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{{short description|Dravidian language}} |
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{{distinguish|Mal Paharia language|Maltese language}} |
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{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2015}} |
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{{Infobox language |
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{{Infobox language |
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|name=Sauria Paharia |
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| name = Malto |
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| altname = Paharia |
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|nativename=सौरिया पहाड़िया |
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| nativename = माल्टो (पहाड़िया), মাল্টো (পাহাড়িয়া) |
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|region=]; ]; ]; ] |
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| states = ] and ] |
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|speakers=120,000 |
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| region = ]; ]; ]; ] |
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|date=2000 |
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|ethnicity=] |
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| ethnicity = ]; ] |
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| speakers = 159,215 |
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|familycolor=Dravidian |
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| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref> |
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|fam2=] |
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| date = 2011 census |
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|fam3=Kurukh–Malto |
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| familycolor = Dravidian |
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|fam4=] |
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| fam2 = ] |
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|script=] |
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| fam3 = ]–Malto |
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|iso3=mjt}} |
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| dia1 = Kumarbhag Paharia, Sauria Paharia |
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| script = ] |
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| lc1 = kmj |
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| ld1 = Kumarbhag Paharia |
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| lc2 = mjt |
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| ld2 = Sauria Paharia |
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| glotto = malt1248 |
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| glottorefname = Malto |
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}} |
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'''Malto''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|l|t|oʊ}} {{respell|MAL|toh}}<ref>{{OED|Malto}}</ref> or '''Paharia''' {{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|h|ɑr|i|ə}} {{respell|pə|HAR|ee|ə}},<ref>{{OED|Paharia}}</ref> or rarely '''Rajmahali''',<ref>{{OED|Rajmahali}}</ref> is a ] language spoken primarily in ] by the ]. |
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== Varieties == |
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The '''Sauria Paharia''' (]: सौरिया पहाड़िया) ] is spoken in the ] and ] states of ], and some pockets of ]. |
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There are two varieties of Malto that are sometimes regarded as separate languages, '''Kumarbhag Paharia''' (]: कुमारभाग पहाड़िया) and '''Sauria Paharia''' (]: सौरिया पहाड़िया). The former is spoken in the ] and ] states of ], and tiny pockets of ] state,<ref>{{e25|kmj|Kumarbhag Paharia}}</ref> and the latter in the ], ], and ] states of India.<ref>{{e25|mjt|Sauria Paharia}}</ref> The ] between the two is estimated to be 80%. |
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Most of the speakers are in India with around 110,000. There are about 7,000 speakers in Bangladesh.<ref></ref> |
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] may have a Malto-based ].<ref>{{citation |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |year=1993 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=26–27 |isbn=0521299446}}</ref> |
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It is a member of the Northern branch of the ] family, along with the ] (also spoken in India) and the ] spoken in ], ] and ]. Alternative names for the language include Malto. It is closely related to the ], to the point where both are sometimes together referred to as the ]. There are regional variations in Hiranpur, Litipara, Barhait, Pathna, Borio, Taljhari, Sundarpahari, Boarijore where it is spoken. |
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The 2001 census found 224,926 speakers of Malto, of which 83,050 were labelled as speaking '''Pahariya''', and 141,876 spoke other mother tongues (dialects).<ref name="census2001">{{cite web|title=Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/%28S%282scoev45b4mhlg45mz5jq345%29%29/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx|publisher=Census of India|date=2001}}</ref> |
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== Phonology == |
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Malto has a typical Dravidian vowel system of 10 vowels: /a, e, i, o, u/ and their lengthened forms. Malto also does not have any vowel clusters or diphthongs.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2DxBwAAQBAJ&q=malto+phonology&pg=PA359|title=The Dravidian Languages|last=Steever|first=Sanford B.|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-91164-4|language=en}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|+ |
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Consonants |
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! colspan="2" | |
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!] |
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!] |
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!] |
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!] |
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!] |
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!] |
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!] |
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!] |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |] |
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|{{IPAlink|m}} |
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|{{IPAlink|n̪}} |
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|{{IPAlink|ɲ}} |
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|{{IPAlink|ŋ}} |
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! rowspan="2" |] |
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!<small>voiceless</small> |
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|{{IPAlink|p}} |
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|{{IPAlink|t̪}} |
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|{{IPAlink|ʈ}} |
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|{{IPAlink|c}} |
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|{{IPAlink|k}} |
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|{{IPAlink|q}} |
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|- |
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!] |
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|{{IPAlink|b}} |
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|{{IPAlink|d̪}} |
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|{{IPAlink|ɖ}} |
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|{{IPAlink|ɟ}} |
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|{{IPAlink|g}} |
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! colspan="2" |] |
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|{{IPAlink|ð}} |
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|{{IPAlink|s}} |
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|{{IPAlink|ʁ}} |
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|{{IPAlink|h}} |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |] |
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|{{IPAlink|l}} |
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! colspan="2" |] |
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|{{IPAlink|r}} |
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|{{IPAlink|ɽ}} |
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* The cluster /ŋʁ/ is pronounced .{{sfnp|Kobayashi |2017|p=39}} |
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* Southern and western dialects have /ʔ/ instead of /q/ and /h/ instead of /ʁ/ and /ŋʁ/. Coda /ð/ is an allophone of /d̪/.{{sfnp|Kobayashi |2017|p=39}} |
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==Grammar== |
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The general grammar of the language is not dissimilar from that of the surrounding communities. One interesting aspect of their culture influencing the syntax of the language is present in its assignment of gender to nouns. |
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===Gender=== |
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The gender of words in the Malto language is classified as either being masculine, feminine, or neutral. The masculine form is present when denoting anything related to man or vicious deities. Likewise the feminine form is present for nouns denoting women, the Supreme Being, and minor deities. Although the colloquial term for father 'abba' is a traditionally feminine noun, it is meant to show respect. Coupled with the Supreme Being also being feminine, the respect for the women of the community is evident through their grammar. Otherwise nouns are referred to with neutral gender, which by far makes it the most popular form. |
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==Writing system== |
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Seeing as how the literacy rates amongst the Malto people is very low, it makes sense that the language is not a traditionally written language. When the language had first been memorialized in writing (by Ernest Droese in 1884) it shared the ] writing system as with many languages in India. The written portion of the language being supplemented much later on in its life, gives the effect of Malto remaining authentic through the dialogue of their culture. |
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<!--==Sample text== |
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{{disputed-section|date=December 2023}} |
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===English=== |
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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
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===Devanagari script=== |
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{{lang|kmj|नबिरकि केतबेनो कुरकपेद़ इणय कौडिद़ टुनड ऐन एणगकि चाकरियन निणग अगदु तेयिन: आह निणग अग अगदु निणग पावे मैनजेह. डडेनो ओरत कूकरुकि सडिद़, गोसणयिकिपावेसरयेतर, अद़िकिगोटडानडिन सोहजेतर आणय अवडप चोव, योहननह डडेनो बपतिसमेचह, अनते पापेकि मापि lगकि गुमेनारेकि बपतिसम सबान मेनतर सेगयह.}} |
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===Bengali script=== |
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{{lang|kmj|নবিরকি কেতবেনো কুরকপেধ ইণয় কৌডিধ টুনড ঐন এণগকি চাকরিয়ন নিণগ অগদু তেয়িন: আহ নিণগ অগ অগদু নিণগ পাৱে মৈনজেহ. ডডেনো ওরত কূকরুকি সডিধ, গোসণয়িকিপাৱেসরয়েতর, অধিকিগোটডানডিন সোহজেতর আণয় অৱডপ চোৱ, য়োহননহ ডডেনো বপতিসমেচহ, অনতে পাপেকি মাপি lগকি গুমেনারেকি বপতিসম সবান মেনতর সেগয়হ.}} |
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===Latin script=== |
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Nabirki ketabeno kurkpeth iṅy kо̄ḍith Ṭunḍa ēn eṅgki chākriyan niṅg agdu teyin: āh niṅg ag agdu niṅg pāwe mēnjeh. Ḍaḍeno ort kúkruki saḍith, Gosaṅyikipāwesaryetra, athikigoṭḍānḍin sohjetra āṅy awḍp chow, Yohannah ḍaḍeno baptismechah, ante pāpeki māpi lagki gumenāreki baptisma sabān mentr segyah.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/malto.htm | title=Malto language and alphabet }}</ref> |
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--> |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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<References/> |
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* Ethnologue entry for Sauria Paharia language |
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==Bibliography== |
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* Old webpage by author |
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* {{citation |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |author-link= Bhadriraju Krishnamurti |title= The Dravidian Languages |year= 2003 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 0-521-77111-0}} |
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* Bulletin of Tribal Research Institute Vol I 1959 Ed BS Guha |
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* {{citation |last= Droese |first= Ernest |author-link= Ernest Droese |title= Introduction to the Malto Language |year= 1884 |place=Agra |publisher=Secundra Orphanage Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7b0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR4}} |
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* Bulletin of Tribal Research Institute Vol XXII 1980 SP Gupta |
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* {{cite book|last1=Frawley|first1=William J.|title=International encyclopedia of linguistics|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0195139771|page=468|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&pg=PA468|access-date=11 May 2015}} |
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* Bulletin of Tribal Research Institute Vol XXI 1979 |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Comrie |first1=Bernard |date=November 2000 |title=Reviewed Work: ''The Dravidian Languages'' by Sanford B. Steever |journal=Journal of Linguistics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=640–644 |jstor=4176629}} |
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* Bulletin of Tribal Research Institute Vol XXXI 1991 |
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* {{cite journal |last=Tuttle |first=Edwin H. |date=1923 |title=Dravidian Z |journal=The American Journal of Philology |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=71–72 |doi=10.2307/289648 |jstor=289648}} |
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* Bulletin of Tribal Research Institute Vol 6 1964 |
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* {{citation |last1=Kobayashi |first1=Masato |title=The Kurux Language: Grammar, Texts and Lexicon |year=2017 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004347663 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9BCDwAAQBAJ}} |
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* "Beru" 1993 Ed Subhas Sharma (DC Sahebganj) |
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* Census 1991 Pakur |
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==External links== |
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* Census 2001 Pakur |
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* Jharkhand Tribal Research Institute- Data from 2002 Survey earlier available on internet |
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* |
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{{Languages of India}} |
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{{Dravidian languages}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Paharia, Sauria, Language}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Paharia, Sauria, Language}} |
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{{Dr-lang-stub}} |
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There are two varieties of Malto that are sometimes regarded as separate languages, Kumarbhag Paharia (Devanagari: कुमारभाग पहाड़िया) and Sauria Paharia (Devanagari: सौरिया पहाड़िया). The former is spoken in the Jharkhand and West Bengal states of India, and tiny pockets of Odisha state, and the latter in the West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Bihar states of India. The lexical similarity between the two is estimated to be 80%.
The 2001 census found 224,926 speakers of Malto, of which 83,050 were labelled as speaking Pahariya, and 141,876 spoke other mother tongues (dialects).
Malto has a typical Dravidian vowel system of 10 vowels: /a, e, i, o, u/ and their lengthened forms. Malto also does not have any vowel clusters or diphthongs.
The general grammar of the language is not dissimilar from that of the surrounding communities. One interesting aspect of their culture influencing the syntax of the language is present in its assignment of gender to nouns.
The gender of words in the Malto language is classified as either being masculine, feminine, or neutral. The masculine form is present when denoting anything related to man or vicious deities. Likewise the feminine form is present for nouns denoting women, the Supreme Being, and minor deities. Although the colloquial term for father 'abba' is a traditionally feminine noun, it is meant to show respect. Coupled with the Supreme Being also being feminine, the respect for the women of the community is evident through their grammar. Otherwise nouns are referred to with neutral gender, which by far makes it the most popular form.
Seeing as how the literacy rates amongst the Malto people is very low, it makes sense that the language is not a traditionally written language. When the language had first been memorialized in writing (by Ernest Droese in 1884) it shared the Devanagari writing system as with many languages in India. The written portion of the language being supplemented much later on in its life, gives the effect of Malto remaining authentic through the dialogue of their culture.
