Karluk | |
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Qarluq, Southeastern Turkic, Turkestan Turkic | |
Geographic distribution | Central Asia |
Linguistic classification | Turkic
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Early forms | Middle Turkic |
Subdivisions | |
Language codes | |
Glottolog | uygh1241 |
Uzbek Uyghur Ili |
The Karluk or Qarluq languages are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family that developed from the varieties once spoken by Karluks.
Many Middle Turkic works were written in these languages. The language of the Kara-Khanid Khanate was known as Turki, Ferghani, Kashgari or Khaqani. The language of the Chagatai Khanate was the Chagatai language.
Karluk Turkic was once spoken in the Kara-Khanid Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Timurid Empire, Mughal Empire, Yarkent Khanate and the Uzbek-speaking Khanate of Bukhara, Emirate of Bukhara, Kokand Khanate, Khiva Khanate, Maimana Khanate.
Classification
Languages
- Uzbek – spoken by the Uzbeks; approximately 44 million speakers
- Uyghur – spoken by the Uyghurs; approximately 8–11 million speakers
- Ili Turki – moribund language spoken by Ili Turks, who are legally recognized as a subgroup of Uzbeks; 120 speakers and decreasing (1980)
- Chagatai – extinct language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia and remained the shared literary language there until the early 20th century.
- Karakhanid – literary language of the Kara-Khanid Khanate that is considered a standard form of Middle Turkic.
- Khorezmian Turkic – literary language of the Golden Horde that is considered a preliminary stage of the Chagatai language.
Proto-Turkic | Common Turkic | Karluk | Western | |
Eastern | ||||
Old |
Glottolog v.5.0 refers to the Karluk languages as "Turkistan Turkic" and classifies them as follows:
Turkistan |
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References
- Austin, Peter (2008). One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost. University of California Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-520-25560-9.
- McChesney, R. D. (14 July 2014). Waqf in Central Asia: Four Hundred Years in the History of a Muslim Shrine, 1480-1889. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6196-5.
- Uzbek at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Northern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Southern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- "Uyghur". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
- Glottlog 5.0 places this with Old Turkic.
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Karluk languages". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Turkic languages | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Common Turkic |
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Oghur | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Disputed classification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Potentially Turkic languages | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Creoles and pidgins | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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