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Thermoproteota
Archaea Sulfolobus infected with specific virus STSV-1.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Archaea
Kingdom:	Proteoarchaeota
Superphylum:	TACK group
Phylum:	Thermoproteota Garrity & Holt 2021
Class
"Culexarchaeia" "Methanomethylicia" Thermoprotei
Synonyms
"Eocyta" Lake et al. 1984 This also applies to TACK group "Crenarchaeota" Garrity and Holt 2001 "Gearchaeota" corrig. Kozubal et al. 2013 "Marsarchaeota" Jay et al. 2018 "Nezhaarchaeota" Wang et al. 2019 "Thermoproteaeota" Oren et al. 2015 "Thermoproteota" Whitman et al. 2018 "Verstraetearchaeota" Vanwonterghem et al. 2016

The Thermoproteota are prokaryotes that have been classified as a phylum of the domain Archaea. Initially, the Thermoproteota were thought to be sulfur-dependent extremophiles but recent studies have identified characteristic Thermoproteota environmental rRNA indicating the organisms may be the most abundant archaea in the marine environment. Originally, they were separated from the other archaea based on rRNA sequences; other physiological features, such as lack of histones, have supported this division, although some crenarchaea were found to have histones. Until 2005 all cultured Thermoproteota had been thermophilic or hyperthermophilic organisms, some of which have the ability to grow at up to 113 °C. These organisms stain Gram negative and are morphologically diverse, having rod, cocci, filamentous and oddly-shaped cells. Recent evidence shows that some members of the Thermoproteota are methanogens.

Thermoproteota were initially classified as a part of Regnum Eocyta in 1984, but this classification has been discarded. The term "eocyte" now applies to either TACK (formerly Crenarchaeota) or to Thermoproteota.

Sulfolobus

One of the best characterized members of the Crenarchaeota is Sulfolobus solfataricus. This organism was originally isolated from geothermally heated sulfuric springs in Italy, and grows at 80 °C and pH of 2–4. Since its initial characterization by Wolfram Zillig, a pioneer in thermophile and archaean research, similar species in the same genus have been found around the world. Unlike the vast majority of cultured thermophiles, Sulfolobus grows aerobically and chemoorganotrophically (gaining its energy from organic sources such as sugars). These factors allow a much easier growth under laboratory conditions than anaerobic organisms and have led to Sulfolobus becoming a model organism for the study of hyperthermophiles and a large group of diverse viruses that replicate within them.

Recombinational repair of DNA damage

Irradiation of S. solfataricus cells with ultraviolet light strongly induces formation of type IV pili that can then promote cellular aggregation. Ultraviolet light-induced cellular aggregation was shown by Ajon et al. to mediate high frequency inter-cellular chromosome marker exchange. Cultures that were ultraviolet light-induced had recombination rates exceeding those of uninduced cultures by as much as three orders of magnitude. S. solfataricus cells are only able to aggregate with other members of their own species. Frols et al. and Ajon et al. considered that the ultraviolet light-inducible DNA transfer process, followed by homologous recombinational repair of damaged DNA, is an important mechanism for promoting chromosome integrity.

This DNA transfer process can be regarded as a primitive form of sexual interaction.

Marine species

Beginning in 1992, data were published that reported sequences of genes belonging to the Thermoproteota in marine environments. Since then, analysis of the abundant lipids from the membranes of Thermoproteota taken from the open ocean have been used to determine the concentration of these “low temperature Crenarchaea” (See TEX-86). Based on these measurements of their signature lipids, Thermoproteota are thought to be very abundant and one of the main contributors to the fixation of carbon . DNA sequences from Thermoproteota have also been found in soil and freshwater environments, suggesting that this phylum is ubiquitous to most environments.

In 2005, evidence of the first cultured “low temperature Crenarchaea” was published. Named Nitrosopumilus maritimus, it is an ammonia-oxidizing organism isolated from a marine aquarium tank and grown at 28 °C.

