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Congee

Chinese zhou (rice congee) with rousong and zha cai (with coriander in side bowl)
Type	Porridge
Main ingredients	Rice
Cookbook: Congee   Media: Congee

Congee (/ˈkɒndʒiː/, derived from Tamil கஞ்சி [kaɲdʑi]) is a form of savoury rice porridge made by boiling rice in a large amount of water until the rice softens. Depending on rice–water ratio, the thickness of congee varies from a Western oatmeal porridge to a gruel. Since the history of rice cultivation in Asia stretches back to the Baiyue-inhabited lower Yangtze circa 10,000 BC, congee is unlikely to have appeared before that date. Congee is typically served with side dishes, or it can be topped with meat, fish, and pickled vegetables.

Vivid experiences of eating or delivering thin congee as wartime or famine food often feature in diaries and chronicles. In some cultures, congee is eaten primarily as a breakfast food or late supper; some may also eat it as a substitute for rice at other meals. It is often considered suitable for the sick as a mild, easily digestible food.

Etymology

The popular English name Congee derives from the Tamil word கஞ்சி (kañci). The Portuguese adopted the name as canje, with the first document mentioning the dish and the word in 1563. The English name was adopted from the Portuguese. In China, congee is known as zhou (Chinese: 粥; pinyin: zhōu; Cantonese Yale: jūk), with the first recorded reference traced back to 1000 BC during Zhou dynasty. Across Asia, various similar dishes exists with varying names.

Varieties

East Asia

China

By porridge (粥 or 稀飯), Chinese languages across the south usually mean rice porridge, while in the north it may refer to cornmeal porridge, proso millet porridge, foxtail millet porridge, or sorghum porridge, reflecting the north–south divide of grain production.

In northwest Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, fermented rice and millet porridge known as 酸粥 (Jin Chinese: [suɤ tʂɑo]) is popular. Rice and millet are soaked to allow fermentation, then water is emptied to obtain porridge. The emptied water is served as a drink called 酸米湯 (Jin Chinese: [suɤ mi tʰɤu]). The porridge is eaten alongside pickles, e.g. turnips, carrots, radish and celery. The porridge may be stirred-fried and is called 炒酸粥 ([tsʰo suɤ tʂɑo]). The porridge may also be steamed into solids known as 酸撈飯 ([suɤ lo fã]). While the traditional grain is proso millet, it is mixed with rice when available. Many folk idioms of sourness derive from this dish.

In Shanghai, Suzhou and nearby, an iconic glutinous rice porridge topped by red bean paste, sweet olive syrup and brown sugar is called 赤豆糊糖粥 (Wu Chinese: [tsʰaʔ dɤ ɦu dɑ̃ tsoʔ]). Street hawking of this porridge is featured in a well-known Wu Chinese nursery rhyme.

Originated in Guangdong, the century egg congee peidaansaujuk zuk (Cantonese: 皮蛋瘦肉粥) has become a nationwide hit since the 2000s. It was first tested on the menu of KFC in Shanghai in 2002 and later rolled out to all KFCs in mainland China and Taiwan. In 2020, the online food ordering company Ele.me revealed century egg porridge ranked top ten in breakfast orders in almost every Chinese major city as far north as Harbin.

Common regional ingredients go into congee not mentioned above include salted duck eggs, rousong, zhacai, pickled tofu, mung beans and organ meats (especially pig liver). Youtiao is served as a side dish in some Chinese cultures. Congee with multiple ingredients tend to cultivate a reputation as an expensive, festive congee, such as Laba congee.

Taiwan, China

In Taiwan, congee is known as 糜 [mí] in Taiwanese Hokkien, or 稀飯 [xīfàn] in Taiwanese Mandarin. Sweet potato, taro root, or century egg is often added for taste. A famous congee dish in Taiwan is the milkfish congee.

Japan

Kayu (粥), or often okayu (お粥) is the name for the type of congee eaten in Japan, which typically uses water to rice ratios of 5:1 or 7:1 and is cooked for about 30 minutes. There are recipe of using water to rice ratio of up to 20:1.

Kayu may be made with just rice and water, and is often seasoned with salt. Eggs can be beaten into it to thicken it. Toppings may be added to enhance flavour; Welsh onion, salmon, roe, ginger, and umeboshi (pickled plums) are among the most common. Miso or chicken stock may be used to flavor the broth. Most Japanese electric rice cookers have a specific setting for cooking congee.

In Japan, porridge – because it is soft and easily digestible – is regarded as a food particularly suitable for serving to the sick and elderly. For similar reasons it is commonly the first solid food served to Japanese infants, being used to help with the transition from liquids to normally cooked rice, the latter being a major part of the Japanese diet.

A type of kayu referred to as nanakusa-gayu (七草粥, "seven herb porridge") is traditionally eaten on 7 January with special herbs that some believe protect against evils and invite good luck and longevity in the new year. As a simple, light dish, nanakusa-gayu serves as a break from the many heavy dishes eaten over the Japanese New Year.

Kayu is also used in Shinto divination rituals.

Zōsui (雑炊) is a similar dish, which uses already cooked rice, rather than cooking the rice in the soup.

Korea

Juk (죽; 粥; [tɕuk̚]) is a Korean category for porridges made by boiling rice or other grains or legumes, such as beans, sesame, nuts, and pumpkin, with much more water than bap. Juk is often eaten warm, especially as a morning meal, but is now eaten at any time of the day.

Depending on the ingredients and consistency, juk can be considered as food for recuperation, a delicacy, or famine food. It is known to have nutritional benefits, and is considered to be beneficial to digestion because of its soft texture. It is a staple "get well" dish; a dish to eat when one is sick or recovering from bad health. Juk is also considered an ideal food for babies, the ill or elderly, as it is easily eaten and digested. It is also sold commercially by many chain stores in South Korea, and is a common takeout dish.

There are more than forty varieties of juk mentioned in old documents. The most basic form of juk, made from plain rice, is called ssaljuk (쌀죽; 'rice porridge') or huinjuk (흰죽; 'white porridge'). Being largely unflavored, it is served with a number of more flavorful side dishes, such as jeotgal (salted seafood), various types of kimchi, and other side dishes.

Notable varieties include jatjuk made from finely ground pine nuts, jeonbok-juk made with abalones, yulmu-juk made from yulmu (Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen), and patjuk made from red beans.

Varieties of juk include:

• Daechu-gom (대추곰) – jujube porridge
• Dakjuk (닭죽) – chicken porridge
• Euneo-juk (은어죽; 銀魚粥) – sweetfish porridge
• Heugimja-juk (흑임자죽; 黑荏子粥) – black sesame porridge
• Hobak-juk (호박죽) – pumpkin porridge
• Jangguk-juk (장국죽) – beef porridge
• Jatjuk (잣죽) – pine nut porridge
• Jeonbok-juk (전복죽; 全鰒粥) – abalone rice porridge
• Patjuk (팥죽) – red bean porridge
• Tarak-juk (타락죽; 駝酪粥) – milk porridge.

Southeast Asia

Myanmar

In Myanmar, congee is called hsan byoke or hsan pyoke, literally "(uncooked) rice boiled". It is plain porridge, often made with just rice and water, but sometimes with chicken or pork stock and served with a simple garnish of chopped spring onions and crispy fried onions. Paired with garnishes of choice. (Fish sauce, chilli flakes, etc.)

Cambodia

In Khmer, congee is called babor (បបរ). It is one of the options for breakfast along with kuyteav, another popular Cambodian breakfast dish. Congee is eaten throughout Cambodia both in the countryside and in the cities.

Congee can be eaten plain or with a variety of side dishes and toppings such as soy sauce, added to enhance taste, as well as dried salted fish or fried breadsticks (ឆាខ្វៃ, cha kway).

There are two main versions of congee: plain congee, and chicken congee (បបរមាន់, babor mŏən). It is usually eaten during the colder dry season or when someone is sick. After the congee is prepared a variety of toppings can be added to enhance the flavour such as bean sprouts, green onions, coriander, pepper, along with the dried fish and fried breadsticks on the side. The chicken congee is the same as plain congee but contains more herbs and chicken.

Indonesia

In Indonesia, congee is called bubur, and it is a popular breakfast food. Travelling bubur ayam vendors frequently pass through residential streets in the morning selling the dish. A popular version is bubur ayam, which is congee with shredded chicken meat. It is also served with many condiments, such as green onion, crispy fried shallot, fried soybean, Chinese crullers (youtiao, known as cakwe in Indonesia), both salty and sweet soy sauce, and sometimes it is topped with yellow chicken broth and kerupuk (Indonesian style crackers). Unlike some other Indonesian dishes, it is not spicy; sambal or chili paste is served separately.

Some food vendors serve sate alongside it, made from quail egg or chicken intestine, liver, gizzard, or heart.

On the north coast of Bali, famously in a village called Bondalem, there is a local congee dish called mengguh, a popular local chicken and vegetable congee that is spicier than common bubur ayam and more similar to tinutuan, using a spice mix of onions, garlic, coriander seeds, pepper and chili.

In another region of Indonesia, the city of Manado in North Sulawesi, there is a very popular type of congee called tinutuan, or also known as bubur Manado (Manadonese porridge). It is rice porridge served with ample amount of vegetables. A bit different from the one sold in Java, it is made from rice porridge, enriched with vegetables, including kangkung (water spinach), corn kernels, yam or sweet potato, dried salted fish, kemangi (lemon basil) leaves and melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) leaves.

In the eastern parts of Indonesia, the local congee is called papeda, which is made from sago flour. It is a staple food of Maluku and Papuan people. Usually, it is eaten with yellow soup made from tuna or mubara fish spiced with turmeric and lime.

Laos

In Laos, congee is called khao piak, literally "wet rice" (Lao: ເຂົ້າປຽກ, IPA: [kʰȁ(ː)w.pȉak]). It is cooked with rice and chicken broth or water. The congee is then garnished with fried garlic, scallions and pepper. The dish will sometimes be served with chicken, quail eggs, century eggs or youtiao. In Laos, congee is usually eaten as breakfast and during the cold season.

Malaysia

In Malaysia, congee is known as porridge or bubur.

Philippines

Lugaw (pronounced Tagalog pronunciation: [ˈluɡaw]) is the Filipino generic term for rice gruel. It encompasses a wide variety of dishes, ranging from savory dishes very similar to Chinese-style congee to dessert dishes. In the Visayan regions, savory lugaw are known as pospas. Lugaw typically use glutinous rice (Tagalog: malagkit; Visayan: pilit). It is usually thicker than other Asian congees, retaining the shape of the rice, yet with a similar texture.

