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List of Category 5 Australian region severe tropical cyclones

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Cyclone Marcus at peak intensity on 21 March 2018, over the Indian Ocean to the west of Australia.

Category 5 severe tropical cyclones are tropical cyclones that reach Category 5 intensity on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale within the Australian region. They are by definition the strongest tropical cyclones that can form on Earth. A total of 48 recorded tropical cyclones have peaked at Category 5 strength in the Australian region, which is denoted as the part of the Southern Hemisphere between 90°E and 160°E. The earliest tropical cyclone to be classified as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone was Pam which was classified as a Category 5 between February 3 – 5, 1974, as it moved through the Coral Sea. The latest system to be classified as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone was Ilsa, which was classified on 13 April 2023 off the coast of Western Australia.

Background

The Australian region tropical cyclone basin is located to the south of the Equator between 90°E and 160°E and is officially monitored by the Indonesian Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG), Australian Bureau of Meteorology and the Papua New Guinea National Weather Service. Other meteorological services such as New Zealand's MetService, Météo-France as well as the Fiji Meteorological Service and the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center monitor the basin. Within the basin a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that has 10-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds over 107 knots (198 km/h; 123 mph) or greater on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale. A named storm could also be classified as a Category 5 tropical cyclone if it is estimated, to have 1-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds over 137 knots (254 km/h; 158 mph) on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. Within the basin this scale is not officially used, however, systems are commonly compared to the SSHWS using 1-minute sustained wind speeds from the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. On both scales, a Category 5 tropical cyclone is expected to cause widespread devastation, if it significantly impacts land at or near its peak intensity.

20th century

Name Duration Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Wind speed Pressure
Trixie 15–22 February 1975 205 km/h (125 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Western Australia $3.71 million None
Beverley 27–28 March 1975 205 km/h (125 mph) 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Western Australia >$1 million
Joan 5–7 December 1975 215 km/h (130 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Western Australia $25 million None
Alby 27 March – 5 April 1978 205 km/h (125 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Western Australia 10 million 5
Amy 9–10 January 1980 215 km/h (130 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Indonesia, Western Australia
Dean 31 January–1 February 1980 205 km/h (125 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Indonesia, Northern Australia
Enid 17 February 1980 205 km/h (125 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Western Australia
Carol 16–17 December 1980 205 km/h (125 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Indonesia
Mabel 18–19 January 1981 205 km/h (125 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Western Australia
Dominic 7 April 1982 215 km/h (130 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Northern Australia, New Guinea
Elinor 25 February 1983 205 km/h (125 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Queensland Minor
Kathy 16–24 March 1984 220 km/h (140 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Cape York Peninsula, Northern Territory $12 million 1
Harry February 8–19, 1989 205 km/h (125 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Vanuatu, New Caledonia
Aivu 31 March – 5 April 1989 205 km/h (125 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Queensland $90 million 1
Orson 17–24 April 1989 240 km/h (150 mph) 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Western Australia $16 million 5
Alex 19–20 March 1990 220 km/h (140 mph) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) Indonesia, Christmas Island
Graham 5–6 December 1991 205 km/h (125 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Sumatra, Cocos Islands, Christmas Island
Neville 9 April 1992 205 km/h (125 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Northern Territory
Rewa 26 December 1993 - 23 January 1994 205 km/h (125 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea
Queensland, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu		 Unknown 22
Theodore 25 February 1994 215 km/h (130 mph) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea
Vanuatu, New Caledonia
Norfolk Island, New Zealand
Chloe 7 April 1995 220 km/h (140 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Timor, Western Australia None None
Pancho-
Helinda		 21–22 January 1997 215 km/h (130 mph) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Sumatra, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Madagascar
Thelma 3–15 December 1998 220 km/h (140 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Northern Territory, Western Australia N/A 1
Frederic–
Evrina		 31 March 1999 205 km/h (125 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) None None None
Vance 16–23 March 1999 220 km/h (140 mph) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Northern Territory, Western Australia $303 million None
Gwenda 6 April 1999 220 km/h (140 mph) 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Timor, Indonesia, Western Australia
John 14 December 1999 205 km/h (125 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Timor, Indonesia, Western Australia 196 million None

21st century

Name Duration Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Wind speed Pressure
Paul 10 – 21 April 2000 205 km/h (125 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) None None None
Rosita 14 – 21 April 2000 220 km/h (140 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Indonesia, Western Australia, Northern Territory Unknown Unknown
Sam 28 November – 14 December 2000 205 km/h (125 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Northern Territory, Western Australia Unknown Unknown
Chris 2 – 7 February 2002 205 km/h (125 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Western Australia Unknown Unknown
Inigo 30 March – 8 April 2003 230 km/h (145 mph) 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Eastern Indonesia, Timor, Western Australia Unknown Unknown
Fay 16 – 28 March 2004 215 km/h (130 mph) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Northern Territory, Timor, Western Australia Unknown Unknown
Ingrid 4 – 16 March 2005 230 km/h (145 mph) 924 hPa (27.29 inHg) New Guinea, Northern Australia Unknown Unknown
Glenda 28–29 March 2006 205 km/h (125 mph) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Northern Territory, Western Australia Unknown Unknown
Monica 16 - 27 April 2006 250 km/h (155 mph) 916 hPa (27.05 inHg) New Guinea, Northern Australia Unknown Unknown
George 27 February - 12 March 2007 205 km/h (125 mph) 902 hPa (26.64 inHg) Northern Territory, Western Australia Unknown Unknown
Hamish 5 - 12 March 2009 215 km/h (130 mph) 924 hPa (27.29 inHg) Queensland Unknown Unknown
Laurence 8 – 23 December 2009 205 km/h (125 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Northern Territory, Western Australia Unknown Unknown
Yasi 31 January – 3 February 2011 205 km/h (125 mph) 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Australia $2.5 billion 1
Gillian 6 – 27 March 2014 220 km/h (140 mph) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) New Guinea, Indonesia, Queensland
Northern Territory, Christmas Island		 Unknown Unknown
Ita 5 – 15 April 2014 220 km/h (140 mph) 922 hPa (27.23 inHg) Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Queensland Unknown Unknown
Marcia 15 – 21 February 2015 205 km/h (125 mph) 932 hPa (27.52 inHg) Queensland, New South Wales Unknown Unknown
Ernie 4 – 12 April 2017 220 km/h (140 mph) 924 hPa (27.29 inHg) None None None
Marcus 14 – 25 March 2018 250 km/h (155 mph) 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Northern Territory, Western Australia Unknown None
Veronica 18 – 28 March 2019 215 km/h (130 mph) 928 hPa (27.40 inHg) Western Australia
Niran 27 February – 6 March 2021 205 km/h (125 mph) 936 hPa (27.64 inHg) Queensland, New Caledonia Unknown Unknown
Darian 13 – 30 December 2022 230 km/h (145 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) None None None
Herman 28 March – 5 April 2023 215 km/h (130 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) None None None
Ilsa 6 – 15 April 2023 230 km/h (145 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Indonesia, East Timor, Northern Territory, Western Australia >$2.7 million 8
Jasper 4 – 13 December 2023 215 km/h (130 mph) 926 hPa (27.34 inHg) Queensland
Olga 3 April – 11 April 2024 205 km/h (125 mph) 933 hPa (27.55 inHg) Lesser Sunda Islands, Western Australia None None

Other systems

In addition to the 52 tropical cyclones listed above, three other tropical cyclones are considered by the BoM to have been a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone within the Australian region. These are Cyclone Mahina of 1899 and two tropical cyclones that struck Innisfail and Mackay during 1918. Severe tropical cyclones Erica (2003) and Harold (2020) became Category 5 severe tropical cyclones, after they moved out of the Australian region and into the South Pacific basin. Severe Tropical Cyclones Fran (1992) and Beni (2003) were Category 5 severe tropical cyclones, before they moved into the Australian region from the South Pacific basin. Severe Tropical Cyclone Ului weakened into a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone, as it moved across 160°E into the Australian region.

The BoM estimates that Severe Tropical cyclones Viola–Claudette (1979), Jane–Irna (1992), Daryl–Agnielle (1995), Bruce (2013) and Freddy (2023) peaked as Category 5 severe tropical cyclones, after they had moved out of the Australian region and into the South-West Indian Ocean.

Operationally Severe Tropical Cyclone Narelle was estimated to have peaked as a category 5 severe tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph). However, during the post-storm analysis process, it was downgraded to a Category 4 system, with 10-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph).

During December 21, 2022 Severe Tropical Cyclone Darian moved into the South-West Indian Ocean as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, where it was immediately classified as a Very Intense Tropical Cyclone.

Impacts

Category 5 severe tropical cyclones are expected to cause widespread devastation if they significantly impact land.

See also

References

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