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Yonghesuchus Temporal range: Ladinian, 241.48 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Skull
Life restoration
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Archosauria
Clade:	Pseudosuchia
Family:	†Gracilisuchidae
Genus:	†Yonghesuchus Wu et al., 2001
Type species
†Yonghesuchus sangbiensis Wu et al., 2001

Yonghesuchus is an extinct genus of Late Triassic archosaur reptile. Remains have been found from the early Late Triassic Tongchuan Formation in Shanxi, China. It is named after Yonghe County, the county where fossils were found. Currently only one species, Y. sangbiensis, is known. The specific name refers to Sangbi Creek, as fossils were found in one of its banks.

Description

Yonghesuchus is known from two skulls, one with an attached mandible (the holotype) and one with articulated cervical vertebrae. The holotype skull, known as IVPP V 12378, has been deformed by compression during preservation so that it has become dorsoventrally flattened. The paratype skull, known as IVPP V 12379, has also experienced damage as a result of its preservation.

The premaxilla, the bone at the front of the snout, projects past the front teeth to form a small pointed tip at the end of the snout. Behind the premaxilla is the maxilla, which contains a small depression that forms part of the antorbital fossa. This depression distinguishes Yonghesuchus from related archosauriforms such as Turfanosuchus. As in other archosauriforms such as Turfanosuchus and Euparkeria, the palate is covered in very small teeth called denticles. Behind the palate, the basisphenoid bone (which forms the floor of the braincase) is long and narrows toward the front. This is another distinguishing characteristic of Yonghesuchus, as other early archosauriforms have shorter and wider basisphenoid bones. Moreover, the entrance of the internal carotid artery, which passes through a foramen in the basisphenoid to supply blood to the brain, is in a different position than related genera. Its position is more similar to that of Dorosuchus (a euparkeriid) and more derived archosauriforms.

In the lower jaw, the dentary bone has two projections at its posterior end where it attaches to the mandible, the higher one being markedly longer than the lower one. The high projection comprises much of the upper margin of the mandibular fenestra, an opening along the side of the jaw. The mandibular fenestra is longer and narrower than those of related archosauriforms such as Turfanosuchus, Euparkeria, and Ornithosuchus. At the back of the jaw is the retroarticular region, which extends backward from the jaw joint. On the dorsal surface of this region on the articular bone is a prominent ridge that is not seen in other archosauriforms. There is a wing-like projection on the medial, or inner, surface of the articular which is called the medial process. This process is also seen in sphenosuchian crocodylomorphs and rauisuchians.

Yonghesuchus, like Turfanosuchus, has small, compressed, recurved premaxillary teeth in the front of the upper jaw. The maxillary teeth are larger, more compressed, and serrated. The largest of these are the fourth and fifth maxillary teeth (the ninth and tenth teeth from the tip of the jaw). Teeth behind these get progressively smaller and end below the orbit, or eye socket.

The cervical vertebrae, which are only known in the paratype, are amphicoelous, meaning that they are concave at both ends. These vertebrae bear small ribs that are similar to other archosauriformes, including crocodyliforms.

Classification

Yonghesuchus was not considered to be a crown-group archosaur, but rather a closely related advanced archosauriform. One feature that excluded it from Archosauria was its palatal teeth, which are not found in any archosaur (but are known to vary in other clades). Yonghesuchus was considered to be more closely related to archosaurs than the related family Proterochampsidae based on the position of the foramen for the carotid artery on the basisphenoid bone, which in Yonghesuchus was presumably more similar to that seen in archosaurs. The position of the foramen has also been an indication that Yonghesuchus is more closely related to archosaurs than Turfanosuchus, which has a foramen in a position that is plesiomorphic in archosauriformes and similar to proterochampsids.

Xu et al. (2001), the first to describe Yonghesuchus, suggested that among non-archosaurian archosauriformes, Yonghesuchus was the most closely related, followed by Proterochampsidae, Turfanosuchus, and Euparkeria. Xu et al. supported this claim with the geological position of these taxa, which are successively older from Yonghesuchus (early Late Triassic) to Euparkeria (late Early Triassic). A later phylogenetic analysis on basal archosauriforms by Dilkes and Sues (2009) placed proterochampsids in a more basal position than Turfanosuchus and Yonghesuchus, which were considered successive sister taxa to Archosauria.

In most recent analyses, Yonghesuchus has been recovered as in a well supported clade, the Gracilisuchidae within the Pseudosuchia, along with Gracilisuchus and Turfanosuchus.