Savory versions of lugaw are flavored with ginger and traditionally topped with scallions and toasted garlic. Dried red safflower (kasubha) may also be used as a topping, mainly as a visual garnish and to impart a more appealing yellow tinge to the dish. As with Japanese kayu, fish or chicken stock may be used to flavor the broth. The most popular variants of lugaw include arroz caldo (chicken), goto (beef tripe), lugaw na baboy (pork), lugaw na baka (beef), and lugaw na tokwa't baboy (diced tofu and pork). Other versions can also use tinapa (smoked fish), palakâ (frog legs), utak (brain ), dilà (tongue ), and litid ( ligaments). They are traditionally seasoned with calamansi, fish sauce (patís), soy sauce (toyò), and black pepper. It is often served to the ill and the elderly, and is favored among Filipinos living in colder climates because it is warm, soft, and easy to digest.

Dessert versions of lugaw include champorado (lugaw with home-made chocolate topped with milk), binignit (lugaw in coconut milk with various fruits and root crops), and ginataang mais (lugaw with sweet corn and coconut milk), among others. Like the savory versions, they are usually eaten for breakfast, but can also be eaten as a snack. In Hiligaynon-speaking areas, lugaw may refer to binignit.

Singapore

In Singapore, Teochew porridge or Singapore-style porridge is a version of Singapore congee. In Singapore, it is considered a comfort food for both breakfast and supper. Teochew porridge dish often accompanied with various small plates of side dishes. Usually, it is served as a banquet of meats, fish egg and vegetables eaten with plain rice porridge. The recipes that early immigrants prepared in Singapore have been modified over the generations to suit local tastes. Singapore Teochew style porridge is usually consumed with a selection of Singaporean Chinese side dishes like Nasi Padang. There is no fixed list of side dishes, but in Singapore, accompaniments typically include lor bak (braised pork), steamed fish, stir-fried water spinach (kangkong goreng), salted egg, fish cake, tofu, omelette, minced meat, braised tau kway, Hei Bee Hiang (fried shrimp chilli paste), and vegetables.

Thailand

In Thai cuisine, rice porridge, known as Chok or Jok (Thai: โจ๊ก, IPA: [tɕóːk], a loanword from Min Nan Chinese), is often served as breakfast with a raw or partially cooked egg added. Minced pork or beef and chopped spring onions are usually added, and the dish is optionally topped with a small donut-like pathongko, fried garlic, slivered ginger, and spicy pickles such as pickled radish. Although it is more popular as a breakfast dish, many stores specializing in Jok sell it throughout the day. Variations in the meat and toppings are also frequently found. It is especially popular during Thailand's cool season.

Plain congee, known as khao tom kui (Thai: ข้าวต้มกุ๊ย), is served at specialty restaurants, which serve a multitude of side dishes to go with it, such as yam kun chiang (a Thai salad made with sliced dried Chinese sausages), mu phalo (pork stewed in soy sauce and five-spice powder), and mu nam liap (minced pork fried with chopped Chinese olives).

Notable Jok eateries in Bangkok can be found in areas like Bang Rak on Charoen Krung, home to Jok Prince which received the Bib Gourmand from Michelin Guidebook, Talat Noi in Chinatown beside Wat Traimit near Hua Lamphong, and the Jok Chai neighbourhood in Lat Phrao, where the dish is available 24 hours a day. Khao tom kui is found in areas such as the Yaowarat and Wong Wian Yi Sip Song Karakadakhom (July 22 Circle) neighbourhoods.

In a popular reference within the 2011 US comedy film The Hangover Part II set in Thailand, Jok is described as being a food for ″small babies and very old people″ with ″no taste″ that is nourishment ″everybody can digest″. The reference is used to describe the character of the protagonist Stu Price (portrayed by Ed Helms).

Vietnam

In Vietnam, congee (Vietnamese: cháo) is sometimes cooked with pandan leaves or Asian mung bean. In its simplest form (plain rice porridge, known as cháo hoa), it is a food for times of famine and hardship to stretch the rice ration. Alternately, as is especially common among Buddhist monks, nuns and lay persons, it can be a simple breakfast food eaten with pickled vegetables or fermented tofu (chao).

Despite its ubiquity among the poor, it is also popular as a main dish when cooked with a variety of meats. For example, cháo gà is cooked with chicken, garlic, and ginger. The rice porridge is cooked in chicken broth, and when the chicken is cooked, the meat is sliced and layered on a bed of shredded raw cabbage and sliced scallions and drizzled with a vinegar-based sauce, to be eaten as a side dish. Other combinations include cháo vịt (duck porridge), which is cooked in the same manner as chicken porridge. Cháo lòng heo is made with lòng heo, a variety of offal from pork or duck with sliced portions of congealed pork blood. Cháo is typically served with quẩy on the side.

Cháo bầu dục is a congee containing pig kidney (bầu dục lợn). A specialty of the Hóc Môn District in Ho Chi Minh City, it is typically eaten in rural areas of southern Vietnam. Well-known cháo bầu vendors include Cánh Đồng Hoang, Cô Ba Nữ, and Sáu Quẻn. Another typical Vietnamese dish is cháo nấm, a congee with mushrooms.

Youtiao is usually added to congee especially at congee vendors.

It is also common to eat cháo when ill, as it is believed the porridge is easy to digest while being fortifying. For such purposes, the cháo is sometimes cooked with roasted white rice, giving the porridge broth a more nuanced body and a subtle, nutty flavor. In some parts of Vietnam, local customs call for making cháo as offerings for the "wandering souls" during the Buddhist Vu Lan summer feast.

In India

Tamil Nadu

Kanji is a popular dish in the state of Tamil Nadu. Among the working classes, it is a staple nourishing breakfast dish, although consumed often for lunch and dinner as well. In addition, all classes regard kanji as an excellent food during convalescence, for its ability to be easily digested. The different kinds of kanji in Tamil Nadu includes rice kanji (the most popular): variations of this include sweet rice kanji (milk and sugar/jaggery added to the cooked rice soup) or salt rice kanji (buttermilk and salt added to the rice soup); wheat kanji, mung bean kanji, ragi/millet kanji, multi-grain kanji.

Karnataka

In Karnataka, a plain rice porridge, or the thick supernatant water from overcooked rice, is known as ganji (ಗಂಜಿ). Kanji is also prepared with different grains available in different parts of Karnataka, for example minor millet or pearl millet, finger millet, broken wheat, maize. In coastal districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi of Karavali region of Karnataka state, Ganji made from parboiled or red or brown rice or white was staple food of most inhabitants of those districts. Also a special type of Ganji is prepared on the occasion of Dwadashi in Tulu speaking Shivalli Brahmins households Even today still many households in those districts have Ganji as staple food. In Kerala, it is eaten as a porridge with green lentils or chutney. Kanji is prepared with rice or ragi. Nuts and spices are added to the kanji depending on the economic status or health requirements. Rice kanji is prepared by boiling rice in large amounts of water. To this preparation, either milk and sugar (usually jaggery) or curd (yoghurt) and salt are added. Ragi kanji is prepared by drying ragi sprouts in shade, and then grinding them into a smooth powder. This powder is added to water and cooked. Milk and brown sugar are added to this cooked preparation for taste. Ragi kanji can be given to infants after six months. Another kanji preparation uses jevvarisi (sago) in kanji. Sago is dry roasted and powdered with/ without sugar. Powdered sago is boiled in water until cooked. This is eaten by all ages from adults to infants as young as three months.

Maharashtra

In the Konkan region of Maharashtra in India, congee is known as pez, is a home remedy for treating a fever as it is easy to digest. The farming and manual labour community of the same region, on the other hand, consume on a daily basis in the late morning as a source of energy. Variants of the dish include nachnyachi pez (ambil) which is made with ragi and rice, athwal or metheachi pez is a sweeter version which is made with rice, fenugreek and jaggery, which is usually served to a nursing mother. The rice here is usually eaten boiled, with dry fish, vegetables or pickles.

Western Karnataka and Goa

In Goa state and Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts, people usually eat rice ganji in a variant manner made by Kannada-speaking, Tulu-speaking or Konkani people in and around Udupi and Mangalore (Karnataka, South India). There, parboiled rice (kocheel akki in Kannada, oorpel aari for black rice, bolenta aari for white rice in Tulu or ukde tandool in Konkani) is steamed with a large amount of water. Jain ganji matt are famous in these districts. Usually, simple ganji with pickle and milk are served, in Jain matts. Fresh coconut is grated, and the resulting milk skimmed and added to the ganji (called paez or pyaaz in Konkani), which is served hot with fish curry, coconut chutney, or Indian pickles. In Goa, it is normally served with dried or fresh cooked fish, papad or vegetables.

Kerala

In the state of Kerala, kanji used to be considered as a main course, particularly for dinner, by the majority. This is normally taken with roasted coconut chutney, tossed mung bean known locally as payar, roasted pappadam (lentil crackers), puzhukku (a side dish consisting mainly of root tubers/underground stems, especially during Thiruvathira); sometimes coconut scrapings are also added to the kanji to increase the flavour. The royal households as well as rich people used to have a special kind of kanji called as palkanji (lit. 'milk congee') where milk was substituted for water base. During the Malayalam month of Karkkidakam, a medicinal kanji is made using Ayurvedic herbs, milk and jaggery. Karkkidakam is known as the month of diseases since the monsoon starts during Karkkidakam. Karikkidaka kanji is eaten to promote the immune system.

Some households of Kerala used to re-cook leftover rice and all available leftover curries into congee water and take as a mix-mash dish known as pazhamkanji (old congee).

Pazhamkanji means old congee (leftover from the previous day). It is not necessarily re-heated with leftover curries.

According to the Indian writer Madhur Jaffrey, kanji is, or derives from, a Tamil word for "boiling"—which refers to the porridge and also to any water in which rice has been cooked.

Muslims of south India especially Tamil Muslim, Mappila and Beary prepare special congee during Ramadhan called nombu kanj (lit. 'fasting porridge'). This is prepared by adding spices like turmeric, dry ginger, pepper, onion, and coconut paste to the congee. Sometimes fenugreek seeds are added to it to enhance the flavour.

Andhra Pradesh

In the state of Andhra Pradesh, it is called ganji in Telugu. Ganji is made by boiling rice in large amounts of water and then the filtered liquid is known as Ganji. Ganji mixed with buttermilk is believed to add to the flavor, and is also suggested by doctors for patients with ailing health.

Odisha

Kaanji is a traditional Odia dish. It is a soup-based dish like dal, but tastes a little sour. It is made of rice starch fermented for a few days in an earthen pot. This is considered a healthy dish as many winter vegetables are used as main ingredients. It is seasoned with mustard seeds and turmeric and served hot.. Pakhala is a separate dish with certain similarities to the congee.

In the Buddhist Yāgu Sutta of the Aṅguttara Nikāya (AN 5.207), the Buddha recommends eating rice porridge, "yāgu": "There are these five benefits in rice porridge. What five? It stills hunger, dispels thirst, settles wind, cleans out the bladder, and promotes the digestion of the remnants of undigested food. These are the five benefits of rice porridge.".

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, several types of congee are known as kenda in Sinhalese. Sinhala people use congee as a breakfast, a side dish, an accessory to indigenous medical therapies, and a sweet. Kenda can be prepared with many ingredients, including rice, roasted rice, rice flour, finger millet flour, sago, coconut milk, herbs, tubers, kitul flour, and mung bean. When it is prepared with rice and water only, it is known as hal kenda. If salt is added to bring a much saltier taste, it is known as lunu kenda, a dish commonly used as a supplementary diet in purgation therapy in indigenous medical traditions. If roasted rice is used, the congee becomes bendi hal kenda, utilized to treat diarrheal diseases. If rice flour and coconut milk are the main ingredients, such congee is known as kiriya. If finger millet flour and water is used, it is known as kurakkan anama. If coconut milk is added, the dish is called kurakkan kenda. If sago is used, such congee is known as sawu kenda. A special type of congee prepared from the byproducts of coconut oil production is known as pol kiri kenda. There are many varieties of kola kenda, congee with herbs as an ingredient; sometimes, a vaidya or veda mahttaya (a physician trained in indigenous medical traditions) might prescribe a special type of kola kenda, known under such circumstances as behet kenda. Sinhala villagers use specific tubers for preparing congee, such as Diascorea species tubers. If kitul flour is mixed with boiling water and coconut milk added to it, this special type of congee is known as kitul piti kenda. Kenda prepared with mung beans is known as mung eta kenda.

Most of the time, kiriya, kurakkan kenda, sawu kenda, pol kiri kenda and kitul piti kenda are used as sweets. Sugar, candy, dates, raisins, cashew nut, jaggery, and treacle are among the ingredients that may be added to sweeten these congees.

Congee is also eaten by Sri Lankan Moors for iftar during Ramadan. It is also occasionally made with oats. Tamils and Moors in Sri Lanka call it arisi kanji (rice kanji) and may use chicken or beef for it. It is just as often made with milk (paal kanji), and there are many other combinations with appropriate prefixes in Tamil; One very special type being 'Chithirai' kanji, Chithirai being the Tamil month coinciding with April/May, made for a festival in this month. It is a salty simple kanji with green chilis, onions and coconut milk. In Nepal Kanji is called as Jaulo,it can be prepared by mixing pulses like moong or red lentil, or plain with salt and lots of water. It is tempered with fenugreek seeds and ghee. It is consider as light food which is why it eaten in sick days or as light supper.

The Americas

Caribbean Tamil Community

Among the Indo-Caribbean Tamil Community, a dish called "Kandji" or "Kanchi" is made with rice, chickpeas, black eyed peas, onions, grated coconuts, and salt. It is traditionally eaten after a puja and is traditionally offered to Kali Amman (a syncretic mix of Mariamman and Kali), the main goddess of the Caribbean Tamil Community (see also: Caribbean Shaktism). The ingredients are traditionally gathered from begging door to door and then constructing the dish in the temple's complex.

Europe

Hungary

In Hungary, it is called rizskása, a traditional Hungarian food in the Hungarian population of Upper-Hungary (today Slovakia) and is also used as strudel filling.

Portugal

In Portugal, a traditional soup made of rice and chicken meat is named canja or Canja de galinha. The Portuguese likely picked up the dish from their colonies in Western/Southern India or Sri Lanka; where the soup remains a staple (particularly for the ill). The rice is not cooked for as long as in Asian congee, so it is very soft, but not disintegrated. Traditionally, a boiling fowl containing small, immature eggs is used; the eggs are carefully boiled and served in the canja. This soup is sometimes served with a fresh mint leaf on top. Strongly valued as comfort food, it is traditionally given to people recovering from disease, as in Asia, and in some regions of Portugal, there is even a custom of feeding the mother a strict diet of canja in the first weeks after childbirth. It is also eaten traditionally in Brazil and Cape Verde, former Portuguese colonies.

See also

• Bap
• Cooked rice
• Curd rice
• Gruel
• Kasha
• Lâpa
• Mieum
• Oatmeal
• Papeda
• Rice cereal
• Rice pudding
• Sampan congee
• Sungnyung
• List of ancient dishes
• List of porridges

Notes

1. "This dish is sometimes referred to as rice porridge and in the Philippines it is usually called lugaw or lugao (from Tagalog)."

References

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2. Yule, Henry, Sir (1903). Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive. It is from the Tamil kanjī, 'boilings.'{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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External links

• Chicken Congee. NYT Cooking.

v t e Cambodian cuisine
Individual dishes	Bai pong moan Bay sach chruk Beef lok lak Bok trop pgnon Chanang Cha kroeung Chha kh'nhei Chha trob Prahok ktis Kampot Pepper Crab Khor sach chrouk Kha Khor cheung chrouk Khmom ang Kola noodles Phahut Samlor kako Samlor ktis Samlor machu Samlor prahal Sngao mreah Sngor ngam ngov Stir-fried morning glory Trei boeng kanh chhet
Curries	Fish amok Num banhchok Kari sach moan Saraman curry
Salads	Neorm svay Pleah sach ko Neorm trasak Neorm masour Neorm kroch thlong Larb
Sauces, spices and flavourings	Fish sauce (Kampot fish sauce) Kroeung Prahok Kapi Tamarind sauce
Desserts, snacks and pastries	Banh chao Bey dom neib Cha houy teuk Chek ktis Kralan Nataing Num ansom Nom chak chol Num chak kachan Num chak chan Num chek chien Num kreab Num krok Num pang Num pom Sankya lapov Poat dot Trei ngeat ovlek Vawee
Beverages	Angkor Beer Green tea Longan wine Palm wine Rice wine (Sra peang) Sugarcane juice
Cambodian Chinese dishes	Babor Banh chaneouk Bai cha Kuyteav Lort cha Mee katang Mee kiev Naem chien Num kachai Num kroch Num kom Num pang chen Num pao Num pia Num por pia Siev mai Yao hon
Category: Cambodian cuisine

v t e Filipino cuisine
Main dishes	Adobo Afritada Asado matua pork Balbacua Balut Bicol express/Sinilihan Binagoongan kangkong Binalot Bistek Biyaring Bola-bola Bopis Burong isda Burong mangga Carne norte guisado Chicken galantina/Relyenong manok Chicken pastel/Pastel de pollo Chori burger Coconut burger Curacha Alavar Decho Dinakdakan/Warek-Warek Dinengdeng Dinuguan Embutido Escabeche Estofado Everlasting Giniling Ginisang kangkóng Goto Halabós Hamonado Hardinera Humbà Igado Inasal Inihaw/Filipino barbecue Inubaran Isaw Kaldereta Kare-kare Kilawin Kinilnat Kinilaw Kulawo Laing/Pinangat Inulukan Linapay/Tinamuk Tinumok Lechon baboy baka manok Lengua estofado Lengua pastel Lengua Sevillana Linagpang Linarang Linat-an Lumlom Mechado Menudo/Ginamay Waknatoy Morcón Nilagang saging Paklay Papaitan Pares Pares kanto Pata tim Piaparan Picadillo Pinais Pinapaitan Pinakbet Pinangat na isda Pinatisan Pininyahang hipon Pininyahang manok Pinsec frito Piyanggang manok Piutu Poqui poqui Proben Pudpod Putsero Rendang Ropa vieja Salpicao Sarsa na uyang Satti Sinanglay Sinantolan Siomai Tamale Talunan Tapa Tinapa Tinapayan Tinola Tuslob buwa Fried dishes Bagnet Calamares Camaron rebosado Carne frita Chicharon Crispy kangkóng Crispy pata Crispy tadyang ng baka Daing Fish balls Kikiam Lechon kawali Nilasing na hipon Okoy Pudpod Sisig Tapa Tocino Tokneneng Kwek kwek Tokwa’t baboy Torta carne norte kalabasa sardinas talong Rice dishes Aligue fried rice Arroz a la cubana Arroz valenciana Arroz caldo Bagoong fried rice Balao-balao Java rice Junay Kiampong Kuning Lugaw Morisqueta tostada Oko-oko Paelya Bringhe Nasing biringyi Pastil Pusô/Tamu Silog Sinangág Sinigapuna Soups Batchoy Tagalog/Batsoy Binakol Bulalo Cansi Ginataan ampalaya hipon isda kalabasa kuhol labong langka manok sugpo ubod Ginisang munggo Gising-gising Kadyos, baboy, kag langka Kadyos, manok, kag ubad Kinamatisang manok (Sarciadong manok) Nilaga Paksiw Inun-unan Pinikpikan Sarsiado Sinabawang corned beef Sinabawang gulay Sinampalukan Sinigang Sorol Soup Number Five Suam na mais Tiyula itum
Noodles and pasta	Balbacua con misua Batchoy Batchoy Tagalog Filipino spaghetti Kinalas Macaroni salad Maki mi Odong Pancit bihon buko canton choca estacion lomi luglug Malabon mami miki Molo palabok sotanghon Pares mami Sinigáng sa misô Sopa de fideo Sopas
Sausages	Longganisa Alaminos Baguio Cabanatuan/Batutay Calumpit Chicken Fish Guagua/Candaba Guinobatan Longganisang dugo Lucban Pampanga Tuguegarao Vigan Chorizo de Bilbao de Cebu de Macao Negrense pudpud Pinuneg
Lumpia and turón	Daral Dinamita Lumpia adobo gulay hubad isda keso labong prito sariwa Shanghai singkamas togue ubod Vegetarian lumpia Ngohiong Turón
Breads, cakes, and pastries	Alfajor Asado roll Banada Banana cake Bicho Binangkal Biscocho Kinihad Brazo de Mercedes Buko pandan cake Buko pie Buñuelo Churro Crema de Fruta Egg pie Empanada Ensaymada Flan cake Food for the gods Hopia Inipit Kumukunsi Mamón Broas Puto mamón Taisan tostado Mango cake Mango float Napoleones Ohaldre Pan de coco Pan de monggo Pan de monja/Monáy Putok Pan de regla Pan de siosa/Pan de leche Pandesal Pastel de Camiguín Pianono Piaya Pilipit Pinagong Polvorón Sans rival Señorita bread/Spanish bread Shakoy Shing-a-ling Silvana Siopao Ube cake Ube cheesecake Waffle dog Yema cake Biscuits/cookies Aparon Apas Barquillos Barquiron Camachile cookies Caycay Galletas de bato de patatas/Egg cracklets del Carmen pesquera Gorgoria Half-moon cookie Jacobina Lengua de gato Linga Masa podrida Otap Paciencia Paborita Puto seco Roscas Rosquillo Ube crinkles Ugoy-ugoy Uraró/Arrowroot cookies
Desserts	Ampaw Banana cue Baye baye Binagol Binaki Buko salad Buko halo Buko melon Buko pandan Camote cue Camote halaya Cascaron Cassava cake Pitsi-pitsî Champóy Coconut macaroon Cornick Daral Dodol Duman Ginanggang Kalamay Kiamoy Leche flan Lokot-lokot Maja blanca Maruya Masareal Membrilyo Minatamis na saging Nilupak/Nilusak Pinipig Pritong saging Salukara Taho Tamales Tibok-tibok Tocino de cielo Turón Turrón de casúy Turrón de pili Ube halaya macapuno Candies and confections Pastillas Balikucha Belekoy Coconut toffee Peanut Brittle Panocha mani Sampalok candy Yema Chips and crackers Banana chips Kabkab/Cassava cracker Kropek Kiping Pinasugbo/Consilva Frozen desserts Avocado and milk in ice/Abukado lamaw Guinomis Halo-halo Ice buko Ice scramble Knickerbocker Maíz con hielo Queso ice cream Saba con hielo Sili ice cream Sorbetes Ube ice cream Kakanin (ricecakes) Bibingka Bibingkoy Binakle Biko Espasol Kutsinta Mache Masi Moche Morón Palitaw Panyalam Putli mandi Puto Puto bumbong Puto maya Sapin-sapin Sayongsong Suman Tikoy Tupig Soup desserts Bilo-bilo Binatog Binignit Champorado Ginataan mais munggo/Lelot balatong saba Lamaw
Condiments and ingredients	Agre dulce/sweet and sour sauce Achuete Asín tibuok Atchara Bagoong alamang monamon terong Banana ketchup Biasong Bukayo Burô/tapay Calamansi Dayap Dayok Dungon Galapóng Gamet Gatâ Giniling Gulaman Gusô Kakang gatâ Kamias Kaong Kasubha Keso de bola Kesong puti Labóng Landang Latik Latô Lemongrass Liver spread/Lechon sauce Luyang dilaw Macapuno Minatamís na báo Muscovado Nata de coco Nata de piña Pakô Palapa Pandan Panutsa Patis Pili nut Saba banana Sago Sakurab/Sibujing Siling haba Siling labuyo Taba ng talangka Tabon-tabon Toyomansi Toyo, suka, at sili Túltul Ube Ubad Ubod Vinegar cane coconut kaong palm nipa palm spiced
Beverages	Non-alcoholic Avocado milkshake Calamansi juice Coffee Barako Benguet Sagada Sulu Salabat Samalamig Buko pandan drink Sago at gulaman Tsokolate Tubho tea Alcoholic Agkud Anisado Bahalina Bais Basi Bignay wine Byais Dubado Duhat wine Intus Kabarawan Kinutil Laksoy/Dalisay de nipa/Barik Lambanog/Dalisay de coco Mallorca Palek Pangasi Tapuy/Baya Tubâ Tuhak Tunggang
Food portal See also: Philippine condiments Filipino Chinese cuisine Kamayan Kapampangan cuisine List of restaurant chains in the Philippines

v t e Thai cuisine
Individual dishes	American fried rice Bami Chok Evil jungle prince Hoi thot Khao kha mu Khao khluk kapi Khao man kai Khao na pet Khao mok Khao mu daeng Kuaitiao khua kai Kuaitiao ruea Mi krop Pad kee mao Pad thai Phat mi Khorat Phat si-io Rat na Sukhothai noodles Thai fried rice Yentafo
Shared dishes	Green curry Ho mok Kaeng pa Kaeng som Khai yat sai Kung chae nampla Massaman curry Nam kaeng hua chai thao Nuea phat phrik Phanaeng Phat kaphrao Phat khing Phat phrik khing Red curry Som tam Tom kha kai Tom khlong Tom som Tom yum Tom yum kung Yam khai dao Yellow curry
Isan dishes	Bamboo shoot salad Chim chum Kai yang Koi Larb Nam tok Sai krok Isan Suea rong hai Tam maak hoong Yam naem khao thot
Northern Thai dishes	Kaeng khae Kaeng hang le Khao kan chin Khao soi Nam ngiao Nam phrik num Nam phrik ong Sai ua
Southern Thai dishes	Kaeng phrik kraduk mu Kaeng tai pla Khao yam Khua kling Nasi dagang Nasi goreng Nasi lemak
Snacks	Cho muang Hakao Hoicho Kalamae Karipap Khaep mu Khao phan Khanom bodin Khanom chip Khanom khai nok kratha Khanom kheng Khanom khuai ling Khanom fak bua Khanom phak kat Khanom Tokyo Khao chae Khao kriap kung Khrongkhraeng krop Kluai khaek Koh-Kae Krop khem Kuaitiao lot La tiang Loba Mamuang kuan Mamuang nampla wan Miang kham Mu ping Pathongko Popia Roti sai mai Sakhu sai mu Salapao Satay Thong muan Thong muan sot
Desserts	List of Thai khanom Bua loi Bulan dan mek Cha mongkut Chaokuai Fakthong kaeng buat Foi thong Khanom babin Khanom bueang Khanom bueang Yuan Khanom chak Khanom chan Khanom farang kudi chin Khanom keson lamchiak Khanom khai Khanom khai hong Khanom khai pla Khanom krok Khanom la Khanom met khanun Khanom mo kaeng Khanom namdokmai Khanom phing Khanom piakpun Khanom sai bua Khanom sane chan Khanom sot sai Khanom tan Khanom thang taek Khanom thian Khanom thuai Khanom thuai fu Khanom tom Khanom wong Khao lam Khao mak Khao niao sangkhaya Khao tom mat Kleeb lamduan Kluai buat chi Krayasat Lot chong Luk chup Mango sticky rice Namkhaeng sai Namtan pan O-aew Sago with coconut milk Stir-fried ice cream Sangkhaya Sangkhaya fak thong Sarim Thapthim krop Thong ek Thong yip Thong yot Thua khiao tom namtan
Miscellaneous	Budu Fish sauce Hot dogs in Thai cuisine Jasmine rice Kap klaem Khantoke Khanom chin Khao chae Kiao Kun chiang Mu daeng Mu kratha Mu yo Naem Nam chim Nam phrik Nam phrik phao Nine auspicious Thai desserts Padaek Phrik khi nu Pla ra Riceberry Kapi Shumai Sriracha Steamed rice Sticky rice Suki Thai curry Thai fruit carving Thai salads
Beverages	Cha chak Krating Daeng Lao Khao Mekhong Nom yen Oliang Sang Som Satho Singha Thai beers Thai tea Thai wine
See also	List of Thai dishes List of Thai ingredients List of Thai restaurants Street food of Thailand
Category: Thai cuisine

v t e Vietnamese cuisine
Rice/Xôi dishes	Bánh chưng Bánh tét Cháo Cơm bình dân Cơm cháy Ninh Bình Cơm hến Cơm gà Quảng Nam Cơm lam Cơm nắm Cơm tấm Xôi
Noodles	Bánh canh Bánh ướt Bánh đa cua Bún bò Huế Bún cá Bún chả Bún chả cá Bún đậu mắm tôm Bún mắm Bún mắm cua Bún mọc Bún ốc Bún riêu Bún thang Bún thịt nướng Cao lầu Hủ tiếu Mì Mì Quảng Miến Phở Phở khô Gia Lai
Staples	Cá kho Cá khô Canh chua Chả Chả trứng Dồi Dưa muối Giò lụa Giò thủ Rau muống xào tỏi Ruốc Thịt kho tàu
Salads/rolls/rice paper	Bánh cuốn Bánh ướt Bò bía Bò nướng lá lốt Gỏi cuốn Nem chua Nộm (Nộm hoa chuối · Nộm sứa)
Beverages	Bia hơi Chanh muối Cơm rượu Egg soda Rượu cần Rượu đế Rượu nếp Rượu rắn Rượu thuốc Sugarcane juice Vietnamese egg coffee Vietnamese iced coffee
Condiments/sauces	Basil Crispy fried shallot Fig leaves Kinh giới Mắm nêm Mắm ruốc Mắm tép Mắm tôm Mẻ Nước mắm Rau răm Rice paddy herb Scallion Tía tô Tương đen Xì dầu
Bánh (cakes/breads)	Bánh bao bánh vạc Bánh bèo Bánh bò Bánh bột chiên Bánh bột lọc Bánh cáy Bánh căn Bánh chay Bánh chuối Bánh chưng Bánh cốm Bánh dày Bánh da lợn Bánh đa nướng Bánh đa kê Bánh đậu xanh Bánh đúc Bánh ép Bánh gai Bánh giầy Bánh gio Bánh giò Bánh gối Bánh hỏi Bánh in Bánh ít (Bánh ít dừa · Bánh ít trần) Bánh khảo Bánh khoai mì Bánh khọt Bánh khúc Bánh lá Bánh lọt Bánh mật Bánh mì Bánh nậm Pâté chaud Bánh pía Bánh phu thê Bánh quai vạc Bánh rán Bánh tằm khoai mì Bánh tẻ Bánh tôm Hồ Tây Bánh tráng Bánh tráng nướng Bánh trôi Bánh chay Bánh xèo
Desserts/snacks	Beef jerky Chè Chè bà ba Chè đậu trắng Chè đậu xanh Chè hạt sen Chè trôi nước Kẹo cu đơ Ô mai Pumpkin seeds Sunflower seeds Watermelon seeds
Street food	Bánh mì Bánh rế Chuối nếp nướng Nem nướng Snail Trứng vịt lộn Phá lấu Bánh tráng trộn
Ethnic minorities' food & drinks	Rượu Tà-vạt (Katu people) Bánh sừng trâu (Katu people) Bánh cống (Khmer Krom) Bánh thốt nốt (Khmer Krom) Bún nước lèo (Khmer Krom) Bún xiêm lo (Khmer Krom) Cốm dẹp (Khmer Krom) Cơm nị (Khmer Krom) Ọm chiếl (Khmer Krom) Ò sui (Yao people) Khâu nhục (Tày people) Bánh gừng (Cham people) Tung lamaow/tung lò mò (Cham people) Pa pỉnh tộp (Thái people) Nặm pịa (Thái people) Thắng cố (Hmong people)
Others	Bird's nest soup Bò 7 món Bột sắn Chả giò Chạo tôm Chả cá Lã Vọng Dog meat Fishcake Gạch Gỏi lá Kon Tum Gỏi nhệch Tiết canh Quẩy
Cooking appliances	Lò trấu Hoàng Cầm stove Niêu đất Chõ
Vietnam portal Food portal  Category: Vietnamese cuisine

• Ancient dishes
• Buddhist cuisine
• Burmese rice dishes
• Chinese rice dishes
• Congee
• Hong Kong cuisine
• Indian rice dishes
• Japanese rice dishes
• Juk
• National dishes
• Philippine rice dishes
• Rye-based dishes
• Taiwanese rice dishes
• Tamil cuisine
• Thai rice dishes
• Vegetarian cuisine
• Vietnamese rice dishes