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Darwin D. Martin House
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Interactive map showing the Martin House
Location	125 Jewett Parkway, Buffalo, New York
Coordinates	42°56′10.18″N 78°50′53.27″W / 42.9361611°N 78.8481306°W / 42.9361611; -78.8481306
Built	1903–1905
Architect	Frank Lloyd Wright
Architectural style	Prairie School
NRHP reference No.	86000160
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	1975
Designated NHL	1986

The Darwin D. Martin House is a historic house museum in Buffalo, New York. The property's buildings were designed by renowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright and built between 1903 and 1905. The house is considered to be one of the most important projects from Wright's Prairie School era.

History

The Martin House was built for businessman Darwin D. Martin (1865-1935) and his wife Isabelle Reidpath Martin (1869-1945). The estate also includes the residence of Martin's sister Delta (1859-1937) and her husband George F. Barton (1847-1929).

In 1902, Darwin Martin's older brother William E. Martin commissioned Wright to design his house in Oak Park, Illinois. Upon first meeting Wright, William Martin was so impressed that he immediately wrote to Darwin recommending Wright to design both his house and the new Larkin Company office building then under consideration. As secretary of the Larkin Company, Darwin Martin was instrumental in promoting Wright's selection as architect. Following the Larkin commission, Wright also designed houses for two other Larkin Company executives: William R. Heath and Walter V. Davidson. During the same period, Wright designed the Martin & Martin Building in Chicago, better known as the E-Z Polish Factory, for William Martin.

Wright designed the Martin House estate as an integrated composition of connecting buildings, consisting of the Martin residence itself, a long pergola connecting to a conservatory, a carriage house-stable, and a second, smaller residence, the George Barton House, built for Martin's older sister Delta and her husband George F. Barton, who had been partners with William Martin in Chicago before moving to Buffalo to work for the Larkin Company. The estate also includes a gardener's cottage, the last building to be completed.

Martin, disappointed with the small size of the conservatory, had a 60 ft (18m) long greenhouse constructed between the gardener's cottage and the carriage house, to supply flowers and plants for the buildings and grounds. This greenhouse was not designed by Wright, and Martin ignored Wright's offer "to put a little architecture on it".

Over the next twenty years a long-term friendship grew between Wright and Martin, to the extent that the Martins provided financial assistance and other support to Wright as his career unfolded.

In 1926, Wright designed a second home for the Martins called Graycliff, a summer estate overlooking Lake Erie in nearby Derby, New York. A proposed Martin family mausoleum designed by Wright in 1928 was eventually built by the Forest Lawn Cemetery in 2004.

Design

The estate exemplifies Wright's Prairie School ideal and is comparable with other notable works from this period in his career, such as the Robie House in Chicago and the Dana-Thomas House in Springfield, Illinois. Wright was especially fond of the Martin House design, referring to it for some 50 years as his "opus", and calling the estate "A well-nigh perfect composition". Wright kept the Martin site plan tacked to the wall near his drawing board for the next half century.

The main motives and indications were:

First – To reduce the number of necessary parts of the house and the separate rooms to a minimum, and make all come together as an enclosed space—so divided that light, air and vista permeated the whole with a sense of unity.

— Frank Lloyd Wright, "On architecture".

In 1900 Edward Bok of the Curtis Publishing Company, bent on improving American homes, invited architects to publish designs in the Ladies' Home Journal, the plans of which readers could purchase for five dollars. Subsequently, the Wright design "A Home in a Prairie Town" was published in February 1901 and first introduced the term "Prairie Home". The Martin House, designed in 1903, bears a striking resemblance to that design. The facades are almost identical, except for the front entrance, and the Martin House repeats most of the Journal House ground floor. An awkward failure was no direct connection from the kitchen to the dining room. The Journal House had a serving pantry, but Wright was forced to give this up to accommodate the pergola.

Of particular significance are the fifteen distinctive patterns of 394 stained glass windows that Wright designed for the entire estate, some of which contain over 750 individual pieces of jewel-like iridescent glass, that act as "light screens" to visually connect exterior views with the spaces within. More patterns of art glass were designed for the Martin House than for any other of Wright's Prairie Houses.

Walter Burley Griffin landscaped the grounds, which were created as integral to the architectural design. A semi-circular garden which contained a wide variety of plant species, chosen for their blossoming cycles to ensure blooms throughout the growing season, surrounded the Martin House veranda. The garden included two sculptures by Wright collaborator Richard Bock.

Estate

The estate is located within the Parkside East Historic District of Buffalo, which was laid out by the American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted in 1876. Darwin Martin purchased the land in 1902. Construction began in 1903, and completed with Wright signing off on the project in 1907. The original complete Martin House estate was 29,080 square feet (2,702 m).

The Martin House

Built between 1902 and 1905, the Martin House is distinguished from Wright's other prairie style houses by its unusually large size and open plan. On the ground floor an entry hall bisects the house. To the right, behind a large double sided hearth, is a central living room. The room is flanked by a dining room and library which together create a long continuous space. The other axis, centered on the hearth, continues the living room out to a large covered veranda. To the left of the entry hall, is a reception room similar in size to the living room, the kitchen, and several smaller rooms. A separate mass provides for a reception room hearth, and one to the level above. The wing completes with a porte-cochère balancing the veranda. Above the entry hall, stairs wrap a small covered light well opening to the second floor. This floor provides eight bedrooms, four bathrooms, and a sewing room. The entry hall continues on axis to the pergola and conservatory beyond.

Martin had imposed no budget and Wright is believed to have spent close to $300,000. By comparison Martin's brother's house cost about $5000, and the Ladies' Home Journal house design an estimated price of $7000.

The Martin House is located at the south end of the estate, at 125 Jewett Parkway in Buffalo.

The Barton House

Construction on the Barton House began first in 1903 and not only was it the first building of the estate to be completed but also the first of Wright's in Buffalo. The principal living spaces are concentrated in the central two-story portion of the house where the reception, living and dining areas open into each other. The two main bedrooms are on the second story, at either end of a narrow hall. On the ground floor the kitchen is at the north end, while a scaled veranda extends from the reception hall to the south.

The Barton House is on the east side of the estate, at 118 Summit Avenue, Buffalo.

The carriage house

Originally the carriage house served as a stable with horse stalls, a hay loft, and storage for a carriage, but soon became a garage with a service area for a car, and an upstairs apartment for a chauffeur. The carriage house also contained the boilers for the estate's heating system. Built between 1903 and 1905, the original structure was demolished in 1962, and rebuilt during the restoration between 2004 and 2007. The carriage house is at the north end of the estate, directly north of the Martin House porte-cochere, to the west of the conservatory.

The gardener's cottage

Built in 1909 of wood and stucco, the gardener's cottage is so modest in size that a boxy configuration appears to have been inevitable, contrary to Wright's ideal of opening up the confining "box" of traditional American houses. Nevertheless, Wright managed to create an illusion of the pier and cantilever principle that characterized the Martin House by placing tall rectangular panels at each corner of the building. The gardener was Reuben Polder, who had to provide fresh flowers daily for every room in the Martin House, a task which he completed until Darwin Martin died in 1935.

The gardener's cottage is on the west side of the estate, at 285 Woodward Avenue, Buffalo.

The conservatory

Built for plant growing the conservatory features a glass-and-metal roof supported by brick piers. A plaster cast of the Winged Victory of Samothrace stands at the entrance and creates a vista through the pergola. The original conservatory was demolished in 1962, and rebuilt between 2004 and 2007 as part of the restoration. The conservatory is at the north end of the estate between the carriage house and the Barton House.

The pergola

The pergola runs from the entrance hall of the Martin House to the entrance of the conservatory, and is about 100 ft (30m) long. The original pergola was demolished in 1962, and was rebuilt between 2004 and 2007. The Pergola is at the center of the estate, running north–south between the Martin House and the conservatory.

Gallery of drawings

• Landscape plan
• 1901 illustration
• First floor
• Second floor

Decline

Following the loss of the family fortune, due to the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the Great Depression, and subsequently Darwin Martin's death in 1935, the family abandoned the house in 1937. Martin's son, D.R. Martin, had attempted to donate the house to the city of Buffalo or the state university to be used as a library but his offer was rejected. By 1937 the estate had already begun to deteriorate, the walls at the front of the house were crumbling, and the conservatory hadn't been used for several years due to a leak in the heating system. Over the next two decades, the vacant house was considerably vandalized and deteriorated further. In 1946 the city took control over the property in a tax foreclosure sale. Purchased in 1951 by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo, with plans to turn the estate into a summer retreat for their priests, it remained empty. 1951 was also the year Graycliff was sold to the Piarists, a Catholic teaching order. The estate was purchased privately in 1955 by architect Sebastian Tauriello, thus saving the house from demolition. It was converted into three apartments, the grounds sub-divided, with the carriage house, conservatory, and pergola in ruins at the time of the private purchase, demolished, and a pair of apartment buildings constructed in the 1960s. In 1967 the estate was purchased by the University at Buffalo, for use as the university president's residence. The university continued the sub-division with the sale of The Barton House in 1967 and the gardener's cottage soon after. The university attempted restoration of the Martin House, although this consisted mainly of slight modernizations and the location of several pieces of original furniture. The estate was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and became a National Historic Landmark in 1986.

Restoration

The Martin House Restoration Corporation (MHRC), founded in 1992, is a non-profit organization with a mandate to restore the estate to its 1907 condition and to open it as a public historic house museum. The Barton House was purchased on behalf of the MHRC in 1994 and the title to the Martin House was transferred from the University at Buffalo to the MHRC in 2002. The restoration began with the Buffalo firm Hamilton Houston Lownie Architects (HHL) being commissioned to restore the roof of the Martin House. The Gardener's Cottage was purchased in 2006, and the demolished carriage house, conservatory, and pergola were reconstructed and completed in 2007. The $50 million restoration project was completed in June 2017. It was the first time that a demolished Wright structure had been rebuilt in the United States.

One of Richard Bock's sculptures, Spring, now located in the Bock Museum at Greenville College, was copied in 2008.

Currently the MHRC operates guided public tours and presents educational programs for volunteers and the general public. In 2008, the Gardener's Cottage was finally included on the tours of the estate.

The Eleanor & Wilson Greatbatch Pavilion Visitor Center, designed by Toshiko Mori, opened March 12, 2009.

In June 2017, the unveiling of the Wisteria Mosaic Fireplace, a 360-degree work of art consisting of tens of thousands of individual glass tiles, marks the completion of the $50 million project.

See also

• List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
• List of National Historic Landmarks in New York
• List of New York State Historic Sites
• Other buildings by Frank Lloyd Wright in the Buffalo area:
  • George F. Barton House
  • Graycliff
  • William R. Heath House
  • Walter V. Davidson House
  • Blue Sky Mausoleum

References

1. ^ Bayer, Mark H.; Steele, Zakery D. (2015). "Darwin D. Martin House – Cultural Landscape Report" (PDF). Honeoye Falls, New York: Bayer Landscape Architecture. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
2. "An American Legacy: Architecture, Craft, and Design in Upstate New York". wrightwaytravel.org. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
3. "Learn: The Story". Frank Lloyd Wright's Martin House Complex. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
4. "George and Delta Barton House". Frank Lloyd Wright Trust. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
5. Letter from William E. Martin to Darwin D. Martin, undated , Darwin D. Martin Papers, circa 1878-1935, University Archives, State University of New York at Buffalo.
6. Buckham, Tom (June 21, 2006). "Darwin Martin complex to include working greenhouse". The Buffalo News. p. B1.
7. Robert M. Craig, Bernard Maybeck at Principia College, p.478, Gibbs Smith; 2004
8. ^ Quinan, Jack (2004). Frank Lloyd Wright's Martin House. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 216.
9. Knight, Caroline (2004). Frank Lloyd Wright. Parragon. p. 124.
10. "Graycliff Official Site". Archived from the original on September 18, 2006.
11. "Blue-Sky Mausoleum Official Site". Archived from the original on July 20, 2009.
12. McCarter, Robert (2006). Frank Lloyd Wright. Reaktion Books. p. 58. ISBN 9781861895387 – via Google books.
13. "Visit the Martin House". www.darwinmartinhouse.org. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
14. Wright, Frank Lloyd (1960). Frank Lloyd Wright: Writings and Buildings. New American Library. p. 4.
15. ^ Gill, Brendan (1998). Many Masks. Da Capo Press. pp. 147–149.
16. ^ Martin House Reference Sheet, archived from the original on March 26, 2009, retrieved February 10, 2013
17. Lind, Carla. Frank Lloyd Wright's Furnishing.
18. ^ Banham, Reyner; Kowsky, Francis R. (1981). Buffalo Architecture. Buffalo Architectural Guidebook Corporation. pp. 195–197.
19. ^ Storrer, William A. (2002). The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. University of Chicago Press. pp. 99–100.
20. Edgar Tafel, Years with Frank Lloyd Wright: Apprentice to Genius, p.83, Courier Dover Publications; 1985
21. Gill, Brendan (1998). Many Masks. Da Capo Press. p. 172.
22. Gill, Brendan (1998). Many Masks. Da Capo Press. p. 141.
23. ^ "Complex Model". www.buffaloah.com.
24. ^ "The Carriage House". buffaloah.com.
25. ^ "The gardener's cottage". buffaloah.com.
26. Quinan, Jack (2004). Frank Lloyd Wright's Martin House. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 13.
27. "landmarksociety.org". Archived from the original on January 26, 2009.
28. ^ Tafel, Edgar (1985). Years with Frank Lloyd Wright: Apprentice to Genius. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 92–93.
29. Tafel, Edgar (1985). Years with Frank Lloyd Wright: Apprentice to Genius. Courier Dover Publications. p. 88.
30. "Greycliff official Site timeline". Archived from the original on September 3, 2009.
31. "Darwin D. Martin House". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved September 11, 2007.
32. Pitts, Carolyn (n.d.). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Darwin D. Martin House". National Park Service. and Accompanying Photos, exterior, from 1910 and 1975. (1.97 MB)
33. ^ "The Martin House Restoration Corporation". Retrieved February 10, 2013.
34. "Replica of Bock Sculpture, 'Spring,' Being Made from G.C.'s Original". The Greenville Advocate. November 4, 2008.
35. "$2.5 million gift for Martin House Visitor Center bestows it with its name: "The Eleanor and Wilson Greatbatch Pavilion"". Frank Lloyd Wright's Martin House. Martin House Restoration Corporation. January 26, 2008. Archived from the original on May 16, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2016.

External links

• Official website
• NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation: Darwin Martin House State Historic Site
• Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. NY-5611, "Darwin D. Martin House, 125 Jewett Parkway, Buffalo, Erie County, NY", 15 photos, 27 measured drawings, 14 data pages
• Darwin D. Martin Photograph Collection Archived October 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine at University at Buffalo Libraries Digital Collections
• Darwin D. Martin Photograph Collection from New York Heritage

v t e Frank Lloyd Wright
List of works
Private houses	Adams, M. Adams, W. and J. Adelman Affleck Allen–Lambe Alsop Arnold Bach Bachman–Wilson Baird Baker Balch Baldwin Barton Bazett Beachy Becker Blair Blossom Bogk Boulter Boynton Bradley Brandes Broad Margin Brown Buehler Bulbulian Charnley Cheney Christie Cooke Coonley Copeland Crimson Beech Dana–Thomas Davidson Davis DeRhodes Dobkins Ennis Fabyan Fallingwater Fawcett Forest Foster Fountainhead Freeman Fredrick Fricke Friedman Fukuhara G. Furbeck R. Furbeck Gale, L. Gale, T. Gale, W. Gerts Gilmore Gillin Glasner Goetsch–Winckler Gordon Grant Graycliff Gridley Hanna–Honeycomb Hardy Haynes Heath Heller Henderson Heurtley Hickox Hills Hoffman Hollyhock Jacobs I Jacobs II Johnson Jones Kalil Keland Kentuck Knob Keys Kinney Kraus Lamberson Lamp Laurent Levin Lewis Lewis, L. Manson Marden D. D. Martin W. E. Martin May McBean McCarthy Millard Miller Millard, G. Moore Mosher Mossberg Murphy Neils Olfelt Palmer Pappas Parker Pauson Penfield Peterson Cottage Pew Pope–Leighey Rayward Rebhuhn Reisley Richardson Roberts Robie Roloson Rosenbaum Rudin Samara Sander Schaberg Schwartz Serlin Shavin Smith, G. W. Smith, M. Smith, R. Sondem Spencer Staley Stockman Storer Stromquist Sturges Sullivan Sunday Sutton Sweeton Tan-Y-Deri Thaxton Thomas Tomek Tonkens Tracy Trier Turkel Wall Walker Walser Walter Westcott Westhope Weltzheimer Willey Williams Willits Wingspread Winslow Woolley Wright, D. and G. Wright, D. and J. Wright, R. Wynant Yamamura Young Zeigler Zimmerman
Housing systems	American System-Built Homes Erdman Prefab Houses Fireproof House for $5000 Galesburg Country Homes Ravine Bluffs Development Suntop Homes Usonia Homes Textile block house
Other	Anderton Court Shops Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church Arizona Biltmore Hotel Auldbrass Plantation Banff National Park Pavilion Beth Sholom Synagogue Child of the Sun at Florida Southern College Community Christian Church Como Orchard Summer Colony Coonley School Playhouse E-Z Polish Factory Eddie's House Fasbender Medical Clinic German Warehouse Guggenheim Museum Hillside Home School I Hillside Home School II Hoffman Auto Showroom Horse Show Fountain Humphreys Theater Imperial Hotel Jiyu Gakuen Girls' School Johnson Wax Headquarters Kundert Medical Clinic Lake Mendota Boathouse Lamp Cottage Larkin Administration Building Lawrence Memorial Library (Springfield, Illinois) Lindholm Service Station Lockridge Medical Clinic Marin County Civic Center Midway Barn Midway Gardens Riverview Terrace Restaurant Roberts Stable Rookery Building Romeo and Juliet Windmill Park Inn Hotel Pettit Chapel Pilgrim Congregational Church Price Tower Frank L. Smith Bank Teater Studio Unitarian Society Meeting House Unity Chapel Unity Temple V. C. Morris Gift Shop Waller Apartments Wyoming Valley School
Posthumous	Blue Sky Mausoleum Gammage Memorial Auditorium King Kamehameha Golf Course Clubhouse Massaro House Monona Terrace Community and Convention Center Sharp Family Tourism and Education Center
Unbuilt	Broadacre City Crystal Heights Gordon Strong Automobile Objective The Illinois Plan for Greater Baghdad Point Park Civic Center
Personal homes	Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio Taliesin Taliesin West
Related	Taliesin Associated Architects Wasmuth Portfolio Prairie School Wright Building Conservancy Wright–Prairie School of Architecture Historic District UNESCO World Heritage Site Usonia
People	Olgivanna Lloyd Wright (3rd wife) Lloyd Wright (son) John Lloyd Wright (son) Anne Baxter (granddaughter) Eric Lloyd Wright (grandson) Maginel Wright Enright (sister) Richard Bock (associate) Mamah Borthwick (client and lover) Marion Griffin (associate) Walter Burley Griffin (associate) George Mann Niedecken Jaroslav Josef Polívka (associate)
Popular culture	The Last Wright: Frank Lloyd Wright and the Park Inn Hotel Shining Brow Loving Frank "So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright" Work Song: Three Views of Frank Lloyd Wright The Women The Wright 3
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• 1905 establishments in New York (state)
• Architecture of Buffalo, New York
• Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
• Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)
• Historic house museums in New York (state)
• Houses completed in 1905
• Houses in Buffalo, New York
• Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
• National Historic Landmarks in New York (state)
• Museums in Buffalo, New York
• National Register of Historic Places in Buffalo, New York
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