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List of Andromeda's satellite galaxies

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Collections of galaxies around Messier 31
The Andromeda Galaxy with M110 at upper left and M32 to the right of the core

The Andromeda Galaxy (M31) has satellite galaxies just like the Milky Way. Orbiting M31 are at least 13 dwarf galaxies: the brightest and largest is M110, which can be seen with a basic telescope. The second-brightest and closest one to M31 is M32. The other galaxies are fainter, and were mostly discovered starting from the 1970s.

On January 11, 2006, it was announced that Andromeda Galaxy's faint companion galaxies lie on or close to a single plane running through the Andromeda Galaxy's center. This unexpected distribution is not obviously understood in the context of current models for galaxy formation. The plane of satellite galaxies points toward a nearby group of galaxies (M81 Group), possibly tracing the large-scale distribution of dark matter.

It is unknown whether the Triangulum Galaxy is a satellite of Andromeda.

Table of known satellites

Andromeda Galaxy's satellites are listed here by discovery (orbital distance is not known). Andromeda IV is not included in the list, as it was discovered to be roughly 10 times further than Andromeda from the Milky Way in 2014, and therefore a completely unrelated galaxy.

Andromeda Galaxy's satellites
Name Type Distance from Sun
(million ly) 		Right Ascension** Declination** Absolute Magnitude Apparent magnitude Mass-to-light ratio 3D distance to M31 (kly) Year
discovered 		Notes
M32 dE2 2.48 00 42 41.877 +40° 51′ 54.71″ +8.1 1749
M110 dE6 2.69 00 40 22.054 +41° 41′ 08.04″ −16.5 +8.5 1773
NGC 185 dE5 2.01 00 38 57.523 +48° 20′ 14.86″ +10.1 1787
NGC 147 dE5 2.2 00 33 12.131 +48° 30′ 32.82″ +10.5 1829
Andromeda I dSph 2.43 00 45 39.264 +38° 02′ 35.17″ −11.8 +13.6 31 ± 6 1970
Andromeda II*** dSph 2.13 01 16 28.136 +33° 25′ 50.36″ −12.6 +13.5 13 ± 3 1970
Andromeda III dSph 2.44 00 35 31.777 +36° 30′ 04.19″ −10.2 +15.0 19 ± 12 1970
Andromeda V dSph 2.52 01 10 16.952 +47° 37′ 40.12″ −9.6 +15.9 78 ± 50 1998
Pegasus Dwarf Spheroidal
(Andromeda VI) 		dSph 2.55 23 51 46.516 +24° 34′ 55.69″ −11.5 +14.2 12 ± 5 1998
Cassiopeia Dwarf
(Andromeda VII) 		dSph 2.49 23 26 33.321 +50° 40′ 49.98″ −13.3 +12.9 7.1 ± 2.8 1998
Andromeda VIII dSph 2.7 00 42 06 +40° 37′ 00″ +9.1 2003 Tidally disrupting; identification unclear
Andromeda IX dSph 2.5 00 52 52.493 +43° 11′ 55.66″ −8.3 +16.2 127.2 2004
Andromeda X dSph 2.9 01 06 34.740 +44° 48′ 23.31″ −8.1 +16.1 63 ± 40 332.7 2005
Andromeda XI dSph 00 46 20 +33° 48′ 05″ −7.3 2006
Andromeda XII dSph 00 47 27 +33° 22′ 29″ −6.4 2006
Andromeda XIII (Pisces III) dSph 00 51 49.555 +33° 00′ 31.40″ −6.9 2006
Andromeda XIV (Pisces IV) dSph 00 41 35.219 +29° 41′ 45.87″ −8.3 102 ± 71 2007
Andromeda XV dSph 01 14 18.7 +38° 07′ 02.9″ −9.4 2007
Andromeda XVI (Pisces V) dSph 2.143 00 59 29.843 +32° 22′ 27.96″ −9.2 580.6 2007
Andromeda XVII dSph 00 37 07 +44° 19′ 20″ −8.5 313.1 2008
Andromeda XVIII dSph/Sm 00 02 15.184 +45° 05′ 19.78″ 515.3 2008
Andromeda XIX dSph 00 19 32.1 +35° 02′ 37.1″ −9.3 2008
Andromeda XX dSph 00 07 30.530 +35° 07′ 45.94″ −6.3 512.1 2008
Andromeda XXI dSph 23 54 47.7 +42° 28′ 15″ −9.9 472.9 2009
Andromeda XXII dSph 00 27 40 +28° 05′ 25″ −7.0 910 2009
Andromeda XXIII dIrr 01 29 21.944 +38° 43′ 05.97″ 427.3 2011
Andromeda XXIV 01 18 30 +46° 21′ 58″ 401.2 2011
Andromeda XXV 00 30 08.9 +46° 51′ 07″ 319.6 2011
Andromeda XXVI 00 23 45.6 +47° 54′ 58″ 489.2 2011
Andromeda XXVII 00 37 27.1 +45° 23′ 13″ 2011 Tidally disrupted
Andromeda XXVIII dSph 22 32 41.449 +31° 12′ 59.10″ −8.8 2011
Andromeda XXIX dIrr 23 58 55.440 +30° 45′ 22.09″ 636 2011
Andromeda XXX (Cassiopeia II) dSph? 00 36 34.9 +49° 38′ 48″
Andromeda XXXI (Lacerta I) dSph? 22 58 16.3 +41° 17′ 28″ 2013
Andromeda XXXII (Cassiopeia III) dSph? 2.74 00 35 59.4 +51° 33′ 35″ 508 2013
Andromeda XXXIII (Perseus I) dSph? 2.41 03 01 23.6 +40° 59′ 18″ 1,140 2013
Tidal Stream Northwest
(Tidal Stream E and F) 		00 20 00 +46° 00′ 00″ 2009
Tidal Stream Southwest 00 30 00 +37° 30′ 00″ 2009
Pegasus V galaxy (Peg V) d 682 kpc (2.22 Mly) 23 18 27.8±0.1 +33° 21′ 32″±3 −6.3 245 kpc (800 kly) 2022
Triangulum Galaxy*
(M33) 		SA(s)cd 2.59 01 33 50.883 +30° 39′ 36.54″ +6.27 1654? It is around 750000 light years from Andromeda. Its relation to Andromeda is uncertain.

It is uncertain whether it is a companion galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy.

RA/DEC values marked in Italics are rough estimates.

Martin et al. (2009) gave aliases to several satellite galaxies of the Andromeda Galaxy that are located in Pisces. However, the name Pisces II was later used for a different galaxy that is a satellite of the Milky Way, so it is not used here.

See also

References

  1. ^ Kalirai, Jason S.; Beaton, Rachael L.; Geha, Marla C.; Gilbert, Karoline M.; Guhathakurta, Puragra; Kirby, Evan N.; Majewski, Steven R.; Ostheimer, James C.; Patterson, Richard J.; Wolf, Joe (2010). "The SPLASH Survey: Internal Kinematics, Chemical Abundances, and Masses of the Andromeda I, II, III, VII, X, and XIV Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 711 (2): 671–692. arXiv:0911.1998. Bibcode:2010ApJ...711..671K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/711/2/671. S2CID 43188686.
  2. ^ Collins, M. L. M.; Chapman, S. C.; Rich, R. M.; Irwin, M. J.; Peñarrubia, J.; Ibata, R. A.; Arimoto, N.; Brooks, A. M.; Ferguson, A. M. N.; Lewis, G. F.; McConnachie, A. W.; Venn, K. (2011). "The scatter about the 'Universal' dwarf spheroidal mass profile: A kinematic study of the M31 satellites and V and VI". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 417 (2): 1170. arXiv:1103.2121. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.417.1170C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19342.x. S2CID 6345715.
  3. ^ Martin, N. F.; Ibata, R. A.; Irwin, M. J.; Chapman, S.; Lewis, G. F.; Ferguson, A. M. N.; Tanvir, N.; McConnachie, A. W. (2006). "Discovery and analysis of three faint dwarf galaxies and a globular cluster in the outer halo of the Andromeda galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 371 (4): 1983–1991. arXiv:astro-ph/0607472. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.371.1983M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10823.x. S2CID 20171599.
  4. ^ Discovery of the Local Group Galaxies
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  6. Preston, Janet; Collins, Michelle L. M.; Ibata, Rodrigo A.; Tollerud, Erik J.; Rich, R. Michael; Bonaca, Ana; McConnachie, Alan W.; Mackey, Dougal; Lewis, Geraint F.; Martin, Nicolas F.; Peñarrubia, Jorge; Chapman, Scott C.; Delorme, Maxime (2019). "A dwarf disrupting - Andromeda XXVII and the North West Stream". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 490 (2): 2905–2917. arXiv:1909.09661. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.490.2905P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2529.
  7. ^ Moore, Nicole Casal (7 Nov 2011), "Newly found dwarf galaxies could help reveal the nature of dark matter", News Service, University of Michigan, retrieved 10 Dec 2011 (reprinted in R&D Magazine)
  8. Fu, Sal Wanying; Weisz, Daniel R.; Starkenburg, Else; Martin, Nicolas; Collins, Michelle L. M.; Savino, Alessandro; Boylan-Kolchin, Michael; Côté, Patrick; Dolphin, Andrew E.; Longeard, Nicolas; Mateo, Mario L.; Mercado, Francisco J.; Sandford, Nathan R.; Skillman, Evan D. (2024). "Stellar Metallicities and Gradients in the Faint M31 Satellites Andromeda XVI and Andromeda XXVIII". The Astrophysical Journal. 975 (1): 2. arXiv:2407.04698. Bibcode:2024ApJ...975....2F. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad76a2.
  9. ^ McConnachie, Alan W. (2012). "The observed properties of dwarf galaxies in and around the Local Group". The Astronomical Journal. 144 (1): 4. arXiv:1204.1562. Bibcode:2012AJ....144....4M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/1/4. S2CID 118515618.
  10. ^ Rhode, Katherine L.; Smith, Nicholas J.; Crnojevic, Denija; Sand, David J.; Lambert, Ryan A.; Vesperini, Enrico; Smith, Madison V.; Janowiecki, Steven; Salzer, John J.; Karunakaran, Ananthan; Spekkens, Kristine (2023). "Exploring the Structures and Substructures of the Andromeda Satellite Dwarf Galaxies Cassiopeia III, Perseus I, and Lacerta I". The Astronomical Journal. 166 (5): 180. arXiv:2309.01045. Bibcode:2023AJ....166..180R. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acf859.
  11. ^ New tidal streams found in Andromeda reveal history of galactic mergers
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  17. Belokurov, V.; Walker, M. G.; Evans, N. W.; Gilmore, G.; Irwin, M. J.; Just, D.; Koposov, S.; Mateo, M.; Olszewski, E.; Watkins, L.; Wyrzykowski, L. (2010). "Big Fish, Little Fish: Two New Ultra-Faint Satellites of the Milky Way". The Astrophysical Journal. 712 (1): L103–L106. arXiv:1002.0504. Bibcode:2010ApJ...712L.103B. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/712/1/L103. S2CID 29195107.

External links

Andromeda Galaxy
LocationAndromeda Galaxy → Andromeda subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Local Hole → Observable universe → Universe
Each  → may be read as "within" or "part of".
Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda Galaxy
Satellite galaxies

*It is uncertain whether these are companion galaxies of the Andromeda Galaxy

Catalogued stars
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