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Rhagophthalmidae
Rhagophthalmus hiemalis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Suborder:	Polyphaga
Infraorder:	Elateriformia
Superfamily:	Elateroidea
Family:	Rhagophthalmidae Olivier, 1907
Synonyms
Rhagophthalminae

The Rhagophthalmidae are a family of beetles within the superfamily Elateroidea. Members of this beetle family have bioluminescent organs on the larvae, and sometimes adults, and are closely related to the Phengodidae (glowworm beetles), though historically they have been often treated as a subfamily of Lampyridae, or as related to that family. Some recent evidence suggested that they were the sister group to the Phengodidae, and somewhat distantly related to Lampyridae, whose sister taxon was Cantharidae, but more reliable genome-based phylogenetics placed (Rhagophthalmidae + Phengodidae) as the sister group to the Lampyridae.

Whatever their relationships may be, Rhagophthalmidae are distributed in the Old World, and little is known of their biology. Females are usually wingless and look like larvae, but have an adult beetle's eyes, antennae and legs; in the genus Diplocladon, they resemble larvae even more, with small light organs on all trunk segments. Larvae and females live in soil and litter and are predaceous; males may be attracted to lights at night.

Genera

• Bicladodrilus
• Bicladon
• Dioptoma
• Diplocladon
• Dodecatoma
• Falsophrixothrix
• Mimoochotyra
• Mondodrilus
• Pseudothilmanus
• Reductodrilus
• Rhagophthalmus

References

1. Stanger-Hall KF, Lloyd JE, Hillis DM (October 2007). "Phylogeny of North American fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): implications for the evolution of light signals". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (1): 33–49. Bibcode:2007MolPE..45...33S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.013. PMID 17644427.
2. Bocak L, Motyka M, Bocek M, Bocakova M (2018-03-14). Chiang TY (ed.). "Incomplete sclerotization and phylogeny: The phylogenetic classification of Plastocerus (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0194026. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394026B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194026. PMC 5851614. PMID 29538419.
3. Kusy D, Motyka M, Bocek M, Vogler AP, Bocak L (November 2018). "Genome sequences identify three families of Coleoptera as morphologically derived click beetles (Elateridae)". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 17084. Bibcode:2018NatSR...817084K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35328-0. PMC 6244081. PMID 30459416.
4. Branham MA, Wenzel JW (2001). "The evolution of bioluminescence in cantharoids (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)". Florida Entomologist. 84 (4): 565–586. doi:10.2307/3496389. ISSN 1938-5102. JSTOR 3496389.
5. Branham MA, Wenzel JW (February 2003). "The origin of photic behavior and the evolution of sexual communication in fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". Cladistics. 19 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00404.x. PMID 34905865. S2CID 46266960.
6. Lawrence JF, Hastings AM, Dallwitz MJ, Paine TA, Zurcher EJ (October 2005). Elateriformia (Coleoptera): descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval for families and subfamilies: Lampyridae (Report). version of 9. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010.
7. Kundrata R, Bocak L (March 2011). "Redescription and relationships of Pseudothilmanus Pic (Coleoptera: Rhagophthalmidae)—a long-term neglected glow-worm beetle genus from the Himalayas". Zootaxa. 2794 (1): 57–62. doi:10.11646/ZOOTAXA.2794.1.4.

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