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Triqui
Geographic distribution	Mexico
Ethnicity	Trique
Native speakers	30,000 in Mexico (2020 census)
Linguistic classification	Oto-Manguean Mixtecan Triqui
Subdivisions	Copala Triqui Chicahuaxtla Triqui San Martín Itunyoso Triqui
Language codes
Glottolog	triq1251
ELP	Triqui

The Triqui (/ˈtriːki/), or Trique, languages are a family of Oto-Manguean spoken by 30,000 Trique people of the Mexican states of Oaxaca and the state of Baja California in 2007 (due to recent population movements). They are also spoken by 5,000 immigrants to the United States. Triqui languages belong to the Mixtecan branch together with the Mixtec languages and Cuicatec.

Varieties

Ethnologue lists three major varieties:

• Triqui de Copala spoken by 15,000 people (1990 census) in San Juan Copala, Oaxaca (and recently due to migrations in the San Quintín valley, Baja California).
• Triqui de San Andrés Chicahuaxtla spoken by 6,000 people in San Andrés Chicahuaxtla, Oaxaca.
• Triqui de San Martín Itunyoso spoken by 2,000 people (1983 survey) in San Martín Itunyoso, Oaxaca.

Mexico's federal agency for its indigenous languages, Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI), identifies four varieties of Trique in its Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales published in early 2008. The variants listed by INALI are:

Phonology

The following phonology is based on Hollenbach (1984) and DiCanio (2008):

Vowels

Consonants

Itunyoso Triqui may tend to have ten geminated consonants; /mː, βː, tː, nː, lː, tːʃ, jː, ʈːʂ, kː, kːʷ/.

Tones

All varieties of Triqui are tonal and have complex phonologies. The tone system of Copala Triqui is the best described and has eight tones.

Tones in Triqui languages are typically written with superscript numbers, so that chraa⁵ 'river' indicates the syllable chraa with the highest (5) tone, while cha³na¹ 'woman' has the middle (3) tone on the first syllable and the lowest (1) tone on the second syllable.

Of the Triqui languages, the Copala dialect has undergone the most vowel loss, with many non-final syllables losing their vowels. The result, as in many other Oto-Manguean languages, is a complex set of consonant clusters. So, for instance, the word si⁵kuj⁵ 'cow' in Itunyoso Triqui corresponds to skuj⁵ in Copala Triqui.

The tonal phonology of other Triqui languages is more complex than Copala Triqui. The tone system of Itunyoso Triqui has nine tones. The tone system of Chicahuaxtla Triqui has at least 10 tones but may have as many as 16.

Orthography

Triqui has been written in a number of different orthographies, depending on the intended audience. Linguists typically write the language with all tones fully marked and all phonemes represented. However, in works intended for native speakers of Triqui, a practical orthography is often used with a somewhat simpler representation.

The following Copala Triqui example is written in both the practical (first line) and the linguistic (second line) orthographies:

Me

Me³

WH

síí

zii⁵

3

rihaan

riaan³²

to

aꞌmii

aꞌmii³²

speak

so̱ꞌ

zoꞌ¹

2

ga̱

ga²

INTERR

Me síí rihaan aꞌmii so̱ꞌ ga̱

Me³ zii⁵ riaan³² aꞌmii³² zoꞌ¹ ga²

WH 3 to speak 2 INTERR

'To whom are you speaking?' (¿Con quién estás hablando?)

Morphology

Triqui bound morphology is fairly limited. Verbs take a /k-/ prefix (spelled c- or qu-) to show completive aspect:

Aꞌmiie³² izoꞌ¹. 'You are speaking'.

C-aꞌmii³² zoꞌ¹. 'You spoke'.

The same /k-/ prefix plus a tonal change shows the potential aspect:

C-aꞌmii² zoꞌ¹. 'You will speak.'

The tonal changes associated with the potential aspect are complex but always involve lowering the tone of the root (Hollenbach 1984).

There are also complex phonological processes that are triggered by the presence of root-final clitic pronouns. These pronouns (especially the first- and the second-person singular) may change the shape of the stem or alter its tone.

As a language subfamily, Triqui is interesting for having a large tonal inventory, complex morphophonology, and interesting syntactic phenomena, much of which has yet to be described.

Syntax

Copala Triqui has a verb-subject-object word order:

Aꞌnii⁵

put

Mariia⁴

Maria

chraa³

tortilla

raa⁴

in

yoo⁴

tenate

a³².

DECL

Aꞌnii⁵ Mariia⁴ chraa³ raa⁴ yoo⁴ a³².

put Maria tortilla in tenate DECL

'Maria put the tortilla in the tenate (basket).'

Copala Triqui has an accusative marker maa³ or man³, which is obligatory for animate pronominal objects but optional otherwise:

Queneꞌe³

saw

Mariia⁴

Maria

(maa³)

ACC

chraa⁴

tortilla

a³².

DECL

Queneꞌe³ Mariia⁴ (maa³) chraa⁴ a³².

saw Maria ACC tortilla DECL

'Maria saw the tortilla.'

Queneꞌe³

saw

Mariia⁴

Maria

*(maa³)

ACC

zoꞌ¹

you

a³².

DECL

Queneꞌe³ Mariia⁴ *(maa³) zoꞌ¹ a³².

saw Maria ACC you DECL

'Maria saw you.'

This use of the accusative before some objects and not others is what is called differential object marking.

The following example (repeated from above) shows a Copala Triqui question:

Me³

WH

zii⁵

3

riaan³²

to

aꞌmii³²

speak

zoꞌ¹

2

ga²

INTERR

Me³ zii⁵ riaan³² aꞌmii³² zoꞌ¹ ga²

WH 3 to speak 2 INTERR

'To whom are you speaking?' (¿Con quién estas hablando?)

As this example shows, Copala Trique has wh-movement and pied-piping with inversion.

Copala Triqui syntax is described in Hollenbach (1992).

Triqui is interesting for having toggle processes as well. For negation, a completive aspect prefix signifies the negative potential. A potential aspect prefix in the same context signifies the negative completive.

Sample text

The following is a sample of Copala Triqui taken from a legend about the Sun and the Moon. The first column is Copala Triqui, the second is a Spanish translation, and the third is an English translation.

Media

Triqui-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio stations XEQIN-AM, based in San Quintín, Baja California, and XETLA, based in Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca.

Use

As of 2012, the Natividad Medical Center of Salinas, California, was training medical interpreters bilingual in one of the Oaxacan languages (including Trique, Mixteco, or Zapotec), as well as in Spanish. In March 2014, Natividad Medical Foundation launched Indigenous Interpreting+, "a community and medical interpreting business specializing in indigenous languages from Mexico and Central and South America," including Trique, Mixteco, Zapotec, and Chatino.

A Trique-speaking community has also settled in Albany, New York, as well as in northwestern Washington.

Notes

1. Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020 INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
2. The proposal to group Mixtec, Trique and Cuicatec into a single family (none more closely related to one than to the other) was made by Longacre (1957) with convincing evidence.
3. The catalogue is the result of a project completed by INALI in 2007 in fulfillment of its obligations under Mexican federal law to document and enumerate the indigenous languages of Mexico. The catalogue was published in the federal government's official gazette, the Diario Oficial de la Federación (DOF).
4. Table data source: see "triqui" , online extract reproduced from Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (2008), p.5 .
5. ^ DiCanio, Christian. The Phonetics and Phonology of San Martín Itunyoso Trique. Ph.D Thesis, University of California, Berkeley. 2008.
6. ^ Hollenbach, Barbara. The Phonology and Morphology of Tone and Laryngeals in Copala Trique. Ph.D Thesis, University of Arizona. 1984
7. Good, Claude. Diccionario Triqui, volume 20 of Serie de Vocabularios Indigenas. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Mexico. 1979.
8. Longacre, Robert E. Proto-Mixtecan. In Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics, volume 5. Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics, Bloomington. 1957
9. Hollenbach, Barbara. Vocabulario breve del triqui de San Juan Copala. 2005
10. Lopéz, Román Vidal; Broadwell, George Aaron (2009-01-01). The origin of the sun and moon: a Copala Triqui legend (in Spanish). Lincom Europa.
11. Melissa Flores (2012-01-23). "Salinas hospital to train indigenous-language interpreters". HealthyCal.org. Archived from the original on 2012-01-29. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
12. "Natividad Medical Foundation Announces Indigenous Interpreting+ Community and Medical Interpreting Business". Market Wired. 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
13. Claudio Torrens (May 28, 2011). "Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier". UTSanDiego.com. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
14. Carleo-Evangelist, Jordan (April 14, 2014). "Keeping a language alive: Dictionary project aims to save native tongue of the Triqui community". Times Union (Albany). Retrieved June 4, 2016.

Bibliography

• Broadwell, George A., Kosuke Matsukawa, Edgar Martín del Campo, Ruth Scipione and Susan Perdomo. 2009. The Origin of the Sun and Moon: A Copala Triqui Legend. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
• DiCanio, Christian. 2008. The Phonetics and Phonology of San Martín Itunyoso Trique. Ph.D. dissertation: University of California, Berkeley.
• Elliott, A. Raymond. 2020. A method comparison analysis examining the relationship between linguistic tone, melodic tune, and sung performances of children’s songs in Chicahuaxtla Triqui: Findings and implications for documentary linguistics and indigenous language communities. Language Documentation & Conservation. Vol. 14, pp. 139-187.
• Elliott, A. Raymond. 2017. Ruhuâ Ruˈman Hioˈóo Gatsii ‘IN THE HOLE OF WHITE DIRT’ LEGEND IN CHICAHUAXTLA TRIQUI. International Journal of American Linguistics: Online Texts. Vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-32.
• Elliott, A. Raymond, Pablo Hernández Cruz, Fausto Sandoval Cruz. 2020. Dàj guruguiˈ yumiguiì ‘de como apareció la gente del mundo’: leyenda en triqui de Chicahuaxtla. Tlalocan. Vol. 25, 147-212.
• Elliott, A. Raymond, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Fausto Sandoval Cruz. 2016. “Chicahuaxtla Triqui.” Journal of the International Phonetic Association, February, 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0025100315000389.
• Elliott, A. Raymond, Fulgencio Sandoval Cruz, and Felipe Santiago Rojas. 2012. “Notes from the Field: Chicahuaxtla Triqui Digital Wordlist and Preliminary Observations” 6: 208–36.
• Good, Claude. 1979. Diccionario Triqui, volume 20 of Serie de Vocabularios Indigenas. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Mexico.
• Hollenbach, Barbara. 1977. El origen del sol y de la luna – cuatro versiones en el trique de Copala, Tlalocan 7:123-70.
• Hollenbach, Barbara. 1984. The phonology and morphology of tone and laryngeals in Copala Trique. Ph.D. thesis, University of Arizona.
• Hollenbach, Barbara, 1988. Three Trique myths of San Juan Copala. Mexico City: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
• Hollenbach, Barbara. 1992. A syntactic sketch of Copala Trique. in C. Henry Bradley & Barbara E. Hollenbach, eds. Studies in the syntax of Mixtecan languages, vol. 4, pp. 173–431. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
• Hollenbach, Barbara. 2005. Vocabulario breve del triqui de San Juan Copala. (Available at )
• Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (14 January 2008). "Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas" (PDF online reproduction). Diario Oficial de la Federación (in Spanish). 652 (9). México, D.F.: Imprenta del Gobierno Federal, SEGOB: 22–78 (first section), 1–96 (second section), 1–112 (third section). OCLC 46461036.
• Longacre, Robert E. 1957. Proto-Mixtecan. International Journal of American Linguistics 23(4).
• Matsukawa, Kosuke. 2007. Preliminary Tone Analysis of Possessed Nouns in Chicahuaxtla Trique. UTA Working Papers in Linguistics 2006-2007, pp. 31–49. Arlington: University of Texas at Arlington.
• Matsukawa, Kosuke. 2008. Reconstruction of Proto-Trique Phonemes. U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics 14(1):269-281. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
• Matsukawa, Kosuke. 2010. Tone Alternation Patterns for Potential Aspect in Chicahuaxtla Triqui. Proceedings of the Conference on Indigenous Languages of Latin America IV. Austin: AILLA, University of Texas at Austin.
• Matsukawa, Kosuke. 2012. Phonetics and Phonology of Chicahuaxtla Triqui Tones. Ph.D. dissertation, University at Albany, State University of New York.

External links

• Online dictionary of Copala Triqui
• Triqui language picture dictionary
• Triqui resources from Hollenbach
• Triqui resources from SIL
• Triqui resources native-languages.org

• Mesoamerican languages
• Indigenous languages of Mexico
• Verb–subject–object languages
• Oto-Manguean languages
• Mixtecan languages
• Trique language