References

1. ^ Wu, X.-C.; Liu, J.; Li, J.-L. (2001). "The anatomy of the first archosauriform (Diapsida) from the terrestrial Upper Triassic of China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 39 (4): 251–265.
2. Mahler, L., and M. Kearney. (2006) The palatal dentition in squamate reptiles: morphology, development, attachment, and replacement. Fieldiana 108:1-61.
3. Dilkes, D.; Sues, H.-D. (2009). "Redescription and phylogenetic relationships of Doswellia kaltenbachi (Diapsida: Archosauriformes) from the Upper Triassic of Virginia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 58–79. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010362. S2CID 7025069.
4. Butler, R.J. et al. (2014) New clade of enigmatic early archosaurs yield insights into early pseudosuchian phylogeny and the biogeography of the archosaur radiation. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 128, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/14/128/abstract

External links

• Yonghesuchus in the Paleobiology Database

v t e Pseudosuchia
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Clade: Archosauria Sauropsida see Sauropsida Archosauromorpha see Archosauromorpha Pseudosuchia see below↓
Pseudosuchia Pseudosuchia †Dasygnathoides †Nundasuchus †Phytosauria? †Ornithosuchidae Aenigmaspina? Dynamosuchus Ornithosuchus Riojasuchus Venaticosuchus Suchia †Heteropelta? †Koilamasuchus? †Mandasuchus †Nundasuchus? †Ticinosuchus †Erpetosuchidae Archeopelta? Dyoplax? Erpetosuchus Pagosvenator Parringtonia Tarjadia †Aetosauriformes Acaenasuchus Euscolosuchus Revueltosaurus Aetosauria see Aetosauria †Gracilisuchidae Gracilisuchus Maehary? Parvosuchus Turfanosuchus Yonghesuchus Paracrocodylomorpha see below↓
Paracrocodylomorpha Paracrocodylomorpha †Mambawakale †Poposauroidea Benggwigwishingasuchus Lotosaurus Schultzsuchus? Qianosuchus Ctenosauriscidae Arizonasaurus Bromsgroveia Bystrowisuchus Ctenosauriscus Hypselorhachis Tsylmosuchus? Xilousuchus Poposauridae Dolichobrachium Poposaurus Shuvosauridae Effigia Shuvosaurus Sillosuchus Loricata †Apatosuchus †Arganasuchus †Batrachotomus †Dagasuchus †Decuriasuchus †Etjosuchus †Fasolasuchus †Heptasuchus †Heteropelta? †Incertovenator? †Luperosuchus †Mandasuchus? †Prestosuchus †Procerosuchus †Saurosuchus †Stagonosuchus †Youngosuchus †Rauisuchidae Arganasuchus? Energosuchus? Jushatyria? Polonosuchus Postosuchus Procerosuchus? Rauisuchus Scolotosuchus Scythosuchus? Teratosaurus Tikisuchus? Vivaron Vjushkovisaurus? Vytshegdosuchus? Crocodylomorpha see below↓
Crocodylomorpha Crocodylomorpha †Carnufex †Dibothrosuchus †Dromicosuchus †Hesperosuchus †Heteropelta? †Junggarsuchus †Kayentasuchus †Parrishia †Phyllodontosuchus †Pseudhesperosuchus †Redondavenator †Sphenosuchus †Syntomiprosopus? †Trialestes †Saltoposuchidae Litargosuchus Saltoposuchus Terrestrisuchus †Hallopodidae Almadasuchus Hallopus Macelognathus †Thalattosuchia see Thalattosuchia Crocodyliformes †Entradasuchus †Eopneumatosuchus †Kemkemia †Microchampsa †Platyognathus †Stegomosuchus †Tagarosuchus †Protosuchidae Coloradisuchus Dianosuchus Edentosuchus Erythrochampsa Hemiprotosuchus Hoplosuchus Orthosuchus? Pedeticosaurus? Protosuchus †Notochampsidae Notochampsa Orthosuchus? †Gobiosuchidae Cassissuchus Gobiosuchus Lisboasaurus? Zaraasuchus Mesoeucrocodylia †Dianchungosaurus †Hsisosuchus †Induszalim †Lusitanisuchus †Neuquensuchus †Pachycheilosuchus? †Titanochampsa †Thalattosuchia? †Shartegosuchoidea Hadongsuchus Shantungosuchus Sichuanosuchus Zosuchus Shartegosuchidae Adzhosuchus Fruitachampsa Kyasuchus Nominosuchus Shartegosuchus Metasuchia †Ziphosuchia see Ziphosuchia includes notosuchians Neosuchia see Neosuchia includes crocodilians
See also: Rauisuchia Prestosuchidae Bathyotica Sphenosuchia Protosuchia Mesosuchia Category

• Triassic archosaurs
• Gracilisuchids
• Late Triassic reptiles of Asia
• Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera