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En (autonym: aiɲ or eɲ, also known as Nùng Vẻn) is a Kra language spoken in Vietnam. Before its discovery in 1998, En language was undistinguished from Nùng, which is a Central Tai language closely related to Zhuang. In the late 1990s, Vietnamese linguist Hoàng Văn Ma had first recognized that it was not a Tai language, ultimately leading to field work distinguishing En as a separate language. Researchers have determined En to be one of the Buyang languages.

The speakers of En live in northern Vietnam near the border with Jingxi County, Guangxi. In 1998, En speakers were found 12 km to the east of Hà Quảng city in Nội Thôn village, Hà Quảng District, Cao Bằng Province.

Phone

En has 6 tones: / ˥˦, ˨˦˧, ˧˧˨, ˧, ˨˩˨, ˧˨ / (/54, 243, 332, 33, 212, 32/).

References

1. "Kỳ lạ một tộc người nói tiếng không giống dân tộc nào". 13 April 2017.
2. En at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
3. ""Ẩn số" kho trầm tích văn hóa người Nùng Vẻn duy nhất ở Cao Bằng - Báo Cao Bằng điện tử".
4. https://sti.vista.gov.vn/tw/Lists/TaiLieuKHCN/Attachments/351187/CVv281S092022031.pdf Archived 2023-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
5. Li Jinfang . 2006. Studies on endangered languages in the Southwest China . Beijing: Minzu University. page 90.

Further reading

• Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Yongxian Luo ed. The Tai–Kadai Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Psychology Press, 2008.

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• Languages of Vietnam
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