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			{{Short description\|Flour made from orchid tubers}}
	'''Salep''' is a flour made from grinding the dried tubers of various species of ], which contain a nutritious starch-like ] called ].
			{{Infobox food
			\| name =
			\| image = Salep drink.jpg
			\| image_size =
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			\| caption = Salep drink
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			\| region =
			\| national_cuisine =
			\| creator = <!-- or \| creators = -->
			\| year =
			\| mintime =
			\| maxtime =
			\| served =
			\| main_ingredient =
			\| minor_ingredient =
			\| variations =
			\| serving_size = 100 g
			\| calories =
			\| calories_ref =
			\| protein =
			\| fat =
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			\| glycemic_index =
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			}}

			'''Salep''', also spelled '''sahlep''' or '''sahlab''',<ref group="note">{{langx\|tr\|salep, sahlep}}; {{langx\|fa\|ثعلب\|translit=sa'alab}}; {{langx\|ar\|سحلب\|translit=saḥlab}}; {{langx\|hy\|սալեպ\|translit= salep}}; {{langx\|sq\|salep}}; {{langx\|az\|səhləb}}; {{langx\|he\|סַחְלָבּ\|translit=saḥlab}}; {{langx\|el\|σαλέπι\|translit=salepi}}; {{langx\|aeb\|سحلب\|translit=soḥlob}}; {{langx\|sh\|салеп\|translit=salep}}; {{langx\|bg\|салеп\|translit=salep}}</ref> is a flour made from the ] of the orchid genus '']'' (including species '']'' and '']''). These tubers contain a nutritious, starchy ] called ]. Salep flour is consumed in beverages and desserts, especially in the ], notably in ] where it is a traditional winter beverage. An increase in consumption is causing local extinctions of orchids in parts of Turkey and Iran.<ref name="ns3124">{{cite magazine\|last1=Pain\|first1=Stephanie\|title=Eaten to extinction\|magazine=New Scientist\|issue=3124\|date=6 May 2017\|pages=32–4\|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2129280-sweet-salvation-stopping-orchids-from-being-eaten-to-extinction/}}</ref>
	Salep is also the name of a beverage made from salep flour, whose popularity spread beyond Turkey and the Middle East to England and Germany before the rise of ] and ].

			==Etymology==
	The beverage salep is sometimes referred to as ], though that name is more commonly used for ].
			The word ''salep'' ultimately comes from ] {{transliteration\|ar\|saḥlab}} ({{lang\|ar\|سَحْلَب}}),<ref> Online Etymology Dictionary. 2008.</ref> through French and Turkish {{lang\|tr\|salep}} in the mid 18th century. The Arabic word is perhaps shortened from {{transliteration\|ar\|ḵuṣā aṯ-ṯaʕlab}} ({{Langx\|ar\|خُصَى الثَعْلَب\|lit=fox's testicles}}).<ref>{{cite web\|title=salep - definition of salep in English {{!}} Oxford Dictionaries\|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/salep\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926103905/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/salep\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=September 26, 2016\|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Definition of SALEP\|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/salep\|website=www.merriam-webster.com\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=the definition of salep\|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/salep\|website=Dictionary.com}}</ref>
	Other desserts are also made from salep flour, including salep pudding and ]. The ] region of ] is a major producer of salep known as Salepi Maraş.

			==History==
	The name salep comes from the Arabic expression ''ḫasyu al-θa’lab'' "fox testicles"—a graphic description of the appearance of orchid tubers. It is probably for this reason that salep is considered an ]. Note that likewise the word orchid comes from the Greek word for testicle.
			]), 1907]]

	The Ancient ~~Romans~~ ~~also~~ used ground orchid bulbs to make drinks, which they called by a number of names, especially ]ion and ]. As the names indicate, they likewise considered it to be a powerful aphrodisiac.		The ] used ground orchid bulbs to make drinks, which they called by a number of names, especially ]ion and ]. As the names indicate, they likewise considered it to be a powerful aphrodisiac.<ref>Dalby, p. 292; Theophrastus, 9.18.13; Pedanius Dioscorides, 3.126-8; Pliny the Elder, 26.95-98, 27.65; Pseudo-Apuleius, 15.3.</ref> Of salep, ] wrote: "behold the ''Satyrion'' root, is it not formed like the male privy parts? No one can deny this. Accordingly, magic discovered it and revealed that it can restore a man's virility and passion".<ref>Jacobi, ed., p. 122.</ref>

			Salep was a popular beverage in the lands of the ]. It enjoyed a reputation as a "fattener" for young women, to make them plumper before marriage.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Clarence-Smith\|first=William Gervase\|title="The Global Consumption of Hot Beverages, c. 1500-c. 1900," in Food and Globalization: Consumption Markets and Politics in the Modern World\|publisher=Bloomsbury\|year=2017\|editor-last=Nützenadel\|editor-first=Alexander\|location=Oxford\|pages=37–56\|editor-last2=Trentmann\|editor-first2=Frank}}</ref> Its consumption spread beyond there to England and Germany before the rise of coffee and tea, and it was later offered as an alternative beverage in coffee houses. In England, the drink was known as ]. Popular in the 17th and 18th centuries in England, its preparation required that the salep powder be added to water until thickened whereupon it would be sweetened, then flavored with orange flower or rose water. Substitution of British orchid roots, known as "dogstones", for the original Turkish variants was acceptable in the 18th century.<ref>Davidson, p. 683.</ref>
	==See also==

	*]
			===Saloop===
			] showing members of the ]s enjoying saloop, which they are drinking from the saucer<ref>{{cite book \|title=Rowlandson's Characteristic Sketches of the Lower Orders of the British Metropolis \|publisher=Samuel Leigh \|year=1820 \|author=Thomas Rowlandson}}</ref>]]

			'''Saloop''' was a hot drink that was popular in England in the 18th and 19th centuries. Initially, it was made from salep, mostly from ].<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b21537483#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=40&z=-0.092%2C-0.0022%2C1.5198%2C1.1029\|title=Food: some account of its sources, constituents and uses\|last=Church\|first=A.H.\|publisher=Chapman and Hall Ld.\|year=1893\|location=The University of Leeds Library\|pages=29}}</ref> Later, the roots and ] of the North American ] tree were the key ingredient. This plant thickened the drink and also had a stimulating quality.<ref>{{citation\|title=Look and Feel: Studies In Texture, Appearance and Incidental Characteristics of Food\|year=1994\|author=Holly Chase\|pages=45–46\|chapter=Suspect Salep\|publisher=Oxford Symposium\|isbn=978-0907325567}}</ref><ref>{{citation\|title=Planting an Inheritance\|year=1994\|author=Edwin Augustus Peeples\|page=62\|publisher=Stackpole Books\|isbn=978-0811712064}}</ref>

			This beverage was sold in place of tea and coffee, which were much more expensive, and was served in a similar way with milk and sugar.

			It was used as a remedy for various ailments, including "chronic alcoholic inebriety"<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b29807980#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=606&z=-0.4546%2C0%2C1.9091%2C1.3855\|title=The encyclopedia of food: their comparative values and how best to use and enjoy them\|last=Ward\|first=Artemas\|publisher=1923\|pages=451}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Sides \|first1=Hampton \|title=The wide wide sea: imperial ambition, first contact and the fateful final voyage of Captain James Cook \|date=2024 \|publisher=Doubleday \|location=New York \|isbn=9780385544764 \|page=17 \|edition=First}}</ref> Its popularity declined when it was purported to treat ] and so drinking it in public became shameful.<ref>{{citation \|page=463 \|title=The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics \|volume=1 \|author=Jonathan Pereira \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=2014 \|isbn=978-1108068833\|author-link=Jonathan Pereira }}</ref> Saloop stalls in London were replaced by coffee stalls.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.37797/2015.37797.London-Labour-And-The-London-Poor--Vol-1#page/n25/mode/2up/search/salep\|title=London Labour and the London Poor\|last=Mayhew\|first=Henry\|year=1861\|volume=1\|pages=27}}</ref>

			==Modern use==
			The beverage sahlab is now often made with hot milk instead of water. Other desserts are also made from salep flour, including salep pudding and ]. The ] region of Turkey is a major producer of sahlab known as Maraş Salebi. The popularity of sahlab in Turkey has led to a decline in the populations of wild orchids, and it was made illegal to export true salep.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Ice cream threatens Turkey's flowers\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3126047.stm\|access-date=9 November 2015\|agency=]\|date=5 August 2003}}</ref> Consequently, many instant sahlab mixes are made with artificial flavoring. Salep is also drunk in Albania and Greece; it is usually sold on the streets as a hot beverage during the cold months of the year. It is very popular in many parts of the Middle East, especially in Egypt and the Levant. Families in Turkey drink the hot version during the winter time.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://theistanbulinsider.com/salep-and-boza-history-and-recipe-of-special-turkish-winter-drinks/\|title=Salep and Boza – History and Recipe of Special Turkish Winter Drinks}}</ref>

			It is estimated that each year in Turkey, 30 tons of tubers from 38 species are harvested; it takes from 1,000 to 4,000 tubers to make a kilo of flour.<ref>Eng Soon Teoh {{google books\|iEGjDwAAQBAJ\|Orchids as Aphrodisiac, Medicine or Food (2019)\|page=52}}</ref> With the increasing rarity of some species and local extinctions, traders are harvesting wild orchids in Iran. Abdolbaset Ghorbani of ] estimates that between 7 and 11 million orchids of nineteen species and sub-species were collected from northern Iran in 2013, with the majority being exported to Turkey.<ref name="ns3124"/> Harvesting of orchid tubers is also increasing in Greece.<ref name="ns3124"/>

			In the Middle East, "sahlab" is a hot milk-based winter drink with a pudding-like consistency, sometimes garnished with nuts and cinnamon.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://forward.com/food/133182/sachlav-the-hot-chocolate-of-the-middle-east/\|title=Sachlav: The Hot Chocolate of the Middle East\|website=The Forward\|date=17 November 2010 \|access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref>

			== Explanatory footnotes ==
			{{reflist\|group=note}}

			==References==
			=== Citations ===
			{{reflist}}

			=== Cited texts ===
			* {{Cite book \|last=Dalby \|first=Andrew \|author-link=Andrew Dalby \|year=2003 \|title=Food in the Ancient World: From A to Z \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-0-415-23259-3}}
			* {{Cite book \|last=Davidson \|first=Alan \|author-link=Alan Davidson (food writer) \|year=1987 \|title=Oxford Companion to Food \|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-211579-9}}
			* {{Cite news \|title=Ice cream threatens Turkey's flowers \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3126047.stm \|publisher=] \|date=August 5, 2003}}
			* {{Cite book \|editor-last=Jacobi \|editor-first=Jolande \|year=1995 \|title=Paracelsus: Selected Writings \|url=https://archive.org/details/selectedwritings00para \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=978-0-691-01876-8}}
			* {{Cite book \|author=Pedanius Dioscorides \|author-link=Pedanius Dioscorides \|title=De materia medica}}
			* {{Cite book \|author=Pliny the Elder \|title=Naturalis historia \|title-link=Natural History (Pliny) \|author-link=Pliny the Elder}}
			* {{Cite book \|author=Pseudo-Apuleius \|title=Herbarium Apuleii Platonici \|title-link=Pseudo-Apuleius}}
			* {{Cite book \|author=Theophrastus \|author-link=Theophrastus \|title=Historia plantarum}}

	==External links==		==External links==
			{{Wiktionary\|Saloop}}
	*
			* {{Commons category-inline\|Salep}}
	*

			{{Levantine cuisine}}
	]
			{{Cuisine of Lebanon}}
	]
			{{Cuisine of Turkey\|beverage}}
			{{Herbal teas}}

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Latest revision as of 21:44, 23 December 2024

Flour made from orchid tubers

Salep
Salep drink
Media: Salep

Salep, also spelled sahlep or sahlab, is a flour made from the tubers of the orchid genus Orchis (including species Orchis mascula and Orchis militaris). These tubers contain a nutritious, starchy polysaccharide called glucomannan. Salep flour is consumed in beverages and desserts, especially in the cuisines of the former Ottoman Empire, notably in the Levant where it is a traditional winter beverage. An increase in consumption is causing local extinctions of orchids in parts of Turkey and Iran.

Etymology

The word salep ultimately comes from Arabic saḥlab (سَحْلَب), through French and Turkish salep in the mid 18th century. The Arabic word is perhaps shortened from ḵuṣā aṯ-ṯaʕlab (Arabic: خُصَى الثَعْلَب, lit. 'fox's testicles').

History

The Ancient Romans used ground orchid bulbs to make drinks, which they called by a number of names, especially satyrion and priapiscus. As the names indicate, they likewise considered it to be a powerful aphrodisiac. Of salep, Paracelsus wrote: "behold the Satyrion root, is it not formed like the male privy parts? No one can deny this. Accordingly, magic discovered it and revealed that it can restore a man's virility and passion".

Salep was a popular beverage in the lands of the Ottoman Empire. It enjoyed a reputation as a "fattener" for young women, to make them plumper before marriage. Its consumption spread beyond there to England and Germany before the rise of coffee and tea, and it was later offered as an alternative beverage in coffee houses. In England, the drink was known as saloop. Popular in the 17th and 18th centuries in England, its preparation required that the salep powder be added to water until thickened whereupon it would be sweetened, then flavored with orange flower or rose water. Substitution of British orchid roots, known as "dogstones", for the original Turkish variants was acceptable in the 18th century.

Saloop

Saloop was a hot drink that was popular in England in the 18th and 19th centuries. Initially, it was made from salep, mostly from Smyrna. Later, the roots and leaves of the North American sassafras tree were the key ingredient. This plant thickened the drink and also had a stimulating quality.

This beverage was sold in place of tea and coffee, which were much more expensive, and was served in a similar way with milk and sugar.

It was used as a remedy for various ailments, including "chronic alcoholic inebriety" and scurvy. Its popularity declined when it was purported to treat venereal disease and so drinking it in public became shameful. Saloop stalls in London were replaced by coffee stalls.

Modern use

The beverage sahlab is now often made with hot milk instead of water. Other desserts are also made from salep flour, including salep pudding and dondurma. The Kahramanmaraş region of Turkey is a major producer of sahlab known as Maraş Salebi. The popularity of sahlab in Turkey has led to a decline in the populations of wild orchids, and it was made illegal to export true salep. Consequently, many instant sahlab mixes are made with artificial flavoring. Salep is also drunk in Albania and Greece; it is usually sold on the streets as a hot beverage during the cold months of the year. It is very popular in many parts of the Middle East, especially in Egypt and the Levant. Families in Turkey drink the hot version during the winter time.

It is estimated that each year in Turkey, 30 tons of tubers from 38 species are harvested; it takes from 1,000 to 4,000 tubers to make a kilo of flour. With the increasing rarity of some species and local extinctions, traders are harvesting wild orchids in Iran. Abdolbaset Ghorbani of Uppsala University estimates that between 7 and 11 million orchids of nineteen species and sub-species were collected from northern Iran in 2013, with the majority being exported to Turkey. Harvesting of orchid tubers is also increasing in Greece.

In the Middle East, "sahlab" is a hot milk-based winter drink with a pudding-like consistency, sometimes garnished with nuts and cinnamon.

Explanatory footnotes

Turkish: salep, sahlep; Persian: ثعلب, romanized: sa'alab; Arabic: سحلب, romanized: saḥlab; Armenian: սալեպ, romanized: salep; Albanian: salep; Azerbaijani: səhləb; Hebrew: סַחְלָבּ, romanized: saḥlab; Greek: σαλέπι, romanized: salepi; Tunisian Arabic: سحلب, romanized: soḥlob; Serbo-Croatian: салеп, romanized: salep; Bulgarian: салеп, romanized: salep

References

Citations

^ Pain, Stephanie (6 May 2017). "Eaten to extinction". New Scientist. No. 3124. pp. 32–4.
"salep." Online Etymology Dictionary. 2008.
"salep - definition of salep in English | Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016.
"Definition of SALEP". www.merriam-webster.com.
"the definition of salep". Dictionary.com.
Dalby, p. 292; Theophrastus, 9.18.13; Pedanius Dioscorides, 3.126-8; Pliny the Elder, 26.95-98, 27.65; Pseudo-Apuleius, 15.3.
Jacobi, ed., p. 122.
Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2017). Nützenadel, Alexander; Trentmann, Frank (eds.). "The Global Consumption of Hot Beverages, c. 1500-c. 1900," in Food and Globalization: Consumption Markets and Politics in the Modern World. Oxford: Bloomsbury. pp. 37–56.
Davidson, p. 683.
Thomas Rowlandson (1820). Rowlandson's Characteristic Sketches of the Lower Orders of the British Metropolis. Samuel Leigh.
Church, A.H. (1893). Food: some account of its sources, constituents and uses. The University of Leeds Library: Chapman and Hall Ld. p. 29.
Holly Chase (1994), "Suspect Salep", Look and Feel: Studies In Texture, Appearance and Incidental Characteristics of Food, Oxford Symposium, pp. 45–46, ISBN 978-0907325567
Edwin Augustus Peeples (1994), Planting an Inheritance, Stackpole Books, p. 62, ISBN 978-0811712064
Ward, Artemas. The encyclopedia of food: their comparative values and how best to use and enjoy them. 1923. p. 451.
Sides, Hampton (2024). The wide wide sea: imperial ambition, first contact and the fateful final voyage of Captain James Cook (First ed.). New York: Doubleday. p. 17. ISBN 9780385544764.
Jonathan Pereira (2014), The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, p. 463, ISBN 978-1108068833
Mayhew, Henry (1861). London Labour and the London Poor. Vol. 1. p. 27.
"Ice cream threatens Turkey's flowers". BBC News. 5 August 2003. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
"Salep and Boza – History and Recipe of Special Turkish Winter Drinks".
Eng Soon Teoh Orchids as Aphrodisiac, Medicine or Food (2019), p. 52, at Google Books
"Sachlav: The Hot Chocolate of the Middle East". The Forward. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2019.

Cited texts

Dalby, Andrew (2003). Food in the Ancient World: From A to Z. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-23259-3.
Davidson, Alan (1987). Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-211579-9.
"Ice cream threatens Turkey's flowers". BBC News. August 5, 2003.
Jacobi, Jolande, ed. (1995). Paracelsus: Selected Writings. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01876-8.
Pedanius Dioscorides. De materia medica.
Pliny the Elder. Naturalis historia.
Pseudo-Apuleius. Herbarium Apuleii Platonici.
Theophrastus. Historia plantarum.

External links

Media related to Salep at Wikimedia Commons

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Dishes	Arnavut ciğeri Ayva dolması Balık ekmek Börek Buğu kebabı Bulgur Bursa Cantik Pide Çorbalık kesme Şevketibostan yemeği Şırdan Çiğ börek Çılbır Colocasia with lamb Corn poppy with lamb Domates dolması Etli makarna Kabaklı peynirli börek Kavurma Erişte Kelle Paça Kömbe Kuru köfte Elma dolması Harput meatballs Ispanaklı Selanik Böreği İçli Pide İzmir köfte Kapuska Karnıyarık Keşkek Kuru fasulye Lâpa Lahmacun Lepsi Libje lebje basta Mallow with lamb Mantı Menemen Mirik meatball Musakka Papucaki Patlıcan dolması Patlıcan kızartması Patlıcan kebabı Perdeli pilav Pilav Piyaziye Puf Böreği Siron Su Böreği Soğan dolma Tas kebap Tatar böreği Türlü Uzun erişte Van köfte Yahni
Grilled meats	Kebab (main article) Adana kebab Akçaabat meatballs Alinazik kebab Beyti kebab Cağ kebab Döner kebab İnegöl meatballs İskender kebab Köfte Miskender Eggplant kebab Pideli köfte Şiş kebab Şiş köfte Şiş tavuk Tire meatballs
Desserts	Turkish desserts (main article) Acıbadem kurabiyesi Aşure Ayva tatlısı Balparmak tatlısı Baklava Bülbül yuvası Cevizli sucuk Cevizli kuru incir tatlısı Cevizli Irmik Tatlısı Cezerye Dilber dudağı Dibile Dondurma Ekmek kadayıfı Fig roll Fenike tatlısı Güllaç Helva Hanım göbeği Hoşaf Hoşmerim Ispanaklı kek İzmir Bomb Kurabiye Kabak tatlısı Kalburabastı Kavala Almond Cookies Kazandibi Kaysefe Kestane şekeri Keşkül Köylü pastası Kurabiye Künefe Lokma Lokum Macun Mesir macunu Muğla halkası Muhallebi Murabbalı mecidiye Nevzine tatlısı Orcik candy Pepeçura Pestil Pişi Pişmaniye Şambali Şekerpare Şıllık Supangle Sütlaç Revani Sütlü Nuriye Şöbiyet Tahin-pekmez Tahini roll Tavukgöğsü Trileçe Tulumba Un kurabiyesi Vezir parmağı Zerde
Frequent ingredients	Vegetables Bean Bell pepper Eggplant Leek Lentil Spinach Tomato Herbs & spices Almond Black pepper Chestnut Cinnamon Cumin Dried apricot Garlic Hazelnut Mint Nut Onion Oregano Paprika Parsley Pistachio Pul biber Red pepper Thyme Urfa pepper Walnut
Unique instruments	Cezve Çaydanlık Kazan Mangal Oklava Sac Semaver Tandır
Related cuisines	Arab Balkan Caucasian Central Asian Greek Iranian Kurdish Levantine Mediterranean Middle Eastern Mongolian Ottoman Tatar
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v t e Herbal teas or tisanes
Types of tea	Barley tea Black drink Buckwheat tea Cannabis tea Chrysanthemum tea Coca tea Corn tea Honeybush Kuding Labrador tea Mountain tea Rooibos Salep Saloop Earl Grey Mint herbal tea Matcha Fermented tea Green tea Oolong tea
Korean tea	Green tea Yellow tea Red tea Money tea Green moss coin Korean pine Orienta persimmon Korean ginseng root hair Jujube Sicklepods

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