different words for those different senses. The odds are similar from other languages to English. Google Translate makes statistical guesses that raise the likelihood of producing the most frequent sense of a word, with the consequence that an accurate translation will be unobtainable in cases that do not match the majority or plurality corpus occurrence. The accuracy of single-word predictions has not been measured for any language. Because almost all non-English language pairs pivot through English, the odds against obtaining accurate single-word translations from one non-English language to another can be estimated by multiplying the number of senses in the source language with the number of senses each of those terms have in English. When Google Translate does not have a word in its vocabulary, it makes up a result as part of its algorithm.

Limitations

Google Translate, like other automatic translation tools, has its limitations, struggles with polysemy (the multiple meanings a word may have) and multiword expressions (terms that have meanings that cannot be understood or translated by analyzing the individual word units that compose them). A word in a foreign language might have two different meanings in the translated language. This might lead to mistranslation. Additionally, grammatical errors remain a major limitation to the accuracy of Google Translate. Google Translate struggles to differentiate between imperfect and perfect aspects in Romance languages. The subjunctive mood is often erroneous. Moreover, the formal second person (vous) is often chosen, whatever the context. Since its English reference material contains only "you" forms, it has difficulty translating a language with "you all" or formal "you" variations.

Due to differences between languages in investment, research, and the extent of digital resources, the accuracy of Google Translate varies greatly among languages. Some languages produce better results than others. Most languages from Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, tend to score poorly in relation to the scores of many well-financed European languages, Afrikaans and Chinese being the high-scoring exceptions from their continents. No languages indigenous to Australia are included within Google Translate. Higher scores for European can be partially attributed to the Europarl Corpus, a trove of documents from the European Parliament that have been professionally translated by the mandate of the European Union into as many as 21 languages. A 2010 analysis indicated that French to English translation is relatively accurate, and 2011 and 2012 analyses showed that Italian to English translation is relatively accurate as well. However, if the source text is shorter, rule-based machine translations often perform better; this effect is particularly evident in Chinese to English translations. While edits of translations may be submitted, in Chinese specifically one cannot edit sentences as a whole. Instead, one must edit sometimes arbitrary sets of characters, leading to incorrect edits.

The service can be used as a dictionary by typing in words. One can translate from a book by using a scanner and an OCR like Google Drive. In its Written Words Translation function, there is a word limit on the amount of text that can be translated at once. Therefore, long text should be transferred to a document form and translated through its Document Translate function.

Open-source licenses and components

Language	WordNet	License
Albanian	Albanet	CC BY 3.0/GPL 3
Arabic	Arabic WordNet	CC BY-SA 3.0
Catalan	Multilingual Central Repository	CC BY 3.0
Chinese	Chinese Wordnet	Wordnet
Danish	DanNet	Wordnet
English	Princeton WordNet	Wordnet
Finnish	FinnWordNet	Wordnet
French	WOLF (WOrdnet Libre du Français)	CeCILL-C
Galician	Multilingual Central Repository	CC BY 3.0
Haitian Creole	MIT-Haiti Initiative	CC BY 4.0
Hebrew	Hebrew Wordnet	Wordnet
Indonesian	Wordnet Bahasa	MIT
Italian	MultiWordNet	CC BY 3.0
Japanese	Japanese Wordnet	Wordnet
Malay	Wordnet Bahasa	MIT
Norwegian	Norwegian Wordnet	Wordnet
Persian	Persian Wordnet	Free-to-use
Polish	plWordNet	Wordnet
Portuguese	OpenWN-PT	CC BY-SA 3.0
Spanish	Multilingual Central Repository	CC BY 3.0
Thai	Thai Wordnet	Wordnet

Irish language data from Foras na Gaeilge's New English-Irish Dictionary. (English database designed and developed for Foras na Gaeilge by Lexicography MasterClass Ltd.) Welsh language data from Gweiadur by Gwerin.

Certain content is copyrighted by Oxford University Press, United States. Some phrase translations come from Wikitravel.

Reviews

Shortly after launching the translation service for the first time, Google won an international competition for English–Arabic and English–Chinese machine translation.

Translation mistakes and oddities

Since Google Translate uses statistical matching to translate, translated text can often include apparently nonsensical and obvious errors, often swapping common terms for similar but nonequivalent common terms in the other language, as well as inverting sentence meaning. Novelty websites like Bad Translator and Translation Party have used the service to produce humorous text by translating back and forth between multiple languages, similar to the children's game telephone.

References

^ Och, Franz Josef (April 28, 2006). "Statistical machine translation live". Google AI Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on May 23, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
^ Turovsky, Barak (November 15, 2016). "Found in translation: More accurate, fluent sentences in Google Translate". The Keyword Google Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on April 7, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
"Translations Made Simple: The Usefulness of Translation Apps". Ulatus. April 8, 2020. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
^ "See which features work with each language". Google Translate. Google Inc. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
Caswell, Isaac (June 27, 2024). "110 new languages are coming to Google Translate". Google Translate Blog. Google Inc. Retrieved June 30, 2024.
Shankland, Stephen (May 18, 2013). "Google Translate now serves 200 million people daily". CNET. Red Ventures; CBS Interactive (at the time of publication). Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
Turovsky, Barak (April 28, 2016). "Ten years of Google Translate". Google Translate Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
^ Benjamin, Martin (April 1, 2019). "How GT Pivots through English". Teach You Backwards. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
Benjamin, Martin (April 1, 2019). "Catalan to Spanish Translations". Teach You Backwards. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
Hofstadter, Douglas (January 30, 2018). "The Shallowness of Google Translate". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
^ Benjamin, Martin (March 30, 2019). "Source data for Teach You Backwards: An In-Depth Study of Google Translate for 108 Languages". Teach You Backwards. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
^ Sommerlad, Joe (June 19, 2018). "Google Translate: How does the search giant's multilingual interpreter actually work?". The Independent. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
^ Petrovan, Bogdan (January 14, 2015). "Google Translate just got smarter: Word Lens and instant voice translations in the latest update". Android Authority. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
^ McGuire, Nick; Argondizzo, Peter (July 26, 2018). "How accurate is Google Translate in 2018?". ARGO Translation. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
^ Wu, Yonghui; Schuster, Mike; Chen, Zhifeng; Le, Quoc V.; Norouzi, Mohammad; Macherey, Wolfgang; Krikun, Maxim; Cao, Yuan; Gao, Qin; Macherey, Klaus; Klingner, Jeff; Shah, Apurva; Johnson, Melvin; Liu, Xiaobing; Kaiser, Łukasz; Gouws, Stephan; Kato, Yoshikiyo; Kudo, Taku; Kazawa, Hideto; Stevens, Keith; Kurian, George; Patil, Nishant; Wang, Wei; Young, Cliff; Smith, Jason; Riesa, Jason; Rudnick, Alex; Vinyals, Oriol; Corrado, Greg; Hughes, Macduff; Dean, Jeff (October 8, 2016). "Google's Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation". arXiv:1609.08144 . Retrieved May 14, 2017
Corcoran, Kieran (August 11, 2017). "A British court was forced to rely on Google Translate because it had no interpreter". Business Insider. Insider Inc., Axel Springer SE. Archived from the original on August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Chidley-Hill, John (February 21, 2021). "Online petition asks for Cree language to be added to Google Translate". CTV News, Bell Media (owner). The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
Beattie, Samantha (February 23, 2021). "Google Translate's Exclusion Of Indigenous Languages A 'Squandered' Opportunity". HuffPost Canada. BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
Wiggers, Kyle (September 30, 2022). "Google appears to have disabled Google Translate in parts of China". TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
Strumpf, Dan (October 3, 2022). "Google Pulls Translation App From China". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2022.
Joseph, Jibin (June 27, 2024). "Google Translate Adds Support for 110 Languages, Its Largest Expansion Ever". PCMag. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
Olga, Kusikova (June 28, 2024). "Стало известно, какие языки добавят в «Google Переводчик». Их больше 100" [It has become known which languages will be added to "Google Translate". There are more than 100 of them.]. RBK Group (in Russian). Retrieved July 4, 2024.
^ "Google Translate - A Personal Interpreter on Your Phone or Computer". Google Translate. Google Inc. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
^ "Google Translate Help". Google Inc. Archived from the original on June 3, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
^ "Translate written words". Google Translate Help. Google Inc. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
^ "Translate documents & webpages". Google Translate Help. Google Inc. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
^ "Translate by speech". Google Translate Help. Google Inc. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
"Translate text in other apps". Google Translate Help. Google Inc. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
"Translate images". Google Translate Help. Google Inc. Archived from the original on October 26, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
^ "Translate with handwriting or virtual keyboard". Google Translate Help. Google Inc. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
"Translate a bilingual conversation". Google Translate Help. Google Inc. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
"Transcribe in Google Translate". Google Translate Help. Google Inc. Archived from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
Benjamin, Martin (March 30, 2019). "Dictionary - When & How to Use Google Translate". Teach You Backwards. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
^ Benjamin, Martin (April 1, 2019). "Ooga Booga: Better than a Dictionary - Qualitative Analysis of Google Translate across 108 Languages". Teach You Backwards. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
"Save translations in a phrasebook". Google Translate Help. Google Inc. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
AK, Sony (December 5, 2019) . "Practical Puppeteer: Playing with Google Translate to translate a text". DEV.to. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
"Search results for "Google Translate"". Add-ons for Firefox. Mozilla Foundation. Archived from the original on April 19, 2023. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
"Google Translate". Chrome Web Store. Google Inc. Archived from the original on April 8, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
Baldwin, Roberto (October 16, 2014). "Google introduces Google Translate Chrome Extension for inline translations of text". TNW. Financial Times. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Brinkmann, Martin (July 19, 2016) . "Google Translate Integrated In Google Chrome 5". Ghacks Technology News. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
"Google Chrome 5 features an integrated Google Translate service". TechWhack. February 15, 2010. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
Wauters, Robin (February 14, 2010). "Rant: Google Translate Toolbar In Chrome 5 Needs An 'Off' Button". TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
"Google Translate". Google Play. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
"Google Translate 8.22.46.698958551.3-release". APKMirror. November 26, 2024. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
"Google Translate". App Store. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
"Google Translate". Google Chrome Web Store. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
^ Turovsky, Barak (July 29, 2015). "See the world in your language with Google Translate". The Keyword Google Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
^ Setalvad, Ariha (July 29, 2015). "Google Translate adds 20 new languages to video text translation". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
Zhu, Wenzhang (February 8, 2011). "Introducing the Google Translate app for iPhone". Google Mobile Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on February 16, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
Hutchison, Allen (August 7, 2008). "Google Translate now for iPhone". Google Mobile Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
"Google Translate on the App Store". Google. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Hachman, Mark (January 12, 2011). "Google Translate's New 'Conversation Mode': Hands On". PCMag. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Halliday, Josh (October 13, 2011). "Google extends Android translation tool to 14 languages including Russian and Mandarin". The Guardian.
June, Laura (October 13, 2011). "Google Translate app for Android now has speech to speech translations in 14 languages". The Verge.
Velazco, Chris (October 13, 2011). "Google Translate For Android Gets Upgraded "Conversation Mode"". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020.
Turovsky, Barak (January 14, 2015). "Hallo, hola, olá to the new, more powerful Google Translate app". The Keyword Google Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Russell, Jon (January 14, 2015). "Google Translate Now Does Real-Time Voice And Sign Translations On Mobile". TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Good, Otávio (July 29, 2015). "How Google Translate squeezes deep learning onto a phone". Google AI Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
Gush, Andrew (July 29, 2015). "Google Translate adds video translation support for 25 more languages". Android Authority. Archived from the original on June 4, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Olanoff, Drew (July 29, 2015). "Google Translate's App Now Instantly Translates Printed Text In 27 Languages". TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on December 24, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Benjamin, Martin (March 30, 2019). "Instant Camera Translation - Introduction: Into the Black Box of Google Translate". Teach You Backwards. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
Kastrenakes, Jacob (May 11, 2016). "Google Translate now works inside any app on Android". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
^ Feldman, Adam (June 3, 2011) . Knaster, Scott (ed.). "Spring cleaning for some of our APIs (Google Code Blog)". Official Google Code Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on May 28, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
^ Feldman, Adam (June 3, 2011). Knaster, Scott (ed.). "Spring cleaning for some of our APIs (Google Developers Blog)". Google Developers Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on February 4, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
Grunwald, Dave (May 27, 2011). "BREAKING NEWS! Google to shut down Translate API". GTS Blog. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
"Google Translate API (deprecated)". Google Code. Google Inc. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
Grunwald, Dave (June 4, 2011). "Google cancels plan to shutdown Translate API. To start charging for translations". GTS Blog. Archived from the original on June 30, 2011. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
Wong, George (May 27, 2011). "Google gets rid of APIs for Translate and other services". Ubergizmo. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
Burnette, Ed (May 27, 2011). "Google pulls the rug out from under web service API developers, nixes Google Translate and 17 others". ZDNet. Red Ventures; CBS Interactive (at the time of publication). Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
Henderson, Fergus (May 11, 2010). "Giving a voice to more languages on Google Translate". Google Translate Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Venugopal, Ashish (May 13, 2010). "Five more languages on translate.google.com". Google Translate Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
Uszkoreit, Jakob (September 30, 2010). "Veni, Vidi, Verba Verti (Official Google Blog)" [I came, I saw, I turned the words]. Official Google Blog (in Latin). Google Inc. Archived from the original on October 2, 2010. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
Uszkoreit, Jakob; Bayer, Ben (October 1, 2010). "Veni, Vidi, Verba Verti (Google Translate Blog)" [I came, I saw, I turned the words]. Google Translate Blog (in English and Latin). Google Inc. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
"Google picks SVOX for Translate and Dictionary services". Zürich, Switzerland: SVOX. December 17, 2010. Archived from the original on December 26, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
Venugopal, Ashish (June 21, 2011). "Google Translate welcomes you to the Indic web". Google Translate Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
Brants, Thorsten (February 22, 2012). "Tutmonda helplingvo por ĉiuj homoj" [A global auxiliary language for all people]. Google Translate Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on September 4, 2016. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
Brants, Thorsten (September 13, 2012). "Translating Lao". Google Translate Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
Crum, Chris (September 13, 2012). "Google Adds Its 65th Language To Google Translate With Lao". WebProNews. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
Ong, Josh (April 19, 2013). "Google Translate Now Supports 66 Languages After Adding Khmer". TNW News. Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 25, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
Noda, Tam (May 10, 2013). "Google Translate goes Cebuano". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on December 25, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
Liyanage, Vimukthi (December 12, 2014). "Google සිංහල පරිවර්ථන සේවය අද සිට ක්‍රියාත්මකයි !" Google siṁhala parivarthana sēvaya ada siṭa kriyātmakayi ! [Google Sinhala translation service is active from today !]. TechGuru.lk (in Sinhala). Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
"Google can now translate text into Sindhi, Pashto and vice versa". Dawn. Dawn Media Group. February 19, 2016. Archived from the original on February 29, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
"Google adds Sindhi to its translate language options". DNA India. Essel Group. February 18, 2016. Archived from the original on April 16, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
"Google adds Sindhi to its translate language options". Yahoo! News. Yahoo!. Asian News International. February 18, 2016. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
Ahmed, Ali (February 18, 2016). "Google Translate now includes Sindhi and Pashto". Business Recorder. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
Shu, Catherine (February 17, 2016). "Google Translate Now Has More Than 100 Languages And Covers 99 Percent Of The Online Population". TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on April 19, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
Sandilo, Tariq (February 21, 2016). "گوگل تي سنڌي ٻولي" [Sindhi language on Google]. Sarwan.pk (in Sindhi). Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
Humphries, Matthew (February 27, 2020). "Google Translate Adds 5 New Languages". PCMag. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on December 25, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
Wilde, Damien (May 11, 2022). "Google Translate adds support for 24 new languages, now supports over 130". 9to5Google. Archived from the original on May 11, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
Li, Abner (June 27, 2024). "Google Translate adding support for 110 new languages, including Cantonese". 9to5Google. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
Shurmakevych, Vira (October 18, 2024). "Crimean Tatar language in Latin script now available in Google Translate". Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
"Language expansion". Google Inc. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
"Google Translate - Contribute". Google Translate. Google Inc. Archived from the original on April 19, 2023. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
^ Och, Franz Josef (September 12, 2005). "Statistical Machine Translation: Foundations and Recent Advances" (PDF). mt-archive.com. Phuket, Thailand: Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
MT Summit X: The Tenth Machine Translation Summit (proceedings). Phuket, Thailand: Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation. September 12–16, 2005. ISBN 9789747431261. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
"Franz Och, Ph.D., Expert in Machine Learning and Machine Translation, Joins Human Longevity, Inc. as Chief Data Scientist" (Press release). La Jolla, CA: Human Longevity, Inc. July 29, 2014. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
French to Russian translation translates the untranslated non-French word "obvious" from pivot (intermediate) English to Russian Archived December 31, 2021, at the Wayback Machine le mot 'obvious' n'est pas français → "очевидными" слово не французское
We pretend that this English article is German when asking Google to translate it to French. Archived February 3, 2022, at the Wayback Machine Google, because it does not find the English words in the German dictionary, leaves those words unchanged as one can show it with this spelllling misssstake. But it translates them to French nonetheless. That's because Google translates German → English → French and that the unchanged English words undergo the second translation. The word "außergewöhnlich" however will be translated twice.
^ Boitet, Christian; Blanchon, Hervé; Seligman, Mark; Bellynck, Valérie (January 31, 2011). "MT on and for the Web" (PDF). clips-imag.fr. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
^ P.Y. (October 25, 2010). "Wrong translation to Ukrainian language". Google Inc. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Google Translation mixes up "tu" and plural or polite "vous" Archived December 31, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Je vous aime. Tu es ici. You are here. → Я люблю тебя. Вы здесь. Вы здесь.
Adams, Tim (December 19, 2010). "Can Google break the computer language barrier?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Tanner, Adam (March 28, 2007). "Google seeks world of instant translations". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
Google was an official sponsor of the annual Computational Linguistics in Japan Conference ("Gengoshorigakkai") in 2007. Google also sent a delegate from its headquarters to the meeting of the members of the Computational Linguistic Society of Japan in March 2005, promising funding to researchers who would be willing to share text data.
"Inside Google Translate (old)". Google Translate. Google Inc. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
Chitu, Alex (October 22, 2007). "Google Switches to Its Own Translation System". Unofficial Google Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on April 29, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
Schwartz, Barry (October 23, 2007). "Google Translate Drops Systran For Home Brewed Translation". Search Engine Land. Archived from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
Southern, Matt (July 28, 2014). "Google Seeks Community Help To Improve Google Translate". SEJ. Archived from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Kelman, Sveta (July 25, 2014). "Translate Community: Help us improve Google Translate!". Google Translate Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
^ "Help Us Improve the Google Translate Tool". Google Translate. Google Inc. Archived from the original on March 6, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
Lardinois, Frederic (July 25, 2014). "Google Wants To Improve Its Translations Through Crowdsourcing". TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Summers, Nick (July 25, 2014). "Google sets up a community site to help improve Google Translate". TNW. Financial Times. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
"Google Translate Community FAQ". Google. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
Whitwam, Ryan (August 29, 2016). "New Google Crowdsource app asks you to help with translation and text transcription a few seconds at a time". Android Police. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Shankland, Stephen (August 29, 2016). "New Crowdsource app lets you work for Google for free". CNET. Red Ventures; CBS Interactive (at the time of publication). Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Benjamin, Martin (April 1, 2019). "Myth 5: Google Translate learns from its users - Qualitative Analysis of Google Translate across 108 Languages". Teach You Backwards. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
Lange, William (February 7, 2017). "Statistical Vs Neural Machine Translation". United Language Group. Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
"Statistical Vs. Neural Machine Translation". United Language Group. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
^ Le, Quoc V.; Schuster, Mike (September 27, 2016). "A Neural Network for Machine Translation, at Production Scale". Google AI Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
^ Schuster, Mike; Johnson, Melvin; Thorat, Nikhil (November 22, 2016). "Zero-Shot Translation with Google's Multilingual Neural Machine Translation System". Google AI Blog. Google Inc. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Fewster, Gil (January 5, 2017). "The mind-blowing AI announcement from Google that you probably missed". freeCodeCamp. Archived from the original on March 17, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Hochreiter, Sepp; Schmidhuber, Jürgen (November 15, 1997). "Long short-term memory". Neural Computation. 9 (8): 1735–1780. doi:10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735. PMID 9377276. S2CID 1915014. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
Gers, Felix A.; Schmidhuber, Jürgen; Cummins, Fred (October 1, 2000). "Learning to Forget: Continual Prediction with LSTM". Neural Computation. 12 (10): 2451–2471. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.55.5709. doi:10.1162/089976600300015015. PMID 11032042. S2CID 11598600. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
Cade, Metz (September 27, 2016). "An Infusion of AI Makes Google Translate More Powerful Than Ever". Wired. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
McDonald, Chris (January 7, 2017). "Ok slow down". Medium. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Davenport, Corbin (March 6, 2017). "Google Translate now uses neural machine translation for some languages". Android Police. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Hager, Ryne (April 25, 2017). "Google adds Indonesian and eight new Indian languages to its neural machine translation". Android Police. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Caswell, Isaac; Liang, Bowen (June 8, 2020). "Recent Advances in Google Translate". Google Research Blog. Google Inc. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
Benjamin, Martin (March 30, 2019). "The 5 conditions for satisfactory approximations with Google Translate - Conclusions: Real Data, Fake Data & Google Translate". Teach You Backwards. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
Benjamin, Martin (March 30, 2019). "Empirical Evaluation of Google Translate across 107 Languages". Teach You Backwards. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
Benjamin, Martin (March 30, 2019). "Non-English Pairs - Empirical Evaluation of Google Translate across 107 Languages". Teach You Backwards. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
Aiken, Milam; Balan, Shilpa (April 2011). "An Analysis of Google Translate Accuracy". Translation Journal. 16 (2). Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
^ Li, Haiying; Graesser, Arthur; Cai, Zhiqiang (May 3, 2014). "Comparison of Google Translation with Human Translation" (PDF). Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference. FLAIRS Conference. S2CID 14905135. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 29, 2018 – via Semantic Scholar.
Benjamin, Martin (April 1, 2019). "Polysemy in top 100 Oxford English Corpus words within Wiktionary". Teach You Backwards. Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
Benjamin, Martin (April 1, 2019). "Polysemy – words with multiple meanings - The Astounding Mathematics of Machine Translation". Teach You Backwards. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
Benjamin, Martin (April 1, 2019). "Party terms (or multiword expressions) – words that play together - The Astounding Mathematics of Machine Translation". Teach You Backwards. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
Rahmannia, Mia; Triyono, Sulis (May 31, 2019). "A Study of Google Translate Translations: An Error Analysis of Indonesian-to-English Texts". SSRN 3456744. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation (IJLLT) 2(3):196-200, 2019. Retrieved August 26, 2020
Freitas, Connor; Liu, Yudong (December 15, 2017). "Exploring the Differences between Human and Machine Translation". Western Washington University: 5. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
^ Shen, Ethan (June 2010). "Comparison of online machine translation tools". TCWorld. Archived from the original on February 10, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
Pecoraro, Christopher (August 17, 2011). "Microsoft Bing Translator and Google Translate Compared". chrispecoraro.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
Pecoraro, Christopher (January 30, 2012). "Microsoft Bing Translator and Google Translate compared (update)". chrispecoraro.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
"Open source components and licenses". Google Translate. Google Inc. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
Nielsen, Michael A. (October 3, 2011). Reinventing discovery: the new era of networked science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-691-14890-8. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
Gomes, Lee (July 22, 2010). "Google Translate Tangles With Computer Learning". Forbes. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
Weinberg, Nathan (September 10, 2007). "Google Translates Ivan the Terrible as "Abraham Lincoln"". Blog News Channel. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
Twisted Translations (February 10, 2015). "Google Translate Sings: "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen". YouTube. Google Inc. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
Topolyanskaya, Alyona (January 28, 2010). "Google Lost in Translation". The Moscow News. Archived from the original on August 13, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
Kincaid, Jason (August 7, 2009). "Translation Party: Tapping Into Google Translate's Untold Creative Genius". TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2017.

External links

Google

a subsidiary of Alphabet

Company

Divisions

Subsidiaries

Active

Defunct

Programs

Events

Infrastructure

111 Eighth Avenue
Android lawn statues
Androidland
Barges
Binoculars Building
Central Saint Giles
Chelsea Market
Chrome Zone
Data centers
GeoEye-1
Googleplex
Ivanpah Solar Power Facility
James R. Thompson Center
King's Cross
Mayfield Mall
Pier 57
Sidewalk Toronto
St. John's Terminal
Submarine cables
- Dunant
- Grace Hopper
- Unity
WiFi
YouTube Space
YouTube Theater

People

Current	Krishna Bharat Vint Cerf Jeff Dean John Doerr Sanjay Ghemawat Al Gore John L. Hennessy Urs Hölzle Salar Kamangar Ray Kurzweil Ann Mather Alan Mulally Rick Osterloh Sundar Pichai (CEO) Ruth Porat (CFO) Rajen Sheth Hal Varian Neal Mohan
Former	Andy Bechtolsheim Sergey Brin (co-founder) David Cheriton Matt Cutts David Drummond Alan Eustace Timnit Gebru Omid Kordestani Paul Otellini Larry Page (co-founder) Patrick Pichette Eric Schmidt Ram Shriram Amit Singhal Shirley M. Tilghman Rachel Whetstone Susan Wojcicki

Criticism

General	Censorship DeGoogle FairSearch "Google's Ideological Echo Chamber" No Tech for Apartheid Privacy concerns Street View YouTube Worker organization Alphabet Workers Union YouTube copyright issues
Incidents	Backdoor advertisement controversy Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany Data breach Elsagate Fantastic Adventures scandal Kohistan video case Reactions to Innocence of Muslims San Francisco tech bus protests Services outages Slovenian government incident Walkouts YouTube headquarters shooting

Other

Development

Software

A–C	Accelerated Linear Algebra AMP Actions on Google ALTS American Fuzzy Lop Android Cloud to Device Messaging Android Debug Bridge Android NDK Android Runtime Android SDK Android Studio Angular AngularJS Apache Beam APIs App Engine App Inventor App Maker App Runtime for Chrome AppJet Apps Script AppSheet ARCore Base Bazel Bigtable BigQuery Bionic Blockly Borg Caja Cameyo Chart API Charts Chrome Enterprise Premium Chrome Frame Chromium Blink Closure Tools Cloud Connect Cloud Dataflow Cloud Datastore Cloud Messaging Cloud Shell Cloud Storage Code Search Compute Engine Cpplint
D–N	Dalvik Data Protocol Dialogflow Exposure Notification Fast Pair Fastboot Federated Learning of Cohorts File System Firebase Firebase Cloud Messaging FlatBuffers Flutter Freebase Gadgets Ganeti Gears Gerrit GLOP gRPC Gson Guava Guetzli Guice gVisor GYP JAX Jetpack Compose Keyhole Markup Language Kubernetes Kythe LevelDB Lighthouse Looker Studio lmctfy MapReduce Mashup Editor Matter Mobile Services Namebench Native Client Neatx Neural Machine Translation Nomulus
O–Z	Open Location Code OpenRefine OpenSocial Optimize OR-Tools Pack PageSpeed Piper Plugin for Eclipse Polymer Programmable Search Engine Project IDX Project Shield Public DNS reCAPTCHA RenderScript SafetyNet SageTV Schema.org Search Console Shell Sitemaps Skia Graphics Engine Spanner Sputnik Stackdriver Swiffy Tango TensorFlow Tesseract Test Translator Toolkit Urchin UTM parameters V8 VirusTotal VisBug Wave Federation Protocol Weave Web Accelerator Web Designer Web Server Web Toolkit Webdriver Torso WebRTC

Operating systems

Android
- Cupcake
- Donut
- Eclair
- Froyo
- Gingerbread
- Honeycomb
- Ice Cream Sandwich
- Jelly Bean
- KitKat
- Lollipop
- Marshmallow
- Nougat
- Oreo
- Pie
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
- version history
- smartphones
Android Automotive
Android Go
- devices
Android Things
Android TV
- devices
Android XR
ChromeOS
ChromiumOS
Fuchsia
Glass OS
gLinux
Goobuntu
TV
Wear OS

Language models

Neural networks

Computer programs

Formats and codecs

Programming languages

Search algorithms

Domain names

Typefaces

Products

A	Aardvark Account Dashboard Takeout Ad Manager AdMob Ads AdSense Affiliate Network Alerts Allo Analytics Android Auto Android Beam Answers Apture Arts & Culture Assistant Attribution Authenticator
B	BebaPay BeatThatQuote.com Blog Search Blogger Body Bookmarks Books Ngram Viewer Browser Sync Building Maker Bump BumpTop Buzz
C	Calendar Cast Catalogs Chat Checkout Chrome Chrome Apps Chrome Experiments Chrome Remote Desktop Chrome Web Store Classroom Cloud Print Cloud Search Contacts Contributor Crowdsource Currents (social app) Currents (news app)
D	Data Commons Dataset Search Desktop Dictionary Digital Wellbeing Dinosaur Game Directory Docs Docs Editors Domains Drawings Drive Duo
E	Earth Etherpad Expeditions Express
F	Family Link Fast Flip FeedBurner fflick Fi Wireless Finance Files Find My Device Fit Flights Flu Trends Fonts Forms Friend Connect Fusion Tables
G	Gboard Gemini Gesture Search Gizmo5 Google+ Gmail Goggles GOOG-411 Grasshopper Groups
H	Hangouts Helpouts
I	iGoogle Images Image Labeler Image Swirl Inbox by Gmail Input Tools Japanese Input Pinyin Insights for Search
J	Jaiku Jamboard
K	Kaggle Keep Knol
L	Labs Latitude Lens Like.com Live Transcribe Lively
M	Map Maker Maps Maps Navigation Marketing Platform Meet Messages Moderator My Tracks
N	Nearby Share News News & Weather News Archive Notebook NotebookLM Now
O	Offers One One Pass Opinion Rewards Orkut Oyster
P	Panoramio PaperofRecord.com Patents Page Creator Pay (mobile app) Pay (payment method) Pay Send People Cards Person Finder Personalized Search Photomath Photos Picasa Picasa Web Albums Picnik Pixel Camera Play Play Books Play Games Play Music Play Newsstand Play Pass Play Services Podcasts Poly Postini PostRank Primer Project Starline Public Alerts Public Data Explorer
Q	Question Hub Questions and Answers Quick, Draw! Quick Search Box Quick Share Quickoffice
R	Read Along Reader Reply
S	Safe Browsing SageTV Santa Tracker Schemer Scholar Search Knowledge Graph SafeSearch Searchwiki Sheets Shoploop Shopping Sidewiki Sites Slides Snapseed Socratic Softcard Songza Sound Amplifier Spaces Sparrow (chatbot) Sparrow (email client) Speech Recognition & Synthesis Squared Stadia Station Store Street View Surveys Sync
T	Tables Talk TalkBack Tasks Tenor Tez Tilt Brush Toolbar Toontastic 3D Translate Travel Trendalyzer Trends TV
U	URL Shortener
V	Video Vids Voice Voice Access Voice Search
W	Wallet Wave Waze WDYL Web Light Where Is My Train Widevine Word Lens Workspace Workspace Marketplace
Y	YouTube YouTube Kids YouTube Music YouTube Premium YouTube Shorts YouTube Studio YouTube TV YouTube VR

Hardware

Pixel

Smartphones	Pixel (2016) Pixel 2 (2017) Pixel 3 (2018) Pixel 3a (2019) Pixel 4 (2019) Pixel 4a (2020) Pixel 5 (2020) Pixel 5a (2021) Pixel 6 (2021) Pixel 6a (2022) Pixel 7 (2022) Pixel 7a (2023) Pixel Fold (2023) Pixel 8 (2023) Pixel 8a (2024) Pixel 9 (2024) Pixel 9 Pro Fold (2024)
Smartwatches	Pixel Watch (2022) Pixel Watch 2 (2023) Pixel Watch 3 (2024)
Tablets	Pixel C (2015) Pixel Slate (2018) Pixel Tablet (2023)
Laptops	Chromebook Pixel (2013–2015) Pixelbook (2017) Pixelbook Go (2019)
Other	Pixel Buds (2017–present)

Nexus

Smartphones	Nexus One (2010) Nexus S (2010) Galaxy Nexus (2011) Nexus 4 (2012) Nexus 5 (2013) Nexus 6 (2014) Nexus 5X (2015) Nexus 6P (2015)
Tablets	Nexus 7 (2012) Nexus 10 (2012) Nexus 7 (2013) Nexus 9 (2014)
Other	Nexus Q (2012) Nexus Player (2014)

Other

Android Dev Phone
Android One
Cardboard
Chromebit
Chromebook
Chromebox
Chromecast
Clips
Daydream
Fitbit
Glass
Liftware
Liquid Galaxy
Nest
- smart speakers
- Thermostat
- Wifi
Play Edition
Project Ara
OnHub
Pixel Visual Core
Project Iris
Search Appliance
Sycamore processor
Tensor
Tensor Processing Unit
Titan Security Key

v t e Litigation
Advertising	Feldman v. Google, Inc. (2007) Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc. (2009) Goddard v. Google, Inc. (2009) Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc. (2012) Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc. (2017) Jedi Blue
Antitrust	European Union (2010–present) United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., Google Inc., Intel Corporation, Intuit, Inc., and Pixar (2011) Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors. (2019) United States v. Google LLC (2020) United States v. Google LLC (2023)
Intellectual property	Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc. (2007) Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. (2010) Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.(2015) Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc. (2015) Field v. Google, Inc. (2016) Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. (2021) Smartphone patent wars
Privacy	Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc. (2009) Hibnick v. Google, Inc. (2010) United States v. Google Inc. (2012) Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function (2013) Joffe v. Google, Inc. (2013) Mosley v SARL Google (2013) Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González (2014) Frank v. Gaos (2019)
Other	Garcia v. Google, Inc. (2015) Google LLC v Defteros (2020) Epic Games v. Google (2021) Gonzalez v. Google LLC (2022)

Concepts

Products

Android	Booting process Custom distributions Features Recovery mode Software development
Street View coverage	Africa Antarctica Asia Israel Europe North America Canada United States Oceania South America Argentina Chile Colombia
YouTube	Copyright strike Education Features Moderation Most-disliked videos Most-liked videos Most-subscribed channels Most-viewed channels Most-viewed videos Arabic music videos French music videos Indian videos Pakistani videos Official channel Social impact Suspensions YouTube Premium original programming
Other	Gmail interface Maps pin Most downloaded Google Play applications Stadia games

Documentaries

Books

Google Hacks
The Google Story
Google Volume One
Googled: The End of the World as We Know It
How Google Works
I'm Feeling Lucky
In the Plex
The Google Book
The MANIAC

Popular culture

Google Feud
Google Me (film)
"Google Me" (Kim Zolciak song)
"Google Me" (Teyana Taylor song)
Is Google Making Us Stupid?
Proceratium google
Matt Nathanson: Live at Google
The Billion Dollar Code
The Internship
Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?

Other

Italics denote discontinued products.

Android

Android Go
- Comparison of products

Software
development

Development tools

Official

Android Runtime (ART)
Software development kit (SDK)
- Android Debug Bridge (ADB)
- Fastboot
- Android App Bundle
- Android application package (APK)
Bionic
Dalvik
Firebase
- Google Cloud Messaging (GCM)
- Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM)
Google Mobile Services (GMS)
Native development kit (NDK)
Open accessory development kit (OADK)
RenderScript
Skia
AdMob
Material Design
Fonts
- Droid
- Roboto
- Noto
Google Developers

Other

Integrated
development
environments (IDE)

Languages, databases

Virtual reality (VR)

Events, communities

Releases

Derivatives

Devices

Pixel	C Pixel & Pixel XL 2 & 2 XL 3 & 3 XL 3a & 3a XL 4 & 4 XL 4a & 4a (5G) 5 5a 6 & 6 Pro 6a 7 & 7 Pro 7a Fold Tablet 8 & 8 Pro 8a 9, 9 Pro & 9 Pro XL 9 Pro Fold
Nexus	One S Galaxy Nexus 4 10 Q 5 5X 6 6P 7 2012 2013 9 Player
Play edition	HTC One (M7) HTC One (M8) LG G Pad 8.3 Moto G Samsung Galaxy S4 Sony Xperia Z Ultra
Android One other smartphones

Custom
distributions

AliOS
Android-x86
- Remix OS
AOKP
Baidu Yi
Barnes & Noble Nook
CalyxOS
ColorOS
- realme UI
CopperheadOS
EMUI
- Magic UI
Fire OS
Flyme OS
GrapheneOS
Xiaomi HyperOS
- MIUI
- MIUI for POCO
LeWa OS
LineageOS
- /e/
- CrDroid
- CyanogenMod
- DivestOS
- iodéOS
- Kali NetHunter
LiteOS
Meta Horizon OS
MicroG
Nokia X software platform
OmniROM
OPhone
OxygenOS
PixelExperience
Pixel UI
Replicant
Resurrection Remix OS
SlimRoms
TCL UI
Ubuntu for Android
XobotOS
ZUI

Booting and
recovery

APIs

Alternative UIs

Rooting

Lists

History

Functions

Features

Web interface

Browser integration

Mobile app

API

Google Assistant

Supported languages

Languages with text-to-speech support

Stages

Languages formerly in development and beta version

Translation methodology

Google Translate Community

Statistical machine translation

Neural machine translation

Accuracy

Limitations

Open-source licenses and components

Reviews

Translation mistakes and oddities

See also

References

External links