List of electoral systems by country

(Redirected from Table of voting systems by country)

Social choice and electoral systems
A joint Politics and Economics series

Social choice Mechanism design Comparative politics Comparison List (By country)
Single-winner methodsSingle vote - plurality methods First preference plurality (FPP) Two-round (US: Jungle primary) Partisan primary Instant-runoff UK: Alternative vote (AV) US: Ranked-choice (RCV) Condorcet methods Condorcet-IRV Round-robin voting Minimax Schulze Ranked pairs Maximal lottery Positional voting Plurality (el. IRV) Borda count (el. Baldwin) Antiplurality (el. Coombs) Cardinal voting Score voting Approval voting Majority judgment STAR voting
Proportional representationParty-list Apportionment Highest averages Largest remainders National remnant Biproportional List type Closed list Open list Panachage List-free PR Localized list Quota-remainder methods Hare STV Schulze STV CPO-STV Quota Borda Approval-based committees Thiele's method Phragmen's method Expanding approvals rule Method of equal shares Fractional social choice Direct representation Interactive representation Liquid democracy Fractional approval voting Maximal lottery Random ballot Semi-proportional representation Cumulative SNTV Limited voting
Mixed systemsBy results of combination Mixed-member majoritarian Mixed-member proportional By mechanism of combination Non-compensatory Parallel (superposition) Coexistence Conditional Fusion (majority bonus) Compensatory Seat linkage system UK: 'AMS' NZ: 'MMP' Vote linkage system Negative vote transfer Mixed ballot Supermixed systems Dual-member proportional Rural–urban proportional Majority jackpot By ballot type Single vote Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote
Paradoxes and pathologiesSpoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze Pathological response Perverse response Best-is-worst paradox No-show paradox Multiple districts paradox Strategic voting Lesser evil voting Exaggeration Truncation Turkey-raising Paradoxes of majority rule Tyranny of the majority Discursive dilemma Conflicting majorities paradox
Social and collective choiceImpossibility theorems Arrow's theorem Majority impossibility Moulin's impossibility theorem McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem Gibbard's theorem Positive results Median voter theorem Condorcet's jury theorem May's theorem Condorcet dominance theorems Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
Politics portal Economics portal Mathematics portal
v t e

This is a list of electoral systems by country in alphabetical order. An electoral system is used to elect national legislatures and heads of state.

Maps

Head of state	Lower house or unicameral legislature	Upper house
First past the post (FPTP) Two-round system (TRS) Instant-runoff voting, including contingent voting (IRV) Election by legislature Election by electoral college Not elected (mostly monarchies) In transition No information	Single-member constituencies: First past the post (FPTP) Two-round system (TRS) Instant-runoff voting (IRV) Multi-member constituencies, majoritarian: Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV Party block voting (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV Limited voting Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV Modified Borda count Multi-member constituencies, proportional: Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list for some parties) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list) Panachage (party-list PR, free list) Personalised proportional representation (party-list PR and FPTP) Single transferable vote Mixed majoritarian and proportional: Mixed-member proportional representation (Seat linkage mixed system) (party-list PR and FPTP) Additional member system (party-list PR and FPTP seat linkage mixed system) (less proportional implementation of of MMP) Parallel voting / mixed member majoritarian (party-list PR and FPTP) Parallel voting (party-list PR and TRS) Parallel voting (party-list PR and BV or PBV) Vote linkage mixed system or limited Seat linkage mixed system (party-list PR and FPTP) ((partially compensatory semi-proportional implementation of of MMP) (party-list PR and FPTP) Majority bonus system (non-compensatory) Majority jackpot system (compensatory) Two-round majority jackpot system (compensatory) Indirect elections No relevant electoral system information: No elections Varies by state In transition No information	Single-member constituencies: First past the post (FPTP) Two-round system (TRS) Instant-runoff voting (IRV) Multi-member constituencies, majoritarian: Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV Party block voting (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV Mixed BV and SNTV Limited voting or cumulative voting Multi-member constituencies, proportional: Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, partially-open list) Partially party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list) Single transferable vote Mixed majoritarian and proportional: Parallel voting / Mixed-member majoritarian (party-list PR and FPTP) Parallel voting (party-list PR and BV or PBV) Parallel voting (party-list PR and SNTV) Other: Varies by federal states, or constituency Indirect election: Election by electoral college or local/regional legislatures Partly elected by electoral college or local/regional legislatures and appointed by head of state Partly elected by electoral college or local/regional legislatures, partly elected in single-member districts by FPTP, and partly appointed by head of state No relevant electoral system information: No elections Appointed by head of state No information / In transition Unicameral

Head of state

Lower house or unicameral legislature

Upper house

First past the post (FPTP) Two-round system (TRS) Instant-runoff voting, including contingent voting (IRV) Election by legislature Election by electoral college Not elected (mostly monarchies) In transition No information

Single-member constituencies: First past the post (FPTP) Two-round system (TRS) Instant-runoff voting (IRV)

Multi-member constituencies, majoritarian:

Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV Party block voting (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV Limited voting Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV Modified Borda count

Multi-member constituencies, proportional:

Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list for some parties) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list) Panachage (party-list PR, free list) Personalised proportional representation (party-list PR and FPTP) Single transferable vote

Mixed majoritarian and proportional:

Mixed-member proportional representation (Seat linkage mixed system) (party-list PR and FPTP) Additional member system (party-list PR and FPTP seat linkage mixed system) (less proportional implementation of of MMP) Parallel voting / mixed member majoritarian (party-list PR and FPTP) Parallel voting (party-list PR and TRS) Parallel voting (party-list PR and BV or PBV) Vote linkage mixed system or limited Seat linkage mixed system (party-list PR and FPTP) ((partially compensatory semi-proportional implementation of of MMP) (party-list PR and FPTP) Majority bonus system (non-compensatory) Majority jackpot system (compensatory) Two-round majority jackpot system (compensatory) Indirect elections

No relevant electoral system information:

No elections Varies by state In transition No information

Single-member constituencies: First past the post (FPTP) Two-round system (TRS) Instant-runoff voting (IRV)

Multi-member constituencies, majoritarian:

Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV Party block voting (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV Mixed BV and SNTV Limited voting or cumulative voting

Multi-member constituencies, proportional:

Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list) Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, partially-open list) Partially party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list) Single transferable vote

Mixed majoritarian and proportional:

Parallel voting / Mixed-member majoritarian (party-list PR and FPTP) Parallel voting (party-list PR and BV or PBV) Parallel voting (party-list PR and SNTV)

Other:

Varies by federal states, or constituency

Indirect election:

Election by electoral college or local/regional legislatures Partly elected by electoral college or local/regional legislatures and appointed by head of state Partly elected by electoral college or local/regional legislatures, partly elected in single-member districts by FPTP, and partly appointed by head of state

No relevant electoral system information:

No elections Appointed by head of state No information / In transition Unicameral

Electoral systems by country

Democracies and hybrid regimes

Country	Body or office	Type of body or office	Electoral system	Notes
Albania	President	Head of state	Elected by the Parliament
Albania	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Algeria	President	Head of state	Two-round system
	Council of the Nation	Upper chamber of legislature	Indirectly elected (2/3) Appointed by the President (1/3)
	People's National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Andorra	Co-Princes	Head of state	Two-round system (French Prince) Appointed by the Pope (Episcopal Prince)
Andorra	General Council	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting: Party-list proportional representation (14 seats) Party block voting (14 seats)
Angola	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Angola	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Antigua and Barbuda	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Argentina	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	45% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Limited voting	Limited voting with party-lists: 2 seats to most voted party or coalition in each province, 1 seat to second most voted party or coalition (limited vote with closed lists)
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation (MMDs with DM 5 to 70)
Armenia	President	Head of State	Appointed by the National Assembly
Armenia	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
Australia	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Single transferable vote
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Instant-runoff voting
Austria	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Federal Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by federal states' legislatures
	National Council	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Bahamas	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
	House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Bangladesh	President	Head of State	Elected by the Jatiya Sangsad
Bangladesh	Jatiya Sangsad	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Barbados	President	Head of State	Elected by the Parliament
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the President
	House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Belgium	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional parliaments (50 seats) Elected by the Senate (10 seats)
	Chamber of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Belize	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Benin	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Benin	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Bhutan	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	National Council	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (20 seats) Appointed by the King (5 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Bolivia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	50% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate
	Chamber of Senators	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member proportional representation
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Presidency	Heads of State	First-past-the-post
	House of Peoples	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by entities legislatures
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Botswana	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the National Assembly
Botswana	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Brazil	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Plurality block voting (54 seats) First-past-the-post (27 seats)
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Bulgaria	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Bulgaria	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Burundi	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by communal councilors (36 seats) Appointed by the National Electoral Commission for the Twa (3 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Canada	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor General
	House of Commons	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Cape Verde	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Cape Verde	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Chile	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Colombia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
	Chamber of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Cook Islands	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Cook Islands	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Costa Rica	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	40% of the vote to win in the first round
Costa Rica	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Croatia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Croatia	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Cyprus	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Cyprus	House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Czech Republic	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Two-round system
	Chamber of Deputies	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Denmark	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Denmark	Folketing	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Dominica	President	Head of state	Elected by the House of Assembly
Dominica	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (21 seats) Elected by the Assembly or appointed by the President (9 seats) Attorney General (1 seat)
Dominican Republic	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
East Timor	President	Head of State	Two-round system
East Timor	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Ecuador	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Ecuador	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
El Salvador	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
El Salvador	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Estonia	President	Head of State	Elected by the Riigikogu
Estonia	Riigikogu	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Fiji	President	Head of state	Elected by the Parliament
Fiji	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Finland	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Finland	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
France	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by local councillors
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Gabon	Currently no elections are held
Georgia	President	Head of State	Elected by electoral college
Georgia	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Germany	President	Head of State	Elected by the Bundestag and State delegates
	Bundesrat	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by State Governments
	Bundestag	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member proportional representation
Greece	President	Head of State	Elected by the Hellenic Parliament
Greece	Hellenic Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
Grenada	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Guatemala	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Guatemala	Congress of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Guyana	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Guyana	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Honduras	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Honduras	National Congress	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Hungary	President	Head of State	Elected by the National Assembly
Hungary	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian: 106 FPTP + 93 national list-PR (combination of partially compensatory system)
Iceland	President	Head of State	First-past-the-post
Iceland	Alþing	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
India	President	Head of state	Elected by the electoral college consisting Parliament and state legislative assemblies
	Rajya Sabha	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by state legislative assemblies (233 seats) Appointed by the President (12 seats)
	Lok Sabha	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Indonesia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	Some areas use the noken system
	Regional Representative Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Single non-transferable vote
	People's Representative Council	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Iraq	President	Head of state	Elected by the Council of Representatives
Iraq	Council of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	Single non-transferable vote
Ireland	President	Head of State	Instant-runoff voting
	Seanad Éireann	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by vocational panels (43 seats) Appointed by the Taoiseach (11 seats) Elected by the graduates of 2 universities (6 seats)
	Dáil Éireann	Lower chamber of legislature	Single transferable vote
Israel	President	Head of State	Elected by the Knesset
Israel	Knesset	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Italy	President	Head of State	Elected by the Italian Parliament and regional councils
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian: Party-list proportional representation (126 seats) First-past-the-post (74 seats) Appointed by the President (5 seats)
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian: Party-list proportional representation (253 seats) First-past-the-post (147 seats)
Ivory Coast	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional councils (66 seats) Appointed by the President (33 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Jamaica	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Japan	Emperor	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	House of Councillors	Upper chamber of legislature	Parallel voting: Single non-transferable vote (148 seats) Party-list proportional representation (100 seats)
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (289 seats) Party-list proportional representation (176 seats)
Jordan	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the King
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Kenya	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system	50% of the vote and 25% of the vote in 24 counties
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (47 seats) Appointed (20 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (337 seats) Appointed (12 seats)
Kiribati	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Kiribati	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round plurality block voting (44 seats) Appointed by the Rabi Council of Leaders (1 seat)
Kyrgyzstan	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Kyrgyzstan	Supreme Council	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting: Party-list proportional representation (54 seats) First-past-the-post (36 seats)
Latvia	President	Head of state	Elected by the Saeima
Latvia	Saeima	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Lebanon	President	Head of state	Elected by the Parliament
Lebanon	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Lesotho	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Hereditary tribal chiefs (22 seats) Appointed by the King (11 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Mixed-member proportional representation
Liberia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Liechtenstein	Prince	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Liechtenstein	Landtag	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Lithuania	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Lithuania	Seimas	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting: Two-round system (71 seats) Party-list proportional representation (70 seats)
Luxembourg	Grand Duke	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Luxembourg	Chamber of Deputies	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Madagascar	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by the electoral colleges of the provinces (12 seats) Appointed by the President (6 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (77 seats) Party-list proportional representation (86 seats)
Malawi	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Malawi	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Malaysia	Yang di-Pertuan Agong	Head of State	Elective monarchy
	Dewan Negara	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (44 seats) Elected by the state legislative assemblies (26 seats)
	Dewan Rakyat	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Maldives	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Maldives	People's Majlis	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Malta	President	Head of state	Elected by the House of Representatives
Malta	House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	Single transferable vote
Marshall Islands	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the Legislature
Marshall Islands	Legislature	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Mauritania	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Mauritania	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party block voting (70 seats) Two-round system (18 seats) Party-list proportional representation (37 seats)
Mauritius	President	Head of State	Elected by the National Assembly
Mauritius	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting (62 seats) Best Loser System (8 seats)
Mexico	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Limited voting (96 seats) Party-list proportional representation (32 seats)
	Chamber of Deputies	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (300 seats) Party-list proportional representation (200 seats)
Micronesia	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the Congress
Micronesia	Congress	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Moldova	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Moldova	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Monaco	Prince	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Monaco	National Council	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting (16 seats) Party-list proportional representation (8 seats)
Mongolia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Mongolia	State Great Khural	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Montenegro	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Montenegro	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Morocco	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	House of Councillors	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regions
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Mozambique	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Mozambique	Assembly of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Namibia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	National Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional councils
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation (96 seats) Appointed by the President (8 seats)
Nauru	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the Parliament
Nauru	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Dowdall system
Nepal	President	Head of state	Elected by the electoral college consisting Parliament and the provincial assemblies
	National Assembly	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by provincial assemblies
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (165 seats) Party-list proportional representation (110 seats)
Netherlands	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by provincial councils
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
New Zealand	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
New Zealand	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member proportional representation
Nigeria	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
	House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Niue	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Niue	Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (14 seats) Plurality block voting (6 seats)
North Macedonia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
North Macedonia	Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Norway	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Norway	Storting	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Pakistan	President	Head of state	Elected by the electoral college consisting Parliament and provincial assemblies
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by provincial assemblies
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (266 seats) Party-list proportional representation (70 seats)
Palau	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Plurality block voting
	House of Delegates	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Panama	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Panama	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation (45 seats) First-past-the-post (26 seats)
Papua New Guinea	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Papua New Guinea	National Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Instant runoff voting
Paraguay	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Peru	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Peru	Congress	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Philippines	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Plurality block voting
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (253 seats) Party-list proportional representation (63 seats)
Poland	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
	Sejm	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Portugal	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Portugal	Assembly of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Romania	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Saint Kitts and Nevis	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Saint Kitts and Nevis	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Saint Lucia	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor-General
	House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Samoa	O le Ao o le Malo	Head of state	Elected by the Legislative Assembly
Samoa	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
San Marino	Captains Regent	Head of state	Elected by the Grand and General Council
San Marino	Grand and General Council	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
São Tomé and Príncipe	President	Head of State	Two-round system
São Tomé and Príncipe	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Senegal	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Senegal	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post/Party block voting (112 seats) Party-list proportional representation (53 seats)
Serbia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Serbia	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Seychelles	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Seychelles	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (26 seats) Party-list proportional representation (10 seats)
Sierra Leone	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Sierra Leone	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation (135 seats) Elected for paramount chiefs (14 Seats)
Singapore	President	Head of State	First-past-the-post
Singapore	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party block voting (79 seats) First-past-the-post (14 seats) Best losers (12 seats) Appointed by the president (9 seats)
Slovakia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Slovakia	National Council	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Slovenia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	National Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by groups of experts
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Solomon Islands	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Solomon Islands	National Parliament	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
South Africa	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the National Assembly
	National Council of Provinces	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by the Provinces' Legislatures
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
South Korea	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
South Korea	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Combination of parallel voting and additional member system: FPTP (253 seats) / AMS party list (30 seats) / parallel party list (closed lists: modified Hare quota largest remainder method) (17 seats)
Spain	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Limited plurality block voting (208 seats) Elected by regional legislatures (57 seats)
	Congress of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Sri Lanka	President	Head of State and Government	Instant-runoff voting
Sri Lanka	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Suriname	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the National Assembly
Suriname	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Sweden	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Sweden	Riksdag	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Switzerland	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the Federal Assembly
	Council of States	Upper chamber of legislature	Two-round system (41 seats) Party-list proportional representation (4 seats) Landsgemeinde (1 seat)
	National Council	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Taiwan	President	Head of State	First-past-the-post
Taiwan	Legislative Yuan	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (73 seats) Party-list proportional representation (34 seats) Single non-transferable vote (6 seats)
Tanzania	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Tanzania	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (264 seats) Party-list proportional representation (113 seats) Appointed by the President (10 seats) Elected by the Zanzibar House of Representatives (5 seats) Attorney General (1 seat)
Thailand	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by groups of experts
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (400 seats) Party-list proportional representation (100 seats)
Tonga	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Tonga	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Trinidad and Tobago	President	Head of state	Elected by all members of the Senate and House of Representatives
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the President
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Tunisia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	National Council of Regions and Districts	Upper chamber legislature	Elected by the regional and district councils
	Assembly of the Representatives of the People	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Turkey	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Turkey	Grand National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Tuvalu	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Tuvalu	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Uganda	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Uganda	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Ukraine	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Ukraine	Verkhovna Rada	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
United Kingdom	King	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
	House of Lords	Upper chamber of legislature	Life peer appointed by the King (670 seats) Hereditary peer (92 seats) Lords Spiritual appointed by the Church of England (26 seats)
	House of Commons	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
United States	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the electoral college
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (44 States) Nonpartisan blanket primary (2 States) Two-round system (2 States) Instant-runoff voting (2 States)
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (44 States) Nonpartisan blanket primary (2 States) Two-round system (2 States) Instant-runoff voting (2 States)
Uruguay	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Chamber of Senators	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
	Chamber of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Vanuatu	President	Head of state	Elected by the Parliament and the presidents of Regional Councils
Vanuatu	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Single non-transferable vote
Vatican City	Pope	Head of State	Elective monarchy
Zambia	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Zambia	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post

Authoritarian regimes

According to the Economist Democracy Index 2023 on electoral process and pluralism. These countries have no elections or sham elections.

Country	Body or office	Type of body or office	Electoral system
Afghanistan	Currently no elections are held
Azerbaijan	President	Head of State	First-past-the-post
Azerbaijan	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Bahrain	King	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Consultative Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the King
	Council of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Belarus	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Council of Republic	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional councils
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Brunei	Currently no elections are held
Burkina Faso	Currently no elections are held
Burundi	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by communal councilors (36 seats) Appointed by the National Electoral Commission for the Twa (3 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Cambodia	King	Head of State	Elective monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by commune councillors (58 sets) Appointed by the King (2 seats) Appointed by the National Assembly (2 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Cameroon	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by municipal councils (70 seats) Appointed by the President (30 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (58 seats) Party-list proportional representation (122 seats)
Central African Republic	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Central African Republic	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Chad	Currently no elections are held
China	Currently no elections are held
Comoros	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Comoros	Assembly of the Union	Unicameral legislature	Two-round system
Democratic Republic of the Congo	President	Head of State	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by provincial parliaments (108 seats) Senator for life (variable seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation First-past-the-post
Republic of the Congo	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by regional councils
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Cuba	President	Head of state	Elected by the National Assembly
Cuba	National Assembly of People's Power	Unicameral legislature	Two-round system
Djibouti	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Djibouti	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Mixed-member majoritarian: Party block voting (80% of seats) Party-list proportional representation (10% of seats)
East Timor	President	Head of State	Two-round system
East Timor	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Ecuador	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Ecuador	National Congress	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Egypt	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Egypt	House of Representatives	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting: Two-round system (284 seats) Party-list proportional representation (284 seats) Appointed by the President (28 seats)
Equatorial Guinea	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation (55 seats) Appointed by the President (15 seats)
	Chamber of People's Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Eritrea	Currently no elections are held
Eswatini	Ngwenyama	Head of State	Hereditary monarchy
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Ngwenyama (20 seats) Elected by the House of Assembly (10 seats)
	House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Ethiopia	President	Head of State	Elected by the Federal Parliamentary Assembly
	House of Federation	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by the State Councils
	House of Peoples' Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
Gabon	Currently no elections are held
Guinea	Currently no elections are held
Guinea-Bissau	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Guinea-Bissau	National People's Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Haiti	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Two-round system
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Iran	Supreme Leader	Head of State	Elected by the Assembly of Experts
	President	Head of Government	Two-round system
	Islamic Consultative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round system Plurality block voting
	Assembly of Experts	Electoral College	First-past-the-post Plurality block voting
Kuwait	Emir	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Kuwait	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Single non-transferable vote
Laos	President	Head of state	Elected by the National Assembly
Laos	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Libya	Currently no elections are held
Mali	Currently no elections are held
Mauritania	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Mauritania	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party block voting (70 seats) Two-round system (18 seats) Party-list proportional representation (37 seats)
Mozambique	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Mozambique	Assembly of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Myanmar	Currently no elections are held
Nicaragua	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Nicaragua	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Niger	Currently no elections are held
North Korea	Supreme People's Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Oman	Sultan	Head of State and Government	Hereditary monarchy
	Council of State	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Sultan
	Consultative Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Single non-transferable vote
Qatar	Emir	Head of state	Hereditary monarchy
Qatar	Consultative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Russia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
	Federation Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by federal subjects' legislatures
	State Duma	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (225 seats) Party-list proportional representation (225 seats)
Rwanda	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by provincial councils (12 seats) Appointed by the President (8 seats)
	Chamber of Deputies	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation (53 seats) Elected by local and national councils (27 seats)
Saudi Arabia	Currently no elections are held
South Sudan	Currently no elections are held
Sudan	Currently no elections are held
Suriname	President	Head of State and Government	Elected by the National Assembly
Suriname	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Syria	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Syria	People's Council	Unicameral legislature	Party block voting
Tajikistan	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	National Assembly	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by deputies of local majlisi (25 seats) Appointed by the President (8 seats)
	Assembly of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting: Two-round system (41 seats) Party-list proportional representation (22 seats)
Togo	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Togo	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Turkmenistan	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
Turkmenistan	Assembly	Unicameral of legislature	First-past-the-post
Uzbekistan	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by members of local councils (84 seats) Appointed by the President (16 seats)
	Legislative Chamber	Lower chamber of legislature	Two-round system
Vatican City	Pope	Head of State	Elective monarchy
Venezuela	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
Venezuela	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting: Party-list proportional representation (144 seats) First-past-the-post (133 seats)
Vietnam	President	Head of State	Elected by the National Assembly
Vietnam	National Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round system
Yemen	Currently no elections are held
Zimbabwe	President	Head of State and Government	Two-round system
	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation (60 seats) Elected by the Council of Chiefs (18 seats) Elected by the National Disability Board (2 seats)
	National Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (210 seats) Party-list proportional representation (70 seats)

Countries with limited recognition

Country	Body or office	Type of body or office	Electoral system	Notes
Abkhazia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Abkhazia	People's Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Two-round system
Kosovo	President	Head of State	Elected by the Assembly
Kosovo	Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Northern Cyprus	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Northern Cyprus	Assembly of the Republic	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	President	Head of State	Elected by the Congress of the Polisario Front
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Sahrawi National Council	Unicameral legislature	Single non-transferable vote
South Ossetia	President	Head of State	Two-round system
South Ossetia	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (17 seats) Party-list proportional representation (17 seats)
Somaliland	President	Head of State and Government	First-past-the-post
	House of Elders	Upper chamber of legislature	—	Currently no system defined
	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Transnistria	President	Head of State	Two-round system
Transnistria	Supreme Council	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post

Colonies and dependencies

Country	Body or office	Type of body or office	Electoral system
Alderney	States	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
American Samoa	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by county councils
American Samoa	House of Representatives	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post (14 seats) Plurality block voting (6 seats)
Anguilla	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (7 seats) Plurality block voting (4 seats) Attorney General (1 seats) Deputy Governor (1 seats)
Ascension	Island Council	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Bermuda	Senate	Upper chamber of legislature	Appointed by the Governor
Bermuda	House of Assembly	Lower chamber of legislature	First-past-the-post
British Virgin Islands	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (9 seats) Plurality block voting (4 seats) Attorney General (1 seats) Speaker (1 seats)
Cayman Islands	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post
Falkland Islands	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
French Polynesia	Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Gibraltar	Parliament	Unicameral legislature	Limited plurality block voting
Guam	Legislature	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Guernsey	States of Deliberation	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Hong Kong	Legislative Council	Unicameral legislature	Appointed by the Election Committee (40 seats) Elected by functional constituencies (30 seats) Single non-transferable vote (20 seats)
Isle of Man	Legislative Council	Upper chamber of legislature	Elected by the House of Keys (8 seats) President of Tynwald (1 seat) Bishop of Sodor and Man (1 seat) Attorney General (1 seat)
Isle of Man	House of Keys	Lower chamber of legislature	Plurality block voting
Jersey	States Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting (37 seats) First-past-the-post (12 seats)
Macau	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation (14 seats) Indirectly elected member (12 seats) appointed by the Chief Executive (7 seats)
Montserrat	Legislative Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
New Caledonia	Congress	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation
Northern Mariana Islands	Senate	Upper chamber legislature	Plurality block voting (6 seats) First-past-the-post (3 seats)
Northern Mariana Islands	House of Representatives	Lower chamber legislature	Plurality block voting (18 seats) First-past-the-post (2 seats)
Pitcairn Islands	Island Council	Unicameral legislature	Single transferable vote (7 seats) Administrator (1 seat) Governor (1 seat) Deputy Governor (1 seat)
Puerto Rico	Senate	Upper chamber legislature	Parallel voting: Party block voting (16 seats) Single non-transferable vote (11 seats)
Puerto Rico	House of Representatives	Lower chamber legislature	Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (40 seats) Single non-transferable vote (11 seats)
Saint Barthélemy	Territorial Council	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
Saint Helena	Legislative Council	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting (12 seats) Attorney General (1 seat)
Saint Martin	Territorial Council	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Territorial Council	Unicameral legislature	Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system
Sark	Chief Pleas	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Tokelau	General Fono	Unicameral legislature
Tristan da Cunha	Island Council	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting
Turks and Caicos Islands	House of Assembly	Unicameral legislature	First-past-the-post (10 seats) Plurality block voting (5 seats) Appointed by the Governor (4 seats) Attorney General (1 seats) Speaker (1 seats)
U.S. Virgin Islands	Legislature	Unicameral legislature	Plurality block voting (14 seats) First-past-the-post (1 seat)
Wallis and Futuna	Territorial Assembly	Unicameral legislature	Party-list proportional representation

References

"New Constitution Enters into Force". Civil Georgia. 2018-12-17. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
"2011. évi CCIII. Törvény az országgyűlési képviselők választásáról - Hatályos Jogszabályok Gyűjteménye" (in Hungarian).

External links

ACE Electoral Knowledge Network Expert site providing encyclopedia on Electoral Systems and Management, country by country data, a library of electoral materials, latest election news, the opportunity to submit questions to a network of electoral experts, and a forum to discuss all of the above.
A Handbook of Electoral System Design from International IDEA
Electoral Design Reference Materials from the ACE Project
PARLINE database from the Inter-Parliamentary Union
Political Database of the Americas - Georgetown University
Project for Global Democracy and Human Rights This page links to a table and a world map that is color-coded by the primary electoral system used by each country.

Electoral systems

Part of the politics and Economics series

Single-winner

Proportional

Systems	Mixed-member Mixed single vote Party-list Proportional approval voting Rural–urban Sequential proportional approval voting Single transferable vote CPO-STV Hare-Clark Schulze STV Spare vote Indirect single transferable voting
Allocation	Highest averages method Webster/Sainte-Laguë D'Hondt Largest remainders method
Quotas	Droop quota Hagenbach-Bischoff quota Hare quota Imperiali quota

Mixed

Semi-proportional

Criteria

Other

Comparison

Portal — Project

Categories: