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332d Expeditionary Operations Group
Emblem of the 332d Expeditionary Operations Group
Active	1942–1945, 1947–1948, 1948–1949, 1998–2012, 2014–present
Country	United States
Branch	United States Air Force
Type	Provisional Expeditionary unit
Part of	United States Air Forces Central
Garrison/HQ	Southwest Asia
Engagements	World War II European Campaign (1944–1945) Operation Southern Watch (1998–2003) Operation Enduring Freedom (2002–2003) Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003–2011) Operation Inherent Resolve (2014–present)
Commanders
Notable commanders	Colonel Benjamin O. Davis Jr., 8 October 1943 – 3 November 1944; 24 December 1944 – 9 June 1945

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The 332d Expeditionary Operations Group is a provisional air expeditionary group of the United States Air Force's Air Combat Command, currently active. It was deactivated on 8 May 2012 and reactivated 16 November 2014.

The group forms part of the lineage of the World War II 332d Fighter Group, known as the Tuskegee Airmen. This title refers to all who trained in the Army Air Forces African-American pilot training program at Moton Field and Tuskegee Army Air Field, Alabama, between 1941 and 1945. It includes pilots, navigators, bombardiers, maintenance and support staff, instructors, and personnel who kept aircraft flying.

Permanently assigned 332d EOG squadrons

• 22d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron

Provided close-air support, offensive and defensive counter-air operations, interdiction, and suppression and destruction of enemy air defenses using F-16CM Block 50 Fighting Falcons. At the heart of "The Big 22" are more than 300 Airmen who support, maintain and fly the newest F-16s in the U.S. Air Force inventory.

• 332d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron

The 332d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron was a designation used to refer to Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve Command F-16 units deploying to Joint Base Balad. While the 332d designation was widely used, it was not the proper designation of the units while deployed to Joint Base Balad. The 332d is used since most Guard/Reserve units rotated in and out on a more frequent basis compared to their active duty counterparts.

Consisted of: 93rd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Air Force Reserve)

Consisted of: 107th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Michigan ANG)

Consisted of: 111th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Texas ANG)

Consisted of: 119th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (New Jersey ANG)

Consisted of: 120th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Colorado ANG)

Consisted of: 121st Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (D.C. ANG)

Consisted of: 124th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Iowa ANG)

Consisted of: 125th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Oklahoma ANG)

Consisted of: 170th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Illinois ANG)

Consisted of: 176th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Wisconsin ANG)

Consisted of: 179th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Minnesota ANG)

Consisted of: 186th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Montana ANG)

Consisted of: 301st Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Air Force Reserve)

Consisted of: 457th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (Air Force Reserve)

Executed the daily ATO in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom by flying F-16 Block 30 Fighting Falcons which can provide real-time imagery to joint tactical air controllers embedded with ground units via the Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance System (TARS) as well as close-air support, offensive and defensive counter-air operations, and interdiction. This squadron consisted of Air National Guard or Reserve units.

• 777th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron

This was the largest forward-deployed airlift squadron in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Composed of over 100 Airmen and a fleet of C-130 Hercules aircraft, the 777 EAS has five primary missions: hub-and-spoke air-land missions, airdrop, aeromedical evacuation, distinguished visitor airlift and communications, and command and control for Joint Airborne Battle Staff support to Coalition forces on the ground. The squadron has all-weather, night-vision, and air-land delivery capability.

• 64th Expeditionary Rescue Squadron

Provided combat search and rescue support to Coalition forces in the Iraqi theater of operations. It is the largest-single CSAR operation since the end of the Vietnam War and consists of HH-60 Pave Hawk helicopters and aircrews, Guardian Angel weapons system personnel and associated support. The 64 ERQS is tasked through the Joint Personnel Recovery Center located at the CENTCOM Combined Air and Space Operations Center.

• 46th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron

Was responsible for launch and recovery of the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator unmanned aerial systems in Iraq. The Predator provides intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capability for 24-hour coverage of the Iraqi battlespace. The squadron also provides a line-of-sight base-defense mission for JBB.

• 332d Expeditionary Operations Support Squadron

Was responsible for supporting all 332 EOG functions across the airpower operational spectrum. The 332 EOSS "Mustangs" execute senior airfield-authority duties, including: local tower control, combined en route radar approach, and airfield management. The Mustangs also provide support through intelligence, weapons and tactics, ground liaison, joint weather forecasting, aeromedical evacuation, aircrew flight equipment, and strategic reconnaissance services.

• 362d Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron

Operated the MC-12W Liberty aircraft, the 362 ERS provided intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance in support of coalition ground forces. Its eight-person crew (four airborne and four on the ground) provides support to a broad range of users from corps to the squad level. Missions include overwatch, convoy escort and personnel recovery.

• 727th Expeditionary Air Control Squadron

Using the callsign "Kingpin", the 727 EACS was the primary tactical command and control agency for Iraq. 727 EACS provides persistent surveillance, identification, and control of aircraft over more than 270,000 square miles of Iraqi airspace. The 727 EACS ensured CFACC intent was met through precise air tasking order execution, including airspace deconfliction, air-refueling positioning and management, close-air support, tactical reconnaissance, and dynamic targeting support while balancing air operations directive priorities.

History

World War II

The United States entered World War II with a military that was segregated by race and remained segregated until 1948. War Department planners generally placed White and African-American Army personnel in separate units during World War II.

The 332d Fighter Group was constituted on 4 July 1942, and activated on 13 October, predominantly manned with African-American personnel. Consisted of the 100th, 301st and 302d Fighter Squadrons at Tuskegee Army Air Field, Alabama. Trained with Bell P-39 Airacobra and Curtiss P-40 Warhawk aircraft for an extended period of time as the Army Air Forces was reluctant to deploy African-American fighter pilots to an overseas combat theater. The 100th Fighter Squadron predates the 332d Fighter Group, being formed on 19 February 1942. The 100th carried out advanced fighter training of graduates of the Tuskegee Institute primary and basic flight training programs for African-American flight cadets at nearby Moton Field. The first class (42-C) of twelve cadets and one student officer, Captain Benjamin O. Davis Jr., who served as Commandant of Cadets, began training on 19 July 1941. On March 6, 1942, this class graduated with Davis and five of the original twelve cadets, 2Lt. Lemuel R. Custis, 2Lt. Charles DeBow, 2Lt. George S. Roberts, and 2Lt. Mac Ross. "Spanky" Roberts was actually the first cadet to receive a diploma and wings during the ceremony. He went on throughout the time of combat operations of the 99th Fighter Squadron and later when that squadron was assigned to the 332nd Fighter Group (which already consisted of three squadrons), to be the Deputy Commanding Officer and at times when Colonel Davis was away, he served as the Group Commander.

After difficulty in establishing a core of African American pilots and ground crews and providing for training at Tuskegee AAF and First Air Force stations in Michigan, by April 1943, the 332d Fighter Group deployed to Twelfth Air Force in the Mediterranean theater. The group's first combat assignment involved attacking enemy units on the strategic volcanic island of Pantelleria in the Mediterranean Sea, to clear the sea lanes for the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943. The air assault on the island began on 30 May 1943. The assignment to a predominately ground attack role prevented the 99th from engaging in air-to-air combat.

In September 1943 the unit was criticized by Col. William W. Momyer for "(failure) to display...aggressiveness and daring for combat" and recommended for removal from operations. Congressional hearings were held on this perceived failure, with the aim of disbanding the squadron. However, neither the recommendation nor the hearings shut down the unit after an AAF study reported that the 99th had performed as well as other P-40 units in the Mediterranean. In the meantime the 99th received a Distinguished Unit Citation for its performance in combat on Sicily. Shortly after a Washington hearing on the feasibility of continuing to use African American pilots, three new fighter squadrons graduated from training at Tuskegee: the 100th, 301st and 302nd. The units then embarked for Africa and were combined to form the all-Black 332d Fighter Group.

The squadrons were moved to mainland Italy. On 27 and 28 January 1944, Luftwaffe Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter-bombers raided Anzio, where the Allies had conducted amphibious landings on 22 January. Attached to the 79th Fighter Group, 11 of the 99th Fighter Squadron's pilots shot down enemy fighters. Captain Charles B. Hall claimed two shot down, bringing his aerial victory total to three. The eight fighter squadrons defending Anzio together claimed 32 German aircraft shot down, while the 99th claimed the highest score among them with 13. They began operations with Twelfth Air Force on 5 February. They used P-39s to escort convoys, protect harbors, and fly armed reconnaissance missions, converted to Republic P-47 Thunderbolts during April–May, and changed to North American P-51 Mustangs in June.

The 99th Fighter Squadron, assigned to the group on 1 May 1944, joined them on 6 June at Ramitelli Airfield, in the small city of Campomarino, on the Adriatic coast. From Ramitelli, the 332d Fighter Group escorted Fifteenth Air Force heavy strategic bombing raids into Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Poland and Germany from May 1944 to April 1945. The bombers struck objectives such as oil refineries, factories, airfields, and marshaling yards in Italy, France, Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece. They also made successful strafing attacks on airdromes, railroads, highways, bridges, river traffic, troop concentrations, radar facilities, power stations, and other targets. The 332d also flew escort missions in support of the repatriation of Americans from Romania (Operation Reunion) and Yugoslavia (Operation Halyard) to Italy. Flying escort for heavy bombers, the 332d earned an impressive combat record. The Allies called these airmen "Red Tails" or "Red-Tail Angels," because of the distinctive crimson paint prominently visible on the tail section of the unit's aircraft.

The Tuskegee Airmen initially were equipped with Curtiss P-40F and L model Warhawks (99th Squadron only), briefly with Bell P-39 Airacobras (March 1944), later with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts (June–July 1944), and finally with the aircraft with which they became most commonly identified, the North American P-51 Mustang (July 1944).

The unit received a Distinguished Unit Citation for a mission on 24 March 1945 when the group escorted B-17s during a raid on the Daimler-Benz tank factory at Berlin, fought the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet interceptors that attacked the formation, and strafed transportation facilities while flying back to the base in Italy. During the action, its pilots were credited with destroying three Me 262s of the Luftwaffe's all-jet Jagdgeschwader 7 in aerial combat that day, despite the American unit initially claiming 11 Me 262s on that particular mission. Upon examination of German records, JG 7 records, just four Me 262s were lost and all of the pilots survived. In return, the 463rd Bomb Group, one of the many B-17 groups the 332d were escorting, lost two bombers, and the 332d lost three P-51s during the mission. Fifteenth Air Force dispatched about 660 bombers, 250 of these headed for Berlin. Altogether, Fifteenth Air Force lost nine B-17s and one B-24, out of the fighter escort, five P-51 Mustangs were destroyed during this sortie. Three of the four Me 262 jets that were lost by the Luftwaffe were reportedly shot down, all their pilots bailed out wounded.

Flying escort for heavy bombers, the 332d earned an impressive combat record. Reportedly, the Luftwaffe awarded these airmen the nickname, "Schwarze Vogelmenschen," or "Black Birdmen." The Allies called these airmen "Redtails" or "Redtail Angels," because of the distinctive crimson paint applied on the vertical stabilizers of the unit's aircraft.

With the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945, the 332d was reassigned to the 305th Bombardment Wing, to prepare for a move to the Pacific Theater and engage in combat against Japan. With the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the end of the war, this became unnecessary and the 332d returned to the United States and was assigned to Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, where it inactivated on 19 October 1945.

Postwar era

The unit was activated again in 1947 at Lockbourne Army Air Base as operational component of 332d Fighter Wing, with Col. Davis in command. The group was finally inactivated in 1949 as part of the Air Force plan to achieve racial integration.

Air Expeditionary Group

In 1998, the 332d Air Expeditionary Group, "The Tip of the Spear", was activated at Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base, Kuwait in November 1998, replacing the 4406th Operations Group (Provisional) which was formed in 1996. The 332d Group evolved and grew to reflect the Aerospace Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept of a consolidated force in a forward location. The package previously included McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagles and Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt IIs.

The mission of the 332d was supporting Joint Task Force – Southwest Asia, which monitored a no-fly zone mission dubbed Operation Southern Watch. Active duty, Guard and Reserve A-10 and F-16 fighter units, along with support individuals, rotated in and out, ensuring Iraqi aircraft don't fly below the 32d parallel. At the Al Jaber AFB the 332 ELS Commander and 10 personnel are on a one-year tour; all others (1190 personnel) rotate every 90 days. That mix of aircraft, including HH-60 rescue helicopters, gave the 332d the ability to conduct any Operation Southern Watch mission.

The group's personnel turned over almost completely every 120 days with a population of 1,400 people constantly rotating, a need existed for continuity to guide the base and its mission. The US compound at Al Jaber was a sandy "fortress" of less than a mile's circumference. Most people lived in dorms—airmen doing 12-month rotations had their own rooms.

Beginning in 2001, after Al Qaeda's attack on 9/11, the 332d Air Expeditionary Group participated in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. The group's F-15Es, F-16s, and later A-10s played a critical role in the defeat of Al Qaeda and the Taliban and later provided key air support for the provisional government in Afghanistan. Significantly, the F-15Es and F-16s saved a team of US Army soldiers, US Navy SEALS and US Air Force Combat Controllers and PJ pinned down after the helicopter in which they were flying was disabled by a rocket propelled grenade (RPG) in the mountains of Afghanistan at Takur Ghar on what is now known as "Roberts' Ridge". The fighters employed both 20mm cannon and GBU-12 laser guided bombs on Al Qaeda militants as they proceeded up the mountain in an effort to capture or kill the crