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Sparnotheriodontidae Temporal range: Late Paleocene-Late Eocene (Itaboraian-Divisaderan) ~53–37.2 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Litopterna
Family:	†Sparnotheriodontidae Soria, 1980
Genera
Notiolofos Phoradiadus Sparnotheriodon Victorlemoinea

Sparnotheriodontidae is an enigmatic extinct family of litopterns known primarily from teeth. Sparnotheriodontids are one of two South American native ungulate clades known to have reached Antarctica, the other being astrapotheres.

Description

Sparnotheriodontids ranged in size from the mid-sized Phoradiadus to the large Sparnotheriodon. Sparnotheriodon and one species of Notiolofos, N. arquinotiensis, have been estimated to have had masses of roughly 400 kg (880 lb). Another species of Notiolofos, N. regueroi, was smaller, with a body mass estimated to have been between 25 and 58 kg.

Classification

The phylogenetic position of Sparnotheriodontidae is uncertain. Most researchers consider them to belong to Litopterna. In contrast, Cifelli and Bergqvist have argued that sparnotheriodontids are condylarths. Their methodology, based on attempting to associate isolated teeth and isolated postcranial bones based on size and relative abundance, has been criticized. Phylogenetic analyses conducted by Chimento and Agnolin in 2020 and Kramarz et al. 2021 both included one sparnotheriodontid, Victorlemoinea, and found it to be a basal litoptern. Unlike most authors, who treat sparnotheriodontids as a family, in 1997 McKenna and Bell classified them as a subfamily of Macraucheniidae.

Genera

Sparnotheriodontidae contains the genera Victorlemoinea, Sparnotheriodon, Phoradiadus, and Notiolofos. Victorlemoinea and Sparnotheriodon may be synonymous. Soria regarded Heteroglyphis as a probable sparnotheriodontid, but McKenna and Bell and Bond et al. included it in Anisolambdinae, with the former considering it a synonym of Protheosodon.

History of study

The first described sparnotheriodontid, Victorlemoinea, was named by Florentino Ameghino in 1901. In 1980, Miguel Soria named Sparnotheriodon and established the family Sparnotheriodontidae for it. He initially classified the family as belonging to Notoungulata. Sparnotheriodontids were first identified in Antarctica in 1990.

Paleobiology, paleoecology, and paleobiogeography

Sparnotheriodontids lived in South America and Antarctica. Sparnotheriodontids and astrapotheres are the only clades of terrestrial placental mammals confirmed to have lived in Antarctica. Sparnotheriodontids were browsing herbivores adapted to forest environments. Their rarity in the fossil record suggests they were specialists. Sparnotheriodontids may have been ecological equivalents to Meniscotherium, which is not closely related but had similar teeth. Victorolemoinea lived during the Riochican and Itaboraian South American land mammal ages, which date to the Ypresian age of the Eocene. Notiolofos ranged from the early Eocene to the Rupelian age of the Oligocene.

References

1. Bond et al. 2006, p. 165.
2. Gelfo 2016, p. 328.
3. Gelfo, López & Santillana 2017, p. 454.
4. Bergqvist 2008, p. 129.
5. Gelfo 2016, p. 316.
6. ^ Cifelli 1983, p. 9.
7. Bergqvist 2008.
8. Gelfo 2016, p. 322.
9. Chimento & Agnolín 2020, p. 2.
10. Kramarz, Bond & MacPhee 2021, p. 6.
11. McKenna & Bell 1997, p. 451.
12. ^ Bond et al. 2006, p. 163.
13. Bond et al. 2009, p. 979.
14. Soria 2001, p. 16.
15. McKenna & Bell 1997, p. 454.
16. Bond et al. 2006, p. 172.
17. Gelfo 2016, p. 317.
18. Gelfo et al. 2015, p. 101.
19. Vizcaino et al. 1997, p. 349.
20. Bond et al. 2006, p. 173.
21. Gelfo 2016, p. 319.
22. Woodburne et al. 2014, p. 112.
23. Gelfo, López & Santillana 2017, p. 448.

Works cited

• Bergqvist, Lilian P. (2008). "Postcranial Skeleton of the Upper Paleocene (Itaboraian) "Condylarthra" (Mammalia) of Itaboraí Basin, Brazil". In Sargis, Eric J.; Dagosto, Marian (eds.). Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 107–133. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6997-0_6. ISBN 978-1-4020-6996-3.
• Bond, M.; Reguero, M. A.; Vizcaíno, S. F.; Marenssi, S. A. (2006). "A new 'South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 258 (1): 163–176. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.12. eISSN 2041-4927. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 140546667.
• Bond, Mariano; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Marenssi, Sergio A.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, Edgardo (2009-09-12). "Notiolofos, a replacement name for Notolophus Bond, Reguero, Vizcaíno, and Marenssi, 2006, a preoccupied name". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (3): 979. doi:10.1671/039.029.0321. eISSN 1937-2809. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 84808731.
• Chimento, Nicolás R.; Agnolín, Federico L. (2020-08-06). "Phylogenetic tree of Litopterna and Perissodactyla indicates a complex early history of hoofed mammals". Scientific Reports. 10 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70287-5. hdl:11336/135739. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 32764723. S2CID 220981476.
• Cifelli, Richard L (1983-11-09). "The Origin and Affinities of the South American Condylarthra and Early Tertiary Litopterna (Mammalia)". American Museum Novitates (2772): 1–49.
• Gelfo, Javier N. (2016). "Considerations about the Evolutionary Stasis of Notiolofos arquinotiensis (Mammalia: Sparnotheriodontidae), Eocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica". Ameghiniana. 53 (3): 316–332. doi:10.5710/AMGH.14.09.2015.2934. eISSN 1851-8044. hdl:11336/54582. ISSN 0002-7014. S2CID 129877349.
• Gelfo, Javier N.; López, Guillermo M.; Santillana, Sergio N. (2017). "Eocene ungulate mammals from West Antarctica: implications from their fossil record and a new species". Antarctic Science. 29 (5): 445–455. doi:10.1017/S0954102017000244. eISSN 1365-2079. hdl:11336/56552. ISSN 0954-1020. S2CID 86868504.
• Gelfo, Javier N.; Mörs, Thomas; Lorente, Malena; López, Guillermo M.; Reguero, Marcelo (2015). "The oldest mammals from Antarctica, early Eocene of the La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island". Palaeontology. 58 (1): 101–110. doi:10.1111/pala.12121. eISSN 1475-4983. ISSN 0031-0239. S2CID 140177511.
• Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano; MacPhee, Ross D. E. (2021-07-04). "On the alleged perissodactyl affinities of the "condylarth" Escribania chubutensis and other endemic South American ungulate-like placentals". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (4). doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1986716. eISSN 1937-2809. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 244055434.
• McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997-10-17). Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-52853-5.
• Soria, Miguel F. (2001). "Los Proterotheriidae (Litopterna, Mammalia), sistemática, origen y filogenia". Monografias del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (in Spanish). 1. ISSN 1515-7652.
• Vizcaino, S. F.; Bond, M.; Reguero, M. A.; Pascual, R. (1997). "The youngest record of fossil land mammals from Antarctica; its significance on the evolution of the terrestrial environment of the Antarctic peninsula during the late Eocene". Journal of Paleontology. 71 (2): 348–350. doi:10.1017/S0022336000039263. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 130521428.
• Woodburne, Michael O.; Goin, Francisco J.; Raigemborn, Maria Sol; Heizler, Matt; Gelfo, Javier N.; Oliveira, Edison V. (2014). "Revised timing of the South American early Paleogene land mammal ages". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 54: 109–119. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.05.003. hdl:11336/79162. ISSN 0895-9811.

v t e Genera of South American native ungulates
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Xenungulata, Pyrotheria, Astrapotheria, and other minor groups †Kollpaniidae? Andinodus Molinodus Pascualodus? Pucanodus Simoclaenus Tiuclaenus †Didolodontidae Didolodus Enneoconus Ernestokokenia Escribania? Lamegoia Paulogervaisia Raulvaccia Ricardocifellia Saltaodus Umayodus Xesmodon †Protolipternidae Asmithwoodwardia Miguelsoria Protolipterna †Xenungulata †Carodniidae Carodnia Etayoa Notoetayoa Rodcania †Pyrotheria †Colombitheriidae Colombitherium Proticia †Pyrotheriidae Baguatherium Berracotherium Carolozittelia Griphodon Propyrotherium Pyrotherium †Astrapotheria Eoastrapostylops †Trigonostylopidae Shecenia Tetragonostylops Trigonostylops †Astrapotheriidae Antarctodon Astrapodon Comahuetherium Liarthrus Maddenia Parastrapotherium †Albertogaudryinae Albertogaudrya Astraponotus †Astrapotheriinae Astrapothericulus Astrapotherium Scaglia †Uruguaytheriinae Granastrapotherium Hilarcotherium Uruguaytherium Xenastrapotherium
Litopterna †Eulitopterna †Adianthidae Adianthus Proadiantus Proectocion? Proheptaconus Thadanius Tricoelodus †Macraucheniidae Polymorphis †Cramaucheniinae Caliphrium Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia Oxyodontherium Paranauchenia Promacrauchenia Scalabrinitherium Windhausenia Xenorhinotherium †Proterotherioidea †Anisolambdidae †Anisolambdinae Anisolambda Eolicaphrium Guilielmofloweria Lambdaconops Paranisolambda Polyacrodon Protheosodon Wainka †Sparnotheriodontinae Heteroglyphis Notiolofos Phoradiadius Sparnotheriodon Victorlemoinea †Proterotheriidae Mesolicaphrium Neodolodus Olisanophus Promylophis Prothoatherium Pseudobrachytherium Salladolodus †Megadolodinae Bounodus Megadolodus †Proterotheriinae Anisolophus Brachytherium Diadiaphorus Diplasiotherium Eoauchenia Epecuenia Epitherium Lambdaconus Neobrachytherium Neolicaphrium Paramacrauchenia Picturotherium Prolicaphrium Proterotherium Tetramerorhinus Thoatheriopsis Thoatherium Uruguayodon Villarroelia †Notopterna †Amilnedwardsiidae Amilnedwardsia Ernestohaeckelia Rutimeyeria †Indaleciidae Adiantoides Indalecia †Notonychopidae Notonychops Requisia Incertae sedis Kyraodus Proacrodon
Notoungulata incertae sedis Acoelodus Archaeogaia Carolodarwinia Perutherium †Notioprogonia Satshatemnus Seudenius †Henricosborniidae Henricosbornia Nanolophodon Othnielmarshia Peripantostylops Simpsonotus †Notostylopidae Boreastylops Chilestylops Edvardotrouessartia Homalostylops Notostylops Otrhonia Parastylops †Toxodontia †Homalodotheriidae Asmodeus Chasicotherium Homalodotherium Trigonolophodon †Isotemnidae Anisotemnus Coelostylodon Distylophorus Hedralophus Isotemnus Lophocoelus Pampatemnus Periphragnis Pleurocoelodon Pleurostylodon Rhyphodon Thomashuxleya †Eutoxodontia †Leontiniidae Anayatherium Ancylocoelus Colpodon Coquenia Elmerriggsia Gualta Henricofilholia Huilatherium Leontinia Martinmiguelia Purperia? Scarrittia Taubatherium Termastherium †Notohippidae Acoelohyrax Argyrohippus Deuterotherium? Edvardocopeia Eomorphippus Eurygenium Mendozahippus Moqueguahippus Morphippus Nesohippus Notohippus Pampahippus Pascualihippus Patagonhippus Perhippidion Plexotemnus Puelia Purperia? Rhynchippus Rosendo Stilhippus Teushentherium Trimerostephanos †Toxodontidae †Nesodontinae Adinotherium Nesodon Proadinotherium †Toxodontinae Abothrodon Andinotoxodon Calchaquitherium Ceratoxodon Charruatoxodon Dinotoxodon Eutomodus Falcontoxodon Gyrinodon Haplodontherium Hemixotodon Hoffstetterius Hyperoxotodon Mesenodon Mesotoxodon Minitoxodon Mixotoxodon Neoadinotherium Neotoxodon Nesodonopsis Nonotherium Ocnerotherium Palyeidodon Paratrigodon Pericotoxodon Piauhytherium Pisanodon Plesiotoxodon Posnanskytherium Prototrigodon Stenotephanos Stereotoxodon Toxodon Toxodontherium Trigodon Trigodonops Xotodon †Typotheria Campanorco Griphotherion †Archaeopithecidae Archaeopithecus Teratopithecus †Oldfieldthomasiidae Allalmeia Brachystephanus Camargomendesia Colbertia Dolichostylodon Itaboraitherium Kibenikhoria Maxschlosseria Oldfieldthomasia Paginula Suniodon Tsamnichoria Ultrapithecus Xenostephanus †Interatheriidae Antofagastia Ignigena Johnbell Munizia Punapithecus †Interatheriinae Archaeophylus Argyrohyrax Boleatherium Brucemacfaddenia Caenophilus Choichephilum Cochilius Eopachyrucos Federicoanaya Interatherium Juchuysillu Miocochilius Neoicochilus Patriarchus Proargyrohyrax Progaleopithecus Protypotherium Santiagorothia †Notopithecinae Antepithecus Guilielmoscottia Notopithecus Transpithecus †Mesotheriidae Fiandraia? Trachytherus †Mesotheriinae Altitypotherium Caraguatypotherium Eotypotherium Eutypotherium Hypsitherium Mesotherium Microtypotherium Plesiotypotherium Pseudotypotherium Rusconitherium Typotheriopsis †Archaeohyracidae Archaeohyrax Archaeotypotherium Bryanpattersonia Eohyrax Pascualhyrax Protarchaeohyrax Pseudhyrax Punahyrax †Hegetotheriidae †Hegetotheriinae Ethegotherium Hegetotheriopsis Hegetotherium Hemihegetotherium Prohegetotherium Pseudohegetotherium Sallatherium †Pachyrukhinae Medistylus Propachyrucos Prosotherium Tremacyllus †Pachyrukhini Pachyrukhos Paedotherium Tremacyllus

• Sparnotheriodontids
• Condylarths
• Litopterns
• Prehistoric mammal families
• Paleogene mammals of South America
• Ypresian first appearances
• Rupelian extinctions
• Fauna of Antarctica