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Haplogroup A
Possible time of origin	40,000 ± 10,000 YBP 40,500 (95% CI 37,900 ↔ 43,200) ybp
Coalescence age	18,600 (95% CI 14,200 ↔ 23,900) ybp 24,209 (SD 4,906) ybp
Possible place of origin	Asia
Ancestor	N
Descendants	A3, A4, A5, A7, A8
Defining mutations	152, 235, 523-524d, 663, 1736, 4248, 4824, 8794, 16290, 16319

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000–50,000 years BC. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N. However, the extant diversity of mitochondrial genomes that belong to Haplogroup A is low relative to the degree of divergence from its nearest outgroups in haplogroup N, which suggests that extant members of Haplogroup A might be descended from a population that has emerged from a bottleneck approximately 20,000 years ago.

Its highest frequencies are among Native Americans, its largest overall population is in East Asia, and its greatest variety (which suggests its origin point) is in East Asia. Thus, it might have originated in and spread from the Far East.

Distribution

Its subclade A2 shares a T16362C mutation with subclades A1 (found in Japan, Tashkurgan, Veliky Novgorod, Mongols, and Altaians), A6 (found in Tibet and in the Yangtze River basin), A12'23 (found in Siberia and among Uralic and Turkic peoples), A13'14 (found in southern Siberia, Xinjiang, Ladakh, China, Yunnan, Thailand, and Vietnam), A15 (found in China, Naxi, Uyghur, Japan, and among the Sherpa of Tibet and Nepal), A16 (found in Uyghur, Buryat, Turkey), A17 (found in China, Miao, Yi, Tibet, Ladakh, Kyrgyz, Thailand, and Vietnam), A18 (found in China), A19 (found in China), A20 (found among Han Chinese and in Japan), A21 (found in Tibet and in Jammu and Kashmir), A22 (found in China), A24 (found in Beijing and West Bohemia), A25 (found in Japan and Yakutia), and A26 (found in Denmark). A2 is found in Chukotko–Kamchatka and is also one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being B, C, D, and X.

Haplogroup A2 is the most common haplogroup among the Inuit, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. Lineages belonging to haplogroup A2 also comprise the majority of the mtDNA pool of the Inuit and their neighbors, the Chukchis, in northeasternmost Siberia.

Other branches of haplogroup A are less frequent but widespread among other populations of Asia. Haplogroup A5 is rather limited to populations from Korea and Japan southward, though it has been detected as singletons in a pair of large samples of Khamnigans (1/99 = 1.0%) and Buryats (1/295 = 0.3%) from the Buryat Republic.

In Asia, A(xA2) is especially frequent in Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, such as Tibetans (6/65 = 9.2%, 25/216 = 11.6%, 11/73 = 15.1%). Approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans belong to haplogroup A. Approximately 5% to 12% of the Japanese belong to haplogroup A (including A4, A5, and A(xA4, A5)). Approximately 4% to 13% of Mongols belong to haplogroup A, almost all of whom are contained within the A4 subclade (2/47 = 4.3% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4, 4/48 = 8.3% Mongols from New Barag Left Banner in haplogroup A(xA5), 6/47 = 12.8% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4). Approximately 3% to 9% of Chinese people belong to haplogroup A. Haplogroup A also has been found in Vietnamese (2/42 = 4.8%, including one A4 and one A5(xA5a)). Approximately 4% (3/71) of Tatars from Aznakayevo, 3% (4/126) of Tatars from Buinsk, and 2% of Turkish people belong to haplogroup A. Haplogroup A4 has been found in 2.4% (2/82) of a sample of Persians from eastern Iran and in 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of Tajiks from Tajikistan. Haplogroup A is not found among Austronesians. In Nepalese population except Sherpa, haplogroup A was mirrored by its clades, A27, A14 and A17, of which A27 was the most abundant clade in Newar (3.99%). Newly defined clade A27 only discerned so far in Newar and Nepali-mix coalesce at ~ 8.4 Kya suggesting their ancient origin and potentially insitu differentiation in Nepal.

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup A subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

• A
  • A(xA5, A8, A10) — China (Han from Wuhan), Buryat (Inner Mongolia)
    • A+T152C!+T16362C — Uyghur, Korea, Japan, Vietnam (Hmong from Lao Cai Province, Kinh from Hanoi, Cờ Lao)
      • A1
        • A1* — Japan, Korea
        • A1a
          • A1a* — Japan (Aichi), Sarikoli (Tashkurgan), USA, England
          • A1a1
            • A1a1* — Buryat, Altai Kizhi
            • A1a1a — Buryat, Mongol (Inner Mongolia)
          • A1a2 — Russia (Bashkortostan, Velikij Novgorod), Iran (Turkmen)
          • A1a3 — Greece (Ioannina), United States (West Virginia)
      • A2 — Ache, Waiwai, Zoro, Surui, Waiapi, Poturujara, Kayapo, Katuena, Guarani, Arsario, Cayapa, Dogrib, ancient Canada, USA (Pennsylvania, California), Mexico (Zapotec), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina
        • A2a — Eskimo (Greenland, Chukotka), Chukchi
          • A2a1 — Inuit (Canada), Selkup
          • A2a2 — Eskimo (Chukotka), Chukchi
          • A2a3 — Eskimo (Greenland, Canada, Chukotka), Chukchi
          • A2a4 — USA (New Mexico, Arizona), Mexico (Chihuahua)
          • A2a5 — Apache, USA (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), Canada (Cree, Shuswap)
        • A2b — Chukchi
          • A2b1 — Chukchi, Koryak, Eskimo (Chukotka, Canada, Greenland)
        • A2c
        • A2d — USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
          • A2d1 — USA (Mexican)
            • A2d1a — USA (Hispanic)
          • A2d2 — USA (Hispanic)
        • A2e'ao
          • A2e
          • A2ao
            • A2ao1
        • A2f
          • A2f1 — Newfoundland
            • A2f1a — Canada, USA (Native American)
          • A2f2 — USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico
          • A2f3 — USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
        • A2g — USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Iberian Peninsula
          • A2g1 — USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Latin America
        • A2h — Colombia (Cocama of Amazonas, Arhuaco), Yanomama, Kogui
          • A2h1 — USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Latin America
        • A2i — USA (Hispanic, etc.), Canada (Ojibwa, Prince Edward Island, Pabos in Quebec)
        • A2j — USA (Hispanic)
          • A2j1 — USA (Hispanic)
        • A2k — USA (Puerto Rico)
          • A2k1 — Ecuador, Wayuu, Mexico
            • A2k1a — Venezuela, Colombia (Pasto of Putumayo), USA (Hispanic)
        • A2l'm'n'o'ai'aj
          • A2l
          • A2m
          • A2n — Canada
          • A2o
          • A2ai
          • A2aj
        • A2p'am
          • A2p
            • A2p1
            • A2p2
          • A2am — USA (Puerto Rico, Hispanic), Venezuela. One ancient DNA found in Curaçao, in a Dabajuroid (Caquetio) site dating 1160-1500 CE.
        • A2q
          • A2q1
        • A2r — USA (Hispanic, Mexican), Cuba
          • A2r1 — Mexico, USA (Mexican)
        • A2s
        • A2t — USA (Mexican)
        • A2u
          • A2u1
          • A2u2
        • A2v
          • A2v1 — USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico (La Mixteca)
            • A2v1a — Guatemala, USA (Mexican)
            • A2v1b — Mexico
        • A2w — Colombia (Kogi, Guambiano of Putumayo), Arsario, USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
          • A2w1 — Mexico, Cayman Islands, Guatemala (La Tinta), Panama (Guaymi), Colombia
        • A2x
        • A2y
        • A2z — USA (Hispanic, Puerto Rico)
        • A2aa
        • A2ab
        • A2ac
          • A2ac1
        • A2ad
          • A2ad1
          • A2ad2
        • A2ae
        • A2af
          • A2af1
            • A2af1a
              • A2af1a1
              • A2af1a2
            • A2af1b
              • A2af1b1
                • A2af1b1a
                • A2af1b1b
              • A2af1b2
          • A2af2
        • A2ag
        • A2ah
        • A2ak
        • A2al
        • A2an
        • A2ap
        • A2aq
      • A6
        • A6* — Deng, Korea
        • A6a — China
          • A6a* — Han Chinese (Wuhan, etc.)
          • A6a1 — Tujia
        • A6b — Tibet
          • A6b* — Tibet (Chamdo, Ladakh)
          • A6b1 — Tibet (Sherpa)
        • A6c — Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa)
      • A12'23 — Austria, Romania, Poland, Russia, possibly found among Udmurts and Komis
        • A12 — Czech Republic, Germany
          • A12a — Ireland, UK, New Zealand, USA, Nenets, Selkup
            • A12a* — Mansi, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)
            • A12a1 — Kyordyughen Site (Ymyiakhtakh Culture, Yakutia), Hungary (Debrecen)
            • A12a2 — Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Stony Tunguska River basin)
          • A12b — Buryat, Karos-Eperjesszög (Hungarian conqueror period)
        • A23 — Mongol (Inner Mongolia), Buryat, Ket, Qashqai (Iran), ancient Scythian (Chylenski)
      • A13'14 — Russia (Buryat, Khamnigan), China (Shiyan, Tu, Uyghur, etc.), Ladakh, Thailand, Vietnam (Mang), Korea, Japan, Paraguay (Alto Parana), Ireland
        • A13
          • A13a — Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province and Lampang Province), China
          • A13b
            • A13b1 — Uyghur, Taiwan
            • A13b2 — China (Lahu, etc.), Thailand (Red Lahu from Mae Hong Son Province), Vietnam (Phù Lá)
              • A13b2a — China (Naxi), Thailand (Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province)
        • A14 — Russia (Altai Kizhi, etc.), Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, China, Han Chinese (Denver), Taiwan, Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province, Mon from Lopburi Province), Vietnam (Pa Then)
      • A15 — Uyghur
        • A15a — China (Han in Beijing, Lanzhou, etc.), Tibet (Tingri), Uyghur, Japan
        • A15b — China, Japan (Ehime)
        • A15c — China
          • A15c1 — Naxi, Tibet (Sherpa), Nepal (Sherpa)
      • A16 — Buryat, Uyghur, Turk
      • A17 — China (Han from Beijing, Lanzhou, etc.), Miao, Yi, Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa, Tingri), Ladakh, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province and Mae Hong Son Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Mon from Ratchaburi Province), Vietnam (Phù Lá, Hà Nhì)
      • A18 — Japan, China (Han from Fujian, Han from Beijing, Han from Lanzhou), Romania
      • A19 — China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
      • A20 — Japan, Han Chinese (Denver)
      • A21 — Tibet (Sherpa, Deng, etc.), Jammu and Kashmir
      • A22 — China, Han Chinese (Denver)
      • A24 — China (Han in Beijing), Turkey, Czech Republic (West Bohemia)
      • A25 — Japan (Chiba), China, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)
      • A26 — Denmark
    • A3 — Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
      • A3a — Japan (Aichi, etc.)
    • A7
      • A7* — China
      • A7a — Tibet
        • A7a* — Lhoba
        • A7a1 — Lhoba
        • A7a2 — Lhoba, Monpa
      • A7b — Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
    • A9
    • A11 — Nepal, Korea, Russia
      • A11a — Tibet (Lhasa, Nyingchi, Tingri, Sherpa, Lhoba, etc.), Ladakh
      • A11b — Tibet (Tingri, Chamdo, etc.), Naxi, Han (Yunnan)
  • A5 — China (incl. Hong Kong), Japan
    • A5a — Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.), Korea, China
      • A5a1 — Korea
        • A5a1a — Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
          • A5a1a1 — Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.), Korea
            • A5a1a1a — Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
            • A5a1a1b — Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, etc.), Korea
          • A5a1a2 — Japan, Korea
            • A5a1a2a — Japan (Aichi)
        • A5a1b — Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
      • A5a2 — Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
      • A5a3
        • A5a3* — Korea, USA (African American)
        • A5a3a
          • A5a3a* — Japan (Tokyo)
          • A5a3a1 — Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
      • A5a4 — Japan
      • A5a5 — Japan, South Korea (Seoul), Uyghur
    • A5b — China (Tujia, Hui, etc.)
      • A5b1 — China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand, Vietnam (Tay), Singapore
        • A5b1* — Uyghur
        • A5b1a — Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
        • A5b1b — China (Han from Fujian, Miao, etc.), Uyghur, Korea
          • A5b1b* — Han Chinese
          • A5b1b1
            • A5b1b1* — Miao
            • A5b1b1a — China
            • A5b1b1b — China
          • A5b1b2 — Uyghur
        • A5b1c — Han Chinese (Denver)
          • A5b1c1 — Taiwan (Hakka, Bunun, Paiwan)
        • A5b1d
          • A5b1d* — China
          • A5b1d1 — Siamese (Central Thailand), Tay (Vietnam)
      • A5b2 — China (Tujia, etc.)
    • A5c — Japan (Aichi, etc.), Korea, Khamnigan, Buryat, Barghut
      • A5c1 — Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.)
  • A8 — Uyghur
    • A8a — Okunev culture, Ket, Selkup, Pakistan, Poland, Italy
      • A8a* — Han Chinese (Guizhou), Korean
      • A8a1 — Hungary, Albania
        • A8a1* — Uyghur, Poland (Podhale), USA (Louisiana)
        • A8a1a — Yakut, Uyghur, Buryat
      • A8a2
        • A8a2a — Kets (Kellog, etc.), Tofalar (Alygdzher)
        • A8a2b — Tuvan (Bay-Tal), Poland
    • A8b — Koryak
  • A10 — China (Uyghur), Afghanistan (Hazara, Uzbek), Russia (Mansi, Volga Tatars, etc.), France, Canada, New York

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup A

Popular culture

The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Aiyana.

Eva Longoria, an American actress of Mexican descent, belongs to Haplogroup A2. Michelle Rodriguez, an American actress with a Dominican mother, is likewise in A2.

See also

• Genealogical DNA test
• Genetic genealogy
• Human mitochondrial genetics
• Population genetics
• Indigenous Amerindian genetics

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39. Two skeletons, one each from CA-MNT-1489 and CA-MNT-1931, Late Period archeological sites located in Rancho San Carlos, inland from Carmel and south of the Carmel River, were both determined to be of haplotype A01 (Breschini & Haversat 2004). An adult and child, dating from Cal BP 200, buried at CA-MNT-831, a site in Pacific Grove, on the Monterey Peninsula, both belonged to haplogroup D01 (Breschini & Haversat 2004). Of four Ohlone mtDNA lineages identified by Johnson & Lorenz 2006, two belonged to haplogroup C, one each to haplogroups B and D, and none to haplogroup A. Of these eight Ohlone individuals, two belonged to haplogroup A.
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External links

• General
  • Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
  • Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
• Haplogroup A
  • YFull MTree's Haplogroup A
  • MITOMAP's Haplogroup A
  • FamilyTreeDNA's mtDNA Haplotree: Haplogroup A
  • Tamm E, Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu M, Smith DG, Mulligan CJ, Bravi CM, Rickards O, Martinez-Labarga C, Khusnutdinova EK, Fedorova SA, Golubenko MV, Stepanov VA, Gubina MA, Zhadanov SI, Ossipova LP, Damba L, Voevoda MI, Dipierri JE, Villems R, Malhi RS (September 2007). "Beringian standstill and spread of Native American founders". PLOS ONE. 2 (9): e829. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..829T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000829. PMC 1952074. PMID 17786201.
  • Spread of Haplogroup A, from National Geographic
  • Aiyana

• Human mtDNA haplogroups