Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 13:35, 26 November 2024

Messier 32
Dwarf Satellite Galaxy Messier 32 (center)
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation	Andromeda
Right ascension	00 42 41.8
Declination	+40° 51′ 55″
Redshift	−200 ± 6 km/s
Distance	2.49 ± 0.08 Mly (763 ± 24 kpc)
Apparent magnitude (V)	8.08
Characteristics
Type	cE2
Apparent size (V)	8.7' × 6.5'
Notable features	Satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy
Other designations
M 32, NGC 221, UGC 452, PGC 2555, Arp 168, LEDA 2555

Messier 32 (also known as M32 and NGC 221) is a dwarf "early-type" galaxy about 2,650,000 light-years (810,000 pc) from the Solar System, appearing in the constellation Andromeda. M32 is a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) and was discovered by Guillaume Le Gentil in 1749.

The galaxy is a prototype of the relatively rare compact elliptical (cE) class. Half the stars concentrate within an effective radius (inner core) of 330 light-years (100 pc). Densities in the central stellar cusp increase steeply, exceeding 3×10 (that is, 30 million) M_☉ pc (that is, per parsec cubed) at the smallest sub-radii resolved by HST, and the half-light radius of this central star cluster is around 6 parsecs (20 ly). Like more ordinary elliptical galaxies, M32 contains mostly older faint red and yellow stars with practically no dust or gas and consequently no current star formation. It does, however, show hints of star formation in the relatively recent past.

Origins

The structure and stellar content of M32 are difficult to explain by traditional galaxy formation models. Theoretical arguments and some simulations suggest a scenario in which the strong tidal field of M31 can transform a spiral galaxy or a lenticular galaxy into a compact elliptical. As a small disk galaxy falls into the central parts of M31, much of its outer layers will be stripped away. The central bulge of the small galaxy is much less affected and retains its morphology. Gravitational tidal effects may also drive gas inward and trigger a star burst in the core of the small galaxy, resulting in the high density of M32 observed today. There is evidence that M32 has a faint outer disk, and as such is not a typical elliptical galaxy.

Newer simulations find that an off-centre impact by M32 around 800 million years ago explains the present-day warp in M31's disk. However this feature only occurs during the first orbital passage, whereas it takes many orbits for tides to transform a normal dwarf into M32. The observed colours and stellar populations of M32's outskirts do not match the stellar halo of M31, indicating that tidal losses from M32 are not their source. Taken together, these circumstances may suggest that M32 already began in its compact state, and has retained most of its own stars. At least one similar cE galaxy has been discovered in isolation, without any massive companion to thresh it.

Another hypothesis is that M32 is in fact the largest remnant of a former spiral galaxy, M32p, which was then the third largest member of the Local Group. According to this simulation, M31 (Andromeda) and M32p merged about two billion years ago, which could explain both the unusual makeup of the current M31 stellar halo, and the structure and content of M32.

Distance measurements

At least two techniques have been used to measure distances to M32. The infrared surface brightness fluctuations distance measurement technique estimates distances to spiral galaxies based on the graininess of the appearance of their bulges. The distance measured to M32 using this technique is 2.46 ± 0.09 million light-years (755 ± 28 kpc). However, M32 is close enough that the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) method may be used to estimate its distance. The estimated distance to M32 using this technique is 2.51 ± 0.13 million light-years (770 ± 40 kpc). For several additional reasons, M32 is thought to be in the foreground of M31, rather than behind. Its stars and planetary nebulae do not appear obscured or reddened by foreground gas or dust. Gravitational microlensing of M31 by a star in M32 was observed at the end of November 2000 in one event (with peak on 2 December 2000).

Black hole

M32 contains a supermassive black hole. Its mass has been estimated to lie between 1.5 and 5 million solar masses. A centrally located faint radio and X-ray source (now named M32* in analogy to Sgr A*) is attributed to gas accretion onto the black hole.

See also

• List of Messier objects
• List of Andromeda's satellite galaxies
• List of galaxies

References

1. ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 221. Retrieved 2006-11-29.
2. ^ Jensen, Joseph B.; Tonry, John L.; Barris, Brian J.; Thompson, Rodger I.; Liu, Michael C.; Rieke, Marcia J.; Ajhar, Edward A.; Blakeslee, John P. (2003). "Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations". Astrophysical Journal. 583 (2): 712–726. arXiv:astro-ph/0210129. Bibcode:2003ApJ...583..712J. doi:10.1086/345430. S2CID 551714.
3. ^ Karachentsev, I. D.; Karachentseva, V. E.; Hutchmeier, W. K.; Makarov, D. I. (2004). "A Catalog of Neighboring Galaxies". Astronomical Journal. 127 (4): 2031–2068. Bibcode:2004AJ....127.2031K. doi:10.1086/382905.
4. ^ Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (2006). "Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field". Astrophysics. 49 (1): 3–18. Bibcode:2006Ap.....49....3K. doi:10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6. S2CID 120973010.
5. "M32". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
6. Armando, Gil de Paz; Boissier; Madore; Seibert; Boselli; et al. (2007). "The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 173 (2): 185–255. arXiv:astro-ph/0606440. Bibcode:2007ApJS..173..185G. doi:10.1086/516636. S2CID 119085482.
7. Kent, S. M. (1987). "Surface photometry of six local group galaxies". Astronomical Journal. 94: 306–314. Bibcode:1987AJ.....94..306K. doi:10.1086/114472.
8. Mateo, M. L. (1998). "Dwarf Galaxies of the Local Group". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 36: 435–506. arXiv:astro-ph/9810070. Bibcode:1998ARA&A..36..435M. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.435. S2CID 119333888.
9. Lauer, T. R.; Faber, S. M.; Currie, D. G.; Ewald, S. P.; Groth, E. J.; Hester, J. J.; Holtzman, J. A.; Light, R. M.; O'Neil Jr, E. J.; Shaya, E. J.; Westphal, J. A. (1992). "Planetary camera observations of the central parsec of M32" (PDF). Astronomical Journal. 104: 552–562. Bibcode:1992AJ....104..552L. doi:10.1086/116254.
10. Graham, A.W. and Spitler, L.R., Quantifying the coexistence of massive black holes and dense nuclear star clusters.
11. Kepple, George Robert; Sanner, Glen W. (1998). The Night Sky Observer's Guide. Vol. 1. Willmann-Bell. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-943396-58-3.
12. Rudenko, Pavlo; Worthey, Guy; Mateo, Mario (2009). "Intermediate age clusters in the field containing M31 and M32 stars". The Astronomical Journal. 138 (6): 1985–1989. Bibcode:2009AJ....138.1985R. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/6/1985.
13. Faber, S. M. (1973). "Tidal Origin of Elliptical Galaxies of High Surface Brightness". Astrophysical Journal. 179: 423–426. Bibcode:1973ApJ...179..423F. doi:10.1086/151881.
14. Bekki, Kenji; Couch, Warrick J.; Drinkwater, Michael J.; Gregg, Michael D. (2001). "A New Formation Model for M32: A Threshed Early-Type Spiral Galaxy?" (PDF). Astrophysical Journal Letters. 557 (1): L39. arXiv:astro-ph/0107117. Bibcode:2001ApJ...557L..39B. doi:10.1086/323075. S2CID 18707442.
15. Graham, A. W. (2002). "Evidence for an Outer Disk in the Prototype Compact Elliptical Galaxy M32". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 568 (1): L13–L17. arXiv:astro-ph/0202307. Bibcode:2002ApJ...568L..13G. doi:10.1086/340274. S2CID 14891401.
16. Dierickx, M.; Blecha, L.; Loeb, A. (2014). "Signatures of the M31–M32 Galactic Collision". Astrophysical Journal. 788 (2): L38. arXiv:1405.3990. Bibcode:2014ApJ...788L..38D. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/788/2/L38. S2CID 119111697.
17. Choi, P. I.; Guhathakurta, P.; Johnston, K. V. (2002). "Tidal Interaction of M32 and NGC 205 with M31: Surface Photometry and Numerical Simulations". Astronomical Journal. 124 (1): 310–331. arXiv:astro-ph/0111465. Bibcode:2002AJ....124..310C. doi:10.1086/341041. S2CID 119356072.
18. Huxor, A. P.; Phillipps, S.; Price, J. (2013). "Discovery of an isolated compact elliptical galaxy in the field". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 430 (3): 1956–1960. arXiv:1302.6520. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.430.1956H. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt014. S2CID 119291374.
19. "The Milky Way's long-lost sibling finally found". University of Michigan News. 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
20. D’Souza, Richard; Bell, Eric F. (2018-07-23). "The Andromeda galaxy's most important merger about 2 billion years ago as M32's likely progenitor". Nature Astronomy. 2 (9): 737–743. arXiv:1807.08819. Bibcode:2018NatAs...2..737D. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0533-x. ISSN 2397-3366. S2CID 119502746.
21. Ford, H. C.; Jacoby, G. H.; Jenner, D. C. (1978). "Planetary nebulae in local group galaxies. VI – an observational determination that M32 is in front of M31". Astrophysical Journal. 223: 94–97. Bibcode:1978ApJ...223...94F. doi:10.1086/156239.
22. van Dokkum, P. G.; Franx, M. (1995). "Dust in the Cores of Early-Type Galaxies". Astronomical Journal. 110: 2027. arXiv:astro-ph/9507101. Bibcode:1995AJ....110.2027V. doi:10.1086/117667. S2CID 118939047.
23. Paulin-Henriksson, S.; Baillon, P.; Bouquet, A.; Carr, B. J.; Creze, M.; Evans, N. W.; Giraud-Heraud, Y.; Gould, A.; Hewett, P.; Kaplan, J.; Kerins, E.; Lastennet, E.; Le Du, Y.; Melchior, A.-L.; Smartt, S. J.; Valls-Gabaud, D.; Point-Agape Collaboration (2002). "A Candidate M31/M32 Intergalactic Microlensing Event". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 576 (2): L121–L124. arXiv:astro-ph/0206387. Bibcode:2002ApJ...576L.121P. doi:10.1086/343887. S2CID 2554622.
24. Tonry, J. L. (1984). "Evidence for a central mass concentration in M32". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 283: L27. Bibcode:1984ApJ...283L..27T. doi:10.1086/184326.
25. Bender, R.; Kormendy, J.; Dehnen, W. (1996). "Improved Evidence for a 3×10 M_⊙ Black Hole in M32: Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope Spectroscopy with FWHM = 0.47" Resolution". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 464 (2): L123–L126. Bibcode:1996ApJ...464L.123B. doi:10.1086/310098.
26. Joseph, C. L.; Merritt, D.; Olling, R.; Valluri, M.; Bender, R.; Bower, G.; Danks, A.; Gull, T.; Hutchings, J.; Kaiser, M. E.; Maran, S.; Weistrop, D.; Woodgate, B.; Malumuth, E.; Nelson, C.; Plait, P.; Lindler, D. (2001). "The Nuclear Dynamics of M32. I. Data and Stellar Kinematics". Astrophysical Journal. 550 (2): 668–690. arXiv:astro-ph/0005530. Bibcode:2001ApJ...550..668J. doi:10.1086/319781. S2CID 999283.
27. Verolme, E. K.; Cappellari, M.; Copin, Y.; van der Marel, R. P.; Bacon, R.; Bureau, M.; Davies, R. L.; Miller, B. M.; de Zeeuw, P. T. (2002). "A SAURON study of M32: measuring the intrinsic flattening and the central black hole mass". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 335 (3): 517–525. arXiv:astro-ph/0201086. Bibcode:2002MNRAS.335..517V. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15832.x. S2CID 119238097.
28. Valluri, M.; Merritt, D.; Emsellem, E. (2004). "Difficulties with Recovering the Masses of Supermassive Black Holes from Stellar Kinematical Data". Astrophysical Journal. 602 (1): 66–92. arXiv:astro-ph/0210379. Bibcode:2004ApJ...602...66V. doi:10.1086/380896. S2CID 16899097.
29. van den Bosch, R. C. E.; de Zeeuw, P. T. (2010). "Estimating black hole masses in triaxial galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 401 (3): 1770–1780. arXiv:0910.0844. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.401.1770V. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15832.x. S2CID 119238097.
30. Ho, Luis C.; Terashima, Yuichi; Ulvestad, James S. (2003). "Detection of the "Active" Nucleus of M32". Astrophysical Journal. 589 (2): 783–789. arXiv:astro-ph/0303060. Bibcode:2003ApJ...589..783H. doi:10.1086/374738. S2CID 10268471.
31. Yang, Yang; Li, Zhiyuan; Sjouwerman, Loránt O.; Wang, Q. Daniel; Gu, Qiusheng; Kraft, Ralph P.; Yuan, Feng (2015). "Detection of a Compact Nuclear Radio Source in the Local Group Elliptical Galaxy M32". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 807 (1): L19. arXiv:1502.03231. Bibcode:2015ApJ...807L..19Y. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/807/1/L19. S2CID 119292353.

External links

• "StarDate: M32 Fact Sheet"
• "SEDS: Elliptical Galaxy M32"
• Merrifield, Michael. "M32 – Dwarf Elliptical". Deep Sky Videos. Brady Haran.
• Messier 32 on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images

v t e Andromeda Galaxy
Location	Andromeda Galaxy → Andromeda subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Local Hole → Observable universe → Universe Each  → may be read as "within" or "part of".
Satellite galaxies	M32 M110 NGC 185 NGC 147 Andromeda I Andromeda II Andromeda III Andromeda IV* Andromeda V Andromeda VI Andromeda VII Andromeda VIII Andromeda IX Andromeda X Andromeda XI Andromeda XII Andromeda XIII Andromeda XIV Andromeda XV Andromeda XVI Andromeda XVII Andromeda XVIII Andromeda XIX Andromeda XX Andromeda XXI Andromeda XXII Andromeda XXIII Andromeda XXIV Andromeda XXV Andromeda XXVI Andromeda XXVII Andromeda XXVIII Andromeda XXIX Triangulum subgroup* *It is uncertain whether these are companion galaxies of the Andromeda Galaxy
Catalogued stars	AE Andromedae AF Andromedae M31-RV
Other	Andromeda–Milky Way collision S Andromedae Mayall II M32p NGC 206 3XMM J004232.1+411314
Category

v t e Constellation of Andromeda
Adhil Andromeda in Chinese astronomy List of Andromeda's satellite galaxies List of stars in Andromeda
Stars	Bayer α (Alpheratz) β (Mirach) γ (Almach) δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ (Adhil) ο π ρ σ τ υ (Titawin) φ χ ψ ω A b c υ Per (Nembus) Flamsteed 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 (Veritate) 15 18 22 23 26 28 32 36 39 41 44 45 47 55 56 58 59 63 64 65 66 6 Per Variable R T U W Z RT RV RX SU SW TU TW WZ XZ AB AC AD AE AF AR BM BX CC CG CN DS DX EG ET EU FF GO GP GQ GX GR GY HH HN IW KK KX KZ LL LN LP LQ OP OS OU PX PY QR QV QX V385 V428 V439 V455 V529 V807 HR 1 40 56 78 104 122 134 178 275 282 283 289 379 410 483 687 746 748 8884 8925 8950 8962 8973 9011 9074 9075 9105 HD 16175 (Buna) 222155 Other 3XMM J004232.1+411314 ADS 48 HAT-P-6 (Sterrennacht) HAT-P-16 HAT-P-19 HAT-P-28 M31-RV KELT-1 NGC 44 NGC 82 NGC 84 NGC 91 NGC 162 NGC 464 Qatar-3 Qatar-4 Qatar-5 PA-99-N2 WASP-1 WISE 0146+4234 WISE J0005+3737 WISE J004945.61+215120.0
Exoplanets 14 Andromedae b κ Andromedae b υ Andromedae b c d Gliese 15 Ab c HD 13931 b HD 16175 b HAT-P-6b HAT-P-32b WASP-1b WASP-33b Qatar-4b Qatar-5b
Star clusters	NGC 206 272 752 956 7686 Other Mayall II RBC EXT8
Nebulae	NGC 7662
Galaxies	Messier 32 110 NGC 5 11 13 19 20 21 27 39 43 48 49 51 67 68 69 70 71 72 74 76 79 80 81 83 85 86 90 93 94 96 97 108 109 112 140 149 160 169 181 183 184 214 218 226 228 229 233 243 252 258 260 262 280 304 317 389 393 404 425 431 477 512 513 523 528 529 531 536 542 561 605 620 668 679 687 700 703 704 705 708 709 710 712 714 717 721 732 753 759 801 812 834 891 906 910 911 912 913 920 937 980 995 996 999 1000 7640 7836 Numbered I II III IV V VIII IX X XI XVIII XIX XXI Other 3C 66A 3C 66B Andromeda Galaxy Arp 273 Donatiello I UGC 1840
Galaxy clusters Abell 262 NGC 68 group
Astronomical events GRB 101225A SN 1885A (S)
Category

v t e Messier objects
List	M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M18 M19 M20 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25 M26 M27 M28 M29 M30 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35 M36 M37 M38 M39 M40 M41 M42 M43 M44 M45 M46 M47 M48 M49 M50 M51 M52 M53 M54 M55 M56 M57 M58 M59 M60 M61 M62 M63 M64 M65 M66 M67 M68 M69 M70 M71 M72 M73 M74 M75 M76 M77 M78 M79 M80 M81 M82 M83 M84 M85 M86 M87 M88 M89 M90 M91 M92 M93 M94 M95 M96 M97 M98 M99 M100 M101 M102 M103 Added M104 M105 M106 M107 M108 M109 M110
See also	Caldwell catalogue Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars Herschel 400 Catalogue Index Catalogue New General Catalogue Revised New General Catalogue
Category Commons Portal

• Astronomy
• Stars
• Outer space

• Dwarf galaxies
• Dwarf elliptical galaxies
• Local Group
• Andromeda Subgroup
• Andromeda (constellation)
• Messier objects
• NGC objects
• UGC objects
• Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects
• Arp objects
• LEDA objects
• Astronomical objects discovered in 1749
• Discoveries by Guillaume Le Gentil