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2018 United States Senate election in West Virginia

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2018 United States Senate election in West Virginia
← 2012 November 6, 2018 2024 →
Turnout47.04% Increase
 
Nominee Joe Manchin Patrick Morrisey
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 290,510 271,113
Percentage 49.56% 46.27%
County results Congressional district results House of Delegates district results Precinct resultsManchin:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
Morrisey:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%
U.S. senator before election

Joe Manchin
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Joe Manchin
Democratic

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The 2018 United States Senate election in West Virginia took place on November 6, 2018, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of West Virginia, concurrently with other elections to the United States Senate, elections to the United States House of Representatives, and various state and local elections. This was one of ten Democratic-held Senate seats up for election in a state won by Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election.

Incumbent Senator Joe Manchin was considered to be among the most vulnerable Democratic senators facing re-election in 2018 due to the state's deepening partisan lean and his declining popularity. Manchin ultimately won a second full term, though by a much narrower margin of 3.33% compared to his 2012 landslide. Manchin outperformed the margins of defeat from both Hillary Clinton in 2016 and Joe Biden in 2020 by more than 40 percentage points.

As of 2024, this is the last time that a Democrat won a congressional and/or non-judicial statewide election in West Virginia.

Background

West Virginia was once a Democratic stronghold at the state and federal level, but is now deeply red at the federal and state levels. In 2008, John McCain defeated Barack Obama by a margin of 13.1%. From 1959 to 2015, West Virginia was exclusively represented in the U.S. Senate by Democrats.

In the 2012 presidential election, Mitt Romney defeated Obama by 26.7% and swept every single county in the state. Despite this, Manchin was reelected in his own landslide over perennial candidate John Raese, receiving more than 60% of the vote and carrying all but three counties. Manchin's 2012 re-election against Raese was a rematch between the two, as Manchin previously defeated Raese in the 2010 special election where he was first elected to the U.S. Senate.

In 2016, Donald Trump won the state by a greater than 40-point margin over Hillary Clinton (68–26%), with Clinton's performance being the worst for either party in the state's history. Trump also won every county in the state.

Concurrent with Trump's landslide victory in West Virginia, Democratic businessman Jim Justice won the gubernatorial election with 49% of the vote but changed his party affiliation back to Republican within a year (Justice had previously been a Republican prior to running as a Democrat for governor). Democrats lost almost every statewide office in the state in 2016, with State Treasurer John Perdue being the only statewide Democrat re-elected.

Because of the heavy Republican lean of his state, Manchin was ranked by many outlets as one of the most vulnerable incumbents up for reelection. President Trump headlined three rallies in the state on behalf of Manchin's opponent Patrick Morrisey. Manchin's vote to confirm Judge Brett Kavanaugh in his highly contentious confirmation hearing, making him the only Democrat to do so, garnered national attention and backlash from members of his own party just weeks before the midterm elections. Despite the challenges to his re-election, Manchin leaned into his close personal ties to the state and emphasized his moderate views.

Although Manchin was seen as vulnerable during the lead-up to the election, polling considered him to be a slight favorite for most of the general election cycle.

Democratic primary

Candidates

Nominee

Eliminated in primary

Endorsements

Paula Jean Swearengin

State legislators

Individuals

Organizations

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Joe
Manchin 		Paula Jean
Swearengin 		Undecided
SurveyMonkey (D-Swearengin) September 2017 46% 8% 38%

Results

Results by county: Manchin
  •   50–60%
  •   60–70%
  •   70–80%
Democratic primary results
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Joe Manchin (incumbent) 112,658 69.86%
Democratic Paula Jean Swearengin 48,594 30.14%
Total votes 161,252 100%

Republican primary

Candidates

Nominee

Eliminated in the primary

  • Don Blankenship, former chairman and CEO of Massey Energy
  • Bo Copley, coal miner
  • Evan Jenkins, U.S. Representative for West Virginia's 3rd congressional district (2015–2018)
  • Jack Newbrough, truck driver and navy veteran
  • Tom Willis, army veteran

Declined

Endorsements

Evan Jenkins

State officials

Organizations

Debates

Host
network 		Date Link(s) Participants
Evan
Jenkins 		Patrick
Morrisey 		Don
Blankenship 		Bo
Copley 		Jack
Newbrough 		Tom
Willis
Fox News May 1, 2018 Invited Invited Invited – – –
WVPB April 23, 2018 Invited Invited Invited Invited Invited Invited

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Don
Blankenship 		Evan
Jenkins 		Patrick
Morrisey 		Other Undecided
Public Opinion Strategies (R-Morrisey) April 22–23, 2018 500 ± 4.4% 15% 26% 28% – 18%
Fox News April 18–22, 2018 985 ± 3.0% 16% 25% 21% 8% 24%
National Research Inc. (R-GOPAC) April 17–19, 2018 411 ± 4.9% 12% 20% 24% 5% 39%
Osage Research (R-Morrisey) March 13, 2018 500 ± 4.4% 23% 17% 24% 4% –
Harper Polling (R-Jenkins) March 5–6, 2018 400 – 27% 29% 19% 10% 15%
Harper Polling (R-Jenkins) February 5–6, 2018 500 ± 4.4% 18% 33% 25% 12% 12%
– 42% 36% – 22%
Fabrizio, Lee and Associates (R-35th PAC) October 19–22, 2017 400 ± 4.9% – 34% 40% – 26%

Results

Results by county: Morrisey
  •   Morrisey—70–80%
  •   Morrisey—60–70%
  •   Morrisey—50–60%
  •   Morrisey—40–50%
  •   Morrisey—30–40%
  •   Morrisey—<30%
Jenkins
  •   Jenkins—30–40%
  •   Jenkins—40–50%
  •   Jenkins—50–60%
  •   Jenkins—60–70%
Blankenship
  •   Blankenship—<30%
  •   Blankenship—30–40%
  •   Blankenship—40–50%
Republican primary results
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Patrick Morrisey 48,007 34.90%
Republican Evan Jenkins 40,185 29.21%
Republican Don Blankenship 27,478 19.97%
Republican Tom Willis 13,540 9.84%
Republican Bo Copley 4,248 3.09%
Republican Jack Newbrough 4,115 2.99%
Total votes 137,573 100%

Libertarian Party

Candidates

Nominated

  • Rusty Hollen

Constitution Party

Candidates

Denied ballot access

  • Don Blankenship, former chairman and CEO of Massey Energy. Observers noted that he would be ineligible to run due to West Virginia's sore-loser law which states that the loser of a partisan primary election cannot appear on the ballot as an independent or with another political party in the general election. Blankenship was eligible to run as a write-in candidate. Secretary of State Mac Warner denied ballot access to Blankenship's campaign on July 26, citing West Virginia's "sore loser" law. After a lawsuit, the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia ordered Warner to deny Blankenship ballot access on August 29, 2018.

Endorsements

Don Blankenship

Organizations

General election

Candidates

Predictions

Source Ranking As of
The Cook Political Report Lean D October 26, 2018
Inside Elections Tilt D November 1, 2018
Sabato's Crystal Ball Lean D November 5, 2018
CNN Lean D November 5, 2018
RealClearPolitics Tossup November 5, 2018
Daily Kos Lean D November 5, 2018
Fox News Lean D November 5, 2018
FiveThirtyEight Likely D November 6, 2018

Endorsements

Joe Manchin (D)

U.S. Senators

Labor unions

Organizations

Other Individuals

Newspapers

  • The Sunday News-Register
Patrick Morrisey (R)

U.S. Executive Branch officials

U.S. Senators

U.S. Representatives

U.S. Governors

State Senators

State Delegates

Organizations

Other individuals

Newspapers

Fundraising

Campaign finance reports as of September 30, 2018
Candidate (party) Total receipts Total disbursements Cash on hand
Joe Manchin (D) $8,872,162 $6,459,930 $4,200,530
Patrick Morrisey (R) $4,943,056 $3,315,300 $1,627,756
Source: Federal Election Commission

Polling

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Joe
Manchin (D) 		Patrick
Morrisey (R) 		Rusty
Hollen (L) 		Other Undecided
Emerson College October 28–31, 2018 1,013 ± 3.2% 47% 42% 3% – 8%
Research America Inc. October 19–30, 2018 400 ± 4.9% 45% 40% 11% – 5%
Strategic Research Associates October 12–19, 2018 650 ± 3.8% 52% 36% 4% – 8%
Fabrizio, Lee and Associates (R-NRSC) October 16–18, 2018 600 ± 4.0% 42% 44% 3% – 12%
45% 47% – – 8%
Vox Populi Polling October 13–15, 2018 789 ± 3.5% 53% 47% – – –
The Polling Company (R-Citizens United) October 11–13, 2018 600 ± 4.0% 49% 45% – 2% 3%
Public Opinion Strategies (R-NRSC) October 7–9, 2018 600 ± 4.0% 41% 40% 8% – –
Strategic Research Associates September 17–26, 2018 650 ± 3.8% 46% 38% 3% – 13%
1892 Polling (R-Morrisey) September 24–25, 2018 500 ± 4.4% 45% 45% – – 10%
The Tarrance Group (R-SLF) September 23–25, 2018 612 ± 4.1% 47% 43% 5% – 5%
Global Strategy Group (D-Manchin) September 19–23, 2018 601 ± 4.0% 48% 36% 4% – –
Emerson College September 13–15, 2018 825 ± 3.5% 45% 33% – 6% 16%
Harper Polling (R-35th PAC) August 23–26, 2018 600 ± 4.0% 47% 41% – – 12%
Research America Inc. August 16–26, 2018 404 ± 4.9% 46% 38% – – 16%
Trafalgar Group (R) July 13–16, 2018 1,158 ± 2.9% 50% 40% 2% – 8%
SurveyMonkey/Axios June 11 – July 2, 2018 892 ± 5.5% 53% 40% – – 6%
Monmouth University June 14–19, 2018 653 ± 3.8% 49% 42% – 3% 6%
Public Policy Polling June 12–13, 2018 633 – 49% 42% – – 9%
Hart Research Associates (D-DSCC) May 15–16, 2018 602 ± 4.0% 52% 40% – – –
Global Strategy Group (D-Manchin) May 13–16, 2018 600 ± 4.0% 50% 42% – – –
47% 40% 4% – –
WPA Intelligence (R) May 10, 2018 400 ± 4.9% 44% 46% – – 11%
Zogby Analytics September 27–30, 2017 320 ± 5.5% 45% 38% – – 17%
Research America Inc. August 11–20, 2017 400 ± 4.9% 51% 37% – – 12%
Harper Polling November 16–17, 2016 500 ± 4.4% 57% 35% – – 8%
Hypothetical polling

with Don Blankenship

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Joe
Manchin (D) 		Patrick
Morrisey (R) 		Don
Blankenship (C) 		Other Undecided
Research America Inc. August 16–26, 2018 404 ± 4.9% 45% 34% 8% – 13%
Monmouth University June 14–19, 2018 653 ± 3.8% 48% 39% 4% 2% 6%
Public Policy Polling June 12–13, 2018 633 – 46% 35% 11% – 7%
Gravis Marketing May 22, 2018 543 ± 4.2% 51% 39% 5% – –

with generic Republican

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Joe
Manchin (D) 		Generic
Republican 		Undecided
National Research Inc. (R-GOPAC) April 17–19, 2018 – – 37% 41% 20%
SurveyMonkey/Axios February 12 – March 5, 2018 1,591 ± 3.5% 43% 52% 5%

with Evan Jenkins

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Joe
Manchin (D) 		Evan
Jenkins (R) 		Undecided
Zogby Analytics September 27–30, 2017 320 ± 5.5% 49% 36% 15%
Research America Inc. August 11–20, 2017 400 ± 4.9% 50% 40% 10%
Harper Polling November 16–17, 2016 500 ± 4.4% 51% 39% 10%

with Alex Mooney

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Joe
Manchin (D) 		Alex
Mooney (R) 		Undecided
Zogby Analytics September 27–30, 2017 320 ± 5.5% 49% 35% 17%
Harper Polling November 16–17, 2016 500 ± 4.4% 58% 28% 14%

with David McKinley

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Joe
Manchin (D) 		David
McKinley (R) 		Undecided
Harper Polling November 16–17, 2016 500 ± 4.4% 54% 34% 12%
Public Policy Polling April 29 – May 1, 2016 1,201 ± 2.8% 46% 36% 18%
Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Carte
Goodwin (D) 		David
McKinley (R) 		Undecided
Harper Polling November 16–17, 2016 500 ± 4.4% 36% 42% 22%

with generic Democratic and Republican

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Generic
Democrat 		Generic
Republican 		Other Undecided
National Research Inc. (R-GOPAC) April 17–19, 2018 – – 37% 49% 4% 11%
Zogby Analytics September 27–30, 2017 320 ± 5.5% 35% 40% 6% 19%

with Carte Goodwin

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Carte
Goodwin (D) 		Alex
Mooney (R) 		Undecided
Harper Polling November 16–17, 2016 500 ± 4.4% 41% 31% 28%
Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Carte
Goodwin (D) 		Evan
Jenkins (R) 		Undecided
Harper Polling November 16–17, 2016 500 ± 4.4% 31% 43% 25%
Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Carte
Goodwin (D) 		Patrick
Morrisey (R) 		Undecided
Harper Polling November 16–17, 2016 500 ± 4.4% 39% 43% 18%

Results

Swing by county
Legend
  •   Democratic—+10-15%
  •   Republican—+<5%
  •   Republican—+5-10%
  •   Republican—+10-15%
  •   Republican—+15-20%
  •   Republican—+20-25%
  •   Republican—+25-30%
  •   Republican—+30-35%
  •   Republican—+35-40%
  •   Republican—+>40%
United States Senate election in West Virginia, 2018
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Joe Manchin (incumbent) 290,510 49.57% −12.00%
Republican Patrick Morrisey 271,113 46.26% +9.79%
Libertarian Rusty Hollen 24,411 4.17% N/A
Total votes 586,034 100.00% N/A
Democratic hold

By congressional district

Manchin won all three congressional districts, all of which elected Republicans.

District Manchin Morrisey Representative
1st 49% 46% David McKinley
2nd 50% 46% Alex Mooney
3rd 49% 47% Evan Jenkins (115th Congress)
Carol Miller (116th Congress)

By county

All results are from the office of the Secretary of State of West Virginia.

County Candidate Total
votes
Joe Manchin Patrick Morrisey Rusty Hollen
% Votes % Votes % Votes
Barbour 42.98% 2,121 51.91% 2,562 5.11% 252 4,935
Berkeley 42.63% 14,508 53.21% 18,111 4.16% 1,416 34,035
Boone 57.12% 3,894 39.75% 2,710 3.12% 213 6,817
Braxton 51.24% 2,148 45.01% 1,887 3.75% 157 4,192
Brooke 50.93% 3,987 44.88% 3,513 4.19% 328 7,828
Cabell 58.18% 16,909 38.77% 11,267 3.05% 885 29,061
Calhoun 45.34% 967 49.93% 1,065 4.74% 101 2,133
Clay 46.92% 1,141 49.22% 1,197 3.87% 94 2,432
Doddridge 33.77% 746 61.20% 1,352 5.02% 111 2,209
Fayette 53.19% 6,502 42.22% 5,160 4.59% 561 12,223
Gilmer 47.22% 944 46.47% 929 6.30% 126 1,999
Grant 24.04% 935 72.49% 2,820 3.47% 135 3,890
Greenbrier 50.78% 6,201 45.55% 5,563 3.67% 448 12,212
Hampshire 33.80% 2,325 62.71% 4,313 3.49% 240 6,878
Hancock 46.53% 4,707 49.06% 4,963 4.42% 447 10,117
Hardy 41.41% 1,880 54.34% 2,467 4.25% 193 4,540
Harrison 51.05% 11,491 42.25% 9,512 6.70% 1,508 22,511
Jackson 47.89% 4,890 48.61% 4,964 3.50% 357 10,211
Jefferson 51.32% 10,666 45.04% 9,360 3.64% 756 20,782
Kanawha 61.58% 39,333 35.27% 22,527 3.16% 2,018 63,878
Lewis 41.64% 2,326 51.54% 2,879 6.82% 381 5,586
Lincoln 51.40% 2,899 45.27% 2,553 3.33% 188 5,640
Logan 47.74% 4,574 49.13% 4,708 3.13% 300 9,582
Marion 56.23% 10,889 37.59% 7,280 6.18% 1,197 19,366
Marshall 50.84% 5,485 45.12% 4,868 4.04% 436 10,789
Mason 51.06% 4,270 45.50% 3,805 3.44% 288 8,363
McDowell 48.67% 2,222 48.15% 2,198 3.18% 145 4,565
Mercer 41.19% 7,430 55.62% 10,033 3.20% 577 18,040
Mineral 34.79% 3,108 61.84% 5,525 3.37% 301 8,934
Mingo 42.13% 2,929 55.02% 3,825 2.85% 198 6,952
Monongalia 58.20% 18,010 35.28% 10,918 6.52% 2,019 30,947
Monroe 43.09% 2,125 53.61% 2,644 3.30% 163 4,932
Morgan 34.54% 2,143 60.98% 3,783 4.48% 278 6,204
Nicholas 45.75% 3,588 50.34% 3,948 3.91% 307 7,843
Ohio 55.18% 8,731 41.64% 6,588 3.19% 504 15,823
Pendleton 37.65% 948 58.70% 1,478 3.65% 92 2,518
Pleasants 45.88% 1,157 50.20% 1,266 3.93% 99 2,522
Pocahontas 44.59% 1,269 49.58% 1,411 5.83% 166 2,846
Preston 35.56% 3,686 57.34% 5,943 7.10% 736 10,365
Putnam 49.31% 10,513 47.33% 10,090 3.36% 716 21,319
Raleigh 43.86% 10,581 52.31% 12,620 3.84% 926 24,127
Randolph 50.27% 4,472 45.16% 4,017 4.58% 407 8,896
Ritchie 33.85% 1,082 61.36% 1,961 4.79% 153 3,196
Roane 51.30% 2,165 45.00% 1,899 3.70% 156 4,220
Summers 50.62% 2,069 45.71% 1,868 3.67% 150 4,087
Taylor 44.91% 2,376 49.94% 2,642 5.14% 272 5,290
Tucker 46.90% 1,469 47.96% 1,502 5.14% 161 3,132
Tyler 38.00% 1,065 57.19% 1,603 4.82% 135 2,803
Upshur 41.17% 3,102 53.23% 4,010 5.60% 422 7,534
Wayne 50.34% 6,395 46.87% 5,954 2.79% 355 12,704
Webster 45.03% 1,033 48.82% 1,120 6.15% 141 2,294
Wetzel 50.91% 2,518 43.17% 2,135 5.92% 293 4,946
Wirt 42.22% 790 53.71% 1,005 4.06% 76 1,871
Wood 48.88% 14,189 47.19% 13,696 3.93% 1,141 29,026
Wyoming 44.27% 2,607 52.57% 3,096 3.16% 186 5,889

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

References

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  2. Cheney, Kyle (April 19, 2015). "Joe Manchin won't run for West Virginia governor". Politico. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  3. Hains, Tim (May 9, 2017). "'Justice Democrat' Coal Miner's Daughter Paula Swearingen Announces Primary Challenge Against West Virginia Sen. Joe Manchin". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  4. ^ "U.S. Senate candidate: Paula Jean Swearengin (D)". AP News. March 27, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  5. Blest, Paul (September 7, 2017). "Can You Win in Trump Country with a Bernie Sanders Platform?". VICE News. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  6. Canova, Tim (May 12, 2017). "Happy to endorse @paulajean2018 Swearengin vs @JoeManchinWV in US Senate primary. Hope @SenSanders will support her". Twitter.
  7. "Justice Democrat To Primary Joe Manchin". The Young Turks. May 9, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
  8. ^ "Justice Democrats Targeting Barely-Dem Manchin With Progressive Primary Opponent". Ring of Fire (radio program). May 8, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  9. "BREAKING: Justice Democrats Are Primarying Joe Manchin". Kyle Kulinski. May 8, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  10. "We're proud to endorse @paulajean2018 . She's building a movement". Retrieved March 1, 2018.
  11. "Upshur County Indivisible--Votes proudly endorses @paulajean2018 for US Senate. @IndivisibleTeam @WCWVI #Democracy #Elections2018". Twitter. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
  12. "Even Red State Republicans Want Medicare For All". September 23, 2017 – via YouTube.
  13. ^ "Election Night Reporting". results.enr.clarityelections.com.
  14. "West Virginia AG Patrick Morrisey Will Run for Senate in 2018" (PDF). www.usnews.com. July 10, 2017.
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  17. Geraghty, Jim (February 14, 2017). "In West Virginia, a Rising Republican Star Threatens the Nation's Most Vulnerable Democratic Senator". National Review. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
  18. Bass, Kennie; Morris, Jeff (November 29, 2017). "Former Massey Energy CEO Don Blankenship to run for U.S. Senate". WCHS-TV. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  19. Lesniewski, Niels (May 2, 2017). "Coal Worker Who Confronted Hillary Clinton Takes on Joe Manchin". Roll Call. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  20. "Jenkins to challenge Manchin for U.S. Senate seat". WSAZ-TV. May 8, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
  21. Howell, Craig (September 24, 2017). "Weirton resident seeking Senate seat". The Weirton Daily Times. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
  22. "WV MetroNews – Willis enters US Senate race". wvmetronews.com. January 4, 2018.
  23. Ferns, Ryan (March 2, 2017). "@ReganWV wasn't trying to dodge. Let me be more clear. If a conservative who is more qualified runs, then I'm not going to" (Tweet). Retrieved April 3, 2017 – via Twitter.
  24. Ferns, Ryan (August 18, 2017). "@ASourAppleTree Running for reelection" (Tweet). Retrieved August 18, 2017 – via Twitter.
  25. Marks, Rusty (May 12, 2017). "McKinley says it's too early to announce campaign plans". State Journal. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
  26. Thomas, Alex (May 30, 2017). "McKinley to run for re-election in 2018". West Virginia MetroNews. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  27. "McCuskey to serve as chairman for Jenkins' Senate campaign". wvrecord.com. August 18, 2017.
  28. "W.Va. Chamber PAC Announces 2018 Primary Election Endorsements". West Virginia Chamber of Commerce. April 23, 2018.
  29. ^ "Campaign Trails: Chamber issues endorsements in primary". The Herald-Dispatch. April 17, 2018.
  30. "Daily Mail endorsements: GOP Senate race is about who can beat Joe Manchin in November". Daily Mail. May 4, 2018.
  31. "West Virginia GOP Senate Debate 2018". Fox News. May 1, 2018. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  32. West Virginia Public Broadcasting (April 23, 2018). "Republican Senate Debate" – via YouTube.
  33. "WV-Sen: Public Opinion Strategies (R) For Patrick Morrisey (April 2018) | PDF". Scribd.
  34. "Fox News Poll results 4/24 | Fox News". Fox News. April 24, 2018.
  35. Tom Willis with 4 percent, Bo Copley with 2 percent, and Jack Newbrough with 1 percent
  36. ^ "National Research Inc. (R-GOPAC)". Archived from the original on April 24, 2018.
  37. Tom Willis with 3 percent, Bo Copley and Jack Newbrough with 1 percent
  38. "Morrisey's Poll Shows Him Leading for Senate".
  39. Bo Copley with 2.5 percent, Tom Willis with 1.4 percent, and Jack Newbrough with "an unregistered amount"
  40. "Morrisey's poll shows him leading for Senate".
  41. Tom Willis and Jack Newbrough with 4 percent; Bo Copley with 2 percent
  42. "Harper Polling (R-Jenkins)".
  43. "Fabrizio, Lee and Associates (R-35th PAC)".
  44. "WV SOS - Elections - Candidate - Online Data Services". services.sos.wv.gov. Archived from the original on June 16, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  45. Isenstadt, Alex (May 21, 2018). "Blankenship to wage third-party bid after losing primary". Politico. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  46. "Don Blankenship To Mount Third-Party Senate Bid After Losing W.Va. GOP Primary". NPR.
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