Possible connections with eukaryotes

The research about two-domain system of classification has paved the possibilities of connections between crenarchaea and eukaryotes.

DNA analysis from 2008 (and later, 2017) has shown that eukaryotes possible evolved from thermoproteota-like organisms. Other candidates for the ancestor of eukaryotes include closely related asgards. This could suggest that eukaryotic organisms possibly evolved from prokaryotes.

These results are similar to the eocyte hypothesis of 1984, proposed by James A. Lake. The classification according to Lake, states that both crenarchaea and asgards belong to Kingdom Eocyta. Though this has been discarded by scientists, the main concept remains. The term "Eocyta" now either refers to the TACK group or to Phylum Thermoproteota itself.

However, the topic is highly debated and research is still going on.

See also

• Euryarchaeota
• List of Archaea genera
• Two-domain system
• Asgard (archaea)

References

1. Oren A, Garrity GM (2021). "Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (10): 5056. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005056. PMID 34694987. S2CID 239887308.
2. See the NCBI webpage on Crenarchaeota
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21. DeLong EF (1992). "Archaea in coastal marine environments". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89 (12): 5685–9. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.5685D. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5685. PMC 49357. PMID 1608980.
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Further reading

Scientific journals

• Cavalier-Smith, T (2002). "The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52 (Pt 1): 7–76. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-1-7. PMID 11837318.
• Stackebrandt, E; Frederiksen W; Garrity GM; Grimont PA; Kampfer P; Maiden MC; Nesme X; Rossello-Mora R; Swings J; Truper HG; Vauterin L; Ward AC; Whitman WB (2002). "Report of the ad hoc committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52 (Pt 3): 1043–1047. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-3-1043. PMID 12054223.
• Gurtler, V; Mayall BC (2001). "Genomic approaches to typing, taxonomy and evolution of bacterial isolates". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51 (Pt 1): 3–16. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-1-3. PMID 11211268.
• Dalevi, D; Hugenholtz P; Blackall LL (2001). "A multiple-outgroup approach to resolving division-level phylogenetic relationships using 16S rDNA data". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51 (Pt 2): 385–391. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-2-385. PMID 11321083.
• Keswani, J; Whitman WB (2001). "Relationship of 16S rRNA sequence similarity to DNA hybridization in prokaryotes". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51 (Pt 2): 667–678. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-2-667. PMID 11321113.
• Young, JM (2001). "Implications of alternative classifications and horizontal gene transfer for bacterial taxonomy". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51 (Pt 3): 945–953. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-3-945. PMID 11411719.
• Christensen, H; Bisgaard M; Frederiksen W; Mutters R; Kuhnert P; Olsen JE (2001). "Is characterization of a single isolate sufficient for valid publication of a new genus or species? Proposal to modify recommendation 30b of the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision)". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51 (Pt 6): 2221–2225. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-6-2221. PMID 11760965.
• Christensen, H; Angen O; Mutters R; Olsen JE; Bisgaard M (2000). "DNA-DNA hybridization determined in micro-wells using covalent attachment of DNA". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50 (3): 1095–1102. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-3-1095. PMID 10843050.
• Xu, HX; Kawamura Y; Li N; Zhao L; Li TM; Li ZY; Shu S; Ezaki T (2000). "A rapid method for determining the G+C content of bacterial chromosomes by monitoring fluorescence intensity during DNA denaturation in a capillary tube". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50 (4): 1463–1469. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-4-1463. PMID 10939651.
• Young, JM (2000). "Suggestions for avoiding on-going confusion from the Bacteriological Code". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50 (4): 1687–1689. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-4-1687. PMID 10939677.
• Hansmann, S; Martin W (2000). "Phylogeny of 33 ribosomal and six other proteins encoded in an ancient gene cluster that is conserved across prokaryotic genomes: influence of excluding poorly alignable sites from analysis". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50 (4): 1655–1663. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-4-1655. PMID 10939673.
• Tindall, BJ (1999). "Proposal to change the Rule governing the designation of type strains deposited under culture collection numbers allocated for patent purposes". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 (3): 1317–1319. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-3-1317. PMID 10490293.
• Tindall, BJ (1999). "Proposal to change Rule 18a, Rule 18f and Rule 30 to limit the retroactive consequences of changes accepted by the ICSB". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 (3): 1321–1322. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-3-1321. PMID 10425797.
• Tindall, BJ (1999). "Misunderstanding the Bacteriological Code". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 (3): 1313–1316. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-3-1313. PMID 10425796.
• Tindall, BJ (1999). "Proposals to update and make changes to the Bacteriological Code". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 (3): 1309–1312. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-3-1309. PMID 10425795.
• Burggraf, S; Huber H; Stetter KO (1997). "Reclassification of the crenarchael orders and families in accordance with 16S rRNA sequence data". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 (3): 657–660. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-3-657. PMID 9226896.
• Palys, T; Nakamura LK; Cohan FM (1997). "Discovery and classification of ecological diversity in the bacterial world: the role of DNA sequence data". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 (4): 1145–1156. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-4-1145. PMID 9336922.
• Euzeby, JP (1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 (2): 590–592. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590. PMID 9103655.
• Clayton, RA; Sutton G; Hinkle PS Jr; Bult C; Fields C (1995). "Intraspecific variation in small-subunit rRNA sequences in GenBank: why single sequences may not adequately represent prokaryotic taxa". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45 (3): 595–599. doi:10.1099/00207713-45-3-595. PMID 8590690.
• Murray, RG; Schleifer KH (1994). "Taxonomic notes: a proposal for recording the properties of putative taxa of procaryotes". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44 (1): 174–176. doi:10.1099/00207713-44-1-174. PMID 8123559.
• Winker, S; Woese CR (1991). "A definition of the domains Archaea, Bacteria and Eucarya in terms of small subunit ribosomal RNA characteristics". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 14 (4): 305–310. Bibcode:1991SyApM..14..305W. doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80303-6. PMID 11540071.
• Woese, CR; Kandler O; Wheelis ML (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87 (12): 4576–4579. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744.
• Achenbach-Richter, L; Woese CR (1988). "The ribosomal gene spacer region in archaebacteria". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 10 (3): 211–214. Bibcode:1988SyApM..10..211A. doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(88)80002-x. PMID 11542149.
• McGill, TJ; Jurka J; Sobieski JM; Pickett MH; Woese CR; Fox GE (1986). "Characteristic archaebacterial 16S rRNA oligonucleotides". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 7 (2–3): 194–197. Bibcode:1986SyApM...7..194M. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(86)80005-4. PMID 11542064.
• Woese, CR; Gupta R; Hahn CM; Zillig W; Tu J (1984). "The phylogenetic relationships of three sulfur dependent archaebacteria". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 5 (1): 97–105. Bibcode:1984SyApM...5...97W. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(84)80054-5. PMID 11541975.
• Woese, CR; Olsen GJ (1984). "The phylogenetic relationships of three sulfur dependent archaebacteria". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 5: 97–105. Bibcode:1984SyApM...5...97W. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(84)80054-5. PMID 11541975.
• Woese, CR; Fox GE (1977). "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74 (11): 5088–5090. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5088W. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. PMC 432104. PMID 270744.

Scientific handbooks

• Garrity GM, Holt JG (2001). "Phylum AI. Crenarchaeota phy. nov.". In DR Boone, RW Castenholz (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. pp. 169. ISBN 978-0-387-98771-2.

External links

• "Crenarchaeota". Virtual Microbiology (bact.wisc.edu). University of Wisconsin.
• "Comparative analysis of crenarchaeal genomes". Integrated Microbial Genomes System. United States Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 2010-09-01.

• Thermoproteota
• Archaea phyla
• Polyextremophiles