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Isotopes of hafnium

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Isotopes of hafnium (72Hf)
Main isotopes Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
Hf synth 1.87 y ε Lu
Hf 0.16% 7.0×10 y α Yb
Hf 5.26% stable
Hf 18.6% stable
Hf 27.3% stable
Hf synth 31 y IT Hf
Hf 13.6% stable
Hf 35.1% stable
Hf synth 8.9×10 y β Ta
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Hf)

Natural hafnium (72Hf) consists of five observationally stable isotopes (Hf, Hf, Hf, Hf, and Hf) and one very long-lived radioisotope, Hf, with a half-life of 7.0×10 years. In addition, there are 34 known synthetic radioisotopes, the most stable of which is Hf with a half-life of 8.9×10 years. This extinct radionuclide is used in hafnium–tungsten dating to study the chronology of planetary differentiation.

No other radioisotope has a half-life over 1.87 years. Most isotopes have half-lives under 1 minute. There are also at least 27 nuclear isomers, the most stable of which is Hf with a half-life of 31 years. All isotopes of hafnium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

List of isotopes


Nuclide
 Z N Isotopic mass (Da)
 Half-life
 Decay
mode
 Daughter
isotope
 Spin and
parity
 Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy Normal proportion Range of variation
Hf 72 81 152.97069(54)# 400# ms 1/2+#
Hf 750(100)# keV 500# ms 11/2−#
Hf 72 82 153.96486(54)# 2(1) s β Lu 0+
α (rare) Yb
Hf 72 83 154.96339(43)# 890(120) ms β Lu 7/2−#
α (rare) Yb
Hf 72 84 155.95936(22) 23(1) ms α (97%) Yb 0+
β (3%) Lu
Hf 1959.0(10) keV 480(40) μs 8+
Hf 72 85 156.95840(21)# 115(1) ms α (86%) Yb 7/2−
β (14%) Lu
Hf 72 86 157.954799(19) 2.84(7) s β (55%) Lu 0+
α (45%) Yb
Hf 72 87 158.953995(18) 5.20(10) s β (59%) Lu 7/2−#
α (41%) Yb
Hf 72 88 159.950684(12) 13.6(2) s β (99.3%) Lu 0+
α (.7%) Yb
Hf 72 89 160.950275(24) 18.2(5) s β (99.7%) Lu 3/2−#
α (.3%) Yb
Hf 72 90 161.94721(1) 39.4(9) s β (99.99%) Lu 0+
α (.008%) Yb
Hf 72 91 162.94709(3) 40.0(6) s β Lu 3/2−#
α (10%) Yb
Hf 72 92 163.944367(22) 111(8) s β Lu 0+
Hf 72 93 164.94457(3) 76(4) s β Lu (5/2−)
Hf 72 94 165.94218(3) 6.77(30) min β Lu 0+
Hf 72 95 166.94260(3) 2.05(5) min β Lu (5/2)−
Hf 72 96 167.94057(3) 25.95(20) min β Lu 0+
Hf 72 97 168.94126(3) 3.24(4) min β Lu (5/2)−
Hf 72 98 169.93961(3) 16.01(13) h EC Lu 0+
Hf 72 99 170.94049(3) 12.1(4) h β Lu 7/2(+)
Hf 21.93(9) keV 29.5(9) s IT Hf 1/2(−)
Hf 72 100 171.939448(26) 1.87(3) y EC Lu 0+
Hf 2005.58(11) keV 163(3) ns (8−)
Hf 72 101 172.94051(3) 23.6(1) h β Lu 1/2−
Hf 72 102 173.940046(3) 7.0(12)×10 y α Yb 0+ 0.0016(1) 0.001619–0.001621
Hf 1549.3 keV 138(4) ns (6+)
Hf 1797.5(20) keV 2.39(4) μs (8−)
Hf 3311.7 keV 3.7(2) μs (14+)
Hf 72 103 174.941509(3) 70(2) d β Lu 5/2−
Hf 72 104 175.9414086(24) Observationally Stable 0+ 0.0526(7) 0.05206–0.05271
Hf 1333.07(7) keV 9.6(3) μs IT Hf 6+
Hf 1559.31(9) keV 9.9(2) μs IT Hf 8−
Hf 2865.8(7) keV 401(6) μs IT Hf 14−
Hf 4863.6(9) keV 43(4) μs IT Hf 22−
Hf 72 105 176.9432207(23) Observationally Stable 7/2− 0.1860(9) 0.18593–0.18606
Hf 1315.4504(8) keV 1.09(5) s 23/2+
Hf 1342.38(20) keV 55.9(12) μs (19/2−)
Hf 2740.02(15) keV 51.4(5) min 37/2−
Hf 72 106 177.9436988(23) Observationally Stable 0+ 0.2728(7) 0.27278–0.27297
Hf 1147.423(5) keV 4.0(2) s 8−
Hf 2445.69(11) keV 31(1) y 16+
Hf 2573.5(5) keV 68(2) μs (14−)
Hf 72 107 178.9458161(23) Observationally Stable 9/2+ 0.1362(2) 0.13619–0.1363
Hf 375.0367(25) keV 18.67(4) s 1/2−
Hf 1105.84(19) keV 25.05(25) d 25/2−
Hf 72 108 179.9465500(23) Observationally Stable 0+ 0.3508(16) 0.35076–0.351
Hf 1141.48(4) keV 5.47(4) h 8−
Hf 1374.15(4) keV 0.57(2) μs (4−)
Hf 2425.8(10) keV 15(5) μs (10+)
Hf 2486.3(9) keV 10(1) μs 12+
Hf 2538.3(12) keV >10 μs (14+)
Hf 3599.3(18) keV 90(10) μs (18−)
Hf 72 109 180.9491012(23) 42.39(6) d β Ta 1/2−
Hf 595(3) keV 80(5) μs (9/2+)
Hf 1040(10) keV ~100 μs (17/2+)
Hf 1738(10) keV 1.5(5) ms (27/2−)
Hf 72 110 181.950554(7) 8.90(9)×10 y β Ta 0+
Hf 1172.88(18) keV 61.5(15) min β (58%) Ta 8−
IT (42%) Hf
Hf 72 111 182.95353(3) 1.067(17) h β Ta (3/2−)
Hf 72 112 183.95545(4) 4.12(5) h β Ta 0+
Hf 1272.4(4) keV 48(10) s β Ta 8−
Hf 72 113 184.95882(21)# 3.5(6) min β Ta 3/2−#
Hf 72 114 185.96089(32)# 2.6(12) min β Ta 0+
Hf 72 115 186.96457(22)# 14# s 9/2−#
Hf 500(300)# keV 270(80) ns IT Hf 3/2−#
Hf 72 116 187.96690(32)# 20# s 0+
Hf 72 117 188.97085(32)# 400# ms 3/2−#
Hf 72 118 189.97338(43)# 600# ms 0+
Hf 72 119
Hf 72 120 0+
This table header & footer:
  1. Hf – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
  5. ^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  6. Modes of decay:
    EC: Electron capture
    IT: Isomeric transition
  7. Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  8. ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  9. primordial radionuclide
  10. Theorized to also undergo ββ decay to Yb
  11. Used in lutetium-hafnium dating
  12. Believed to undergo α decay to Yb
  13. Believed to undergo α decay to Yb
  14. Believed to undergo α decay to Yb
  15. Believed to undergo α decay to Yb
  16. Believed to undergo α decay to Yb

References

  1. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ^ Caracciolo, V.; Nagorny, S.; Belli, P.; et al. (2020). "Search for α decay of naturally occurring Hf-nuclides using a Cs2HfCl6 scintillator". Nuclear Physics A. 1002 (121941): 121941. arXiv:2005.01373. Bibcode:2020NuPhA100221941C. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2020.121941. S2CID 218487451.
  3. "Standard Atomic Weights: Hafnium". CIAAW. 2019.
  4. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  5. Kleine T, Walker RJ (August 2017). "Tungsten Isotopes in Planets". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 45 (1): 389–417. Bibcode:2017AREPS..45..389K. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020037. PMC 6398955. PMID 30842690.
  6. ^ Haak, K.; Tarasov, O. B.; Chowdhury, P.; et al. (2023). "Production and discovery of neutron-rich isotopes by fragmentation of Pt". Physical Review C. 108 (34608): 034608. Bibcode:2023PhRvC.108c4608H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.108.034608. S2CID 261649436.
Isotopes of the chemical elements
Group 1 2   3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period Hydrogen and
alkali metals 		Alkaline
earth metals 		Pnicto­gens Chal­co­gens Halo­gens Noble gases
① Isotopes § ListH1 Isotopes § ListHe2
② Isotopes § ListLi3 Isotopes § ListBe4 Isotopes § ListB5 Isotopes § ListC6 Isotopes § ListN7 Isotopes § ListO8 Isotopes § ListF9 Isotopes § ListNe10
③ Isotopes § ListNa11 Isotopes § ListMg12 Isotopes § ListAl13 Isotopes § ListSi14 Isotopes § ListP15 Isotopes § ListS16 Isotopes § ListCl17 Isotopes § ListAr18
④ Isotopes § ListK19 Isotopes § ListCa20 Isotopes § ListSc21 Isotopes § ListTi22 Isotopes § ListV23 Isotopes § ListCr24 Isotopes § ListMn25 Isotopes § ListFe26 Isotopes § ListCo27 Isotopes § ListNi28 Isotopes § ListCu29 Isotopes § ListZn30 Isotopes § ListGa31 Isotopes § ListGe32 Isotopes § ListAs33 Isotopes § ListSe34 Isotopes § ListBr35 Isotopes § ListKr36
⑤ Isotopes § ListRb37 Isotopes § ListSr38 Isotopes § ListY39 Isotopes § ListZr40 Isotopes § ListNb41 Isotopes § ListMo42 Isotopes § ListTc43 Isotopes § ListRu44 Isotopes § ListRh45 Isotopes § ListPd46 Isotopes § ListAg47 Isotopes § ListCd48 Isotopes § ListIn49 Isotopes § ListSn50 Isotopes § ListSb51 Isotopes § ListTe52 Isotopes § ListI53 Isotopes § ListXe54
⑥ Isotopes § ListCs55 Isotopes § ListBa56 1 asterisk Isotopes § ListLu71 Isotopes § ListHf72 Isotopes § ListTa73 Isotopes § ListW74 Isotopes § ListRe75 Isotopes § ListOs76 Isotopes § ListIr77 Isotopes § ListPt78 Isotopes § ListAu79 Isotopes § ListHg80 Isotopes § ListTl81 Isotopes § ListPb82 Isotopes § ListBi83 Isotopes § ListPo84 Isotopes § ListAt85 Isotopes § ListRn86
⑦ Isotopes § ListFr87 Isotopes § ListRa88 1 asterisk Isotopes § ListLr103 Isotopes § ListRf104 Isotopes § ListDb105 Isotopes § ListSg106 Isotopes § ListBh107 Isotopes § ListHs108 Isotopes § ListMt109 Isotopes § ListDs110 Isotopes § ListRg111 Isotopes § ListCn112 Isotopes § ListNh113 Isotopes § ListFl114 Isotopes § ListMc115 Isotopes § ListLv116 Isotopes § ListTs117 Isotopes § ListOg118
⑧ Isotopes § ListUue119 Isotopes § ListUbn120
1 asterisk Isotopes § ListLa57 Isotopes § ListCe58 Isotopes § ListPr59 Isotopes § ListNd60 Isotopes § ListPm61 Isotopes § ListSm62 Isotopes § ListEu63 Isotopes § ListGd64 Isotopes § ListTb65 Isotopes § ListDy66 Isotopes § ListHo67 Isotopes § ListEr68 Isotopes § ListTm69 Isotopes § ListYb70  
1 asterisk Isotopes § ListAc89 Isotopes § ListTh90 Isotopes § ListPa91 Isotopes § ListU92 Isotopes § ListNp93 Isotopes § ListPu94 Isotopes § ListAm95 Isotopes § ListCm96 Isotopes § ListBk97 Isotopes § ListCf98 Isotopes § ListEs99 Isotopes § ListFm100 Isotopes § ListMd101 Isotopes § ListNo102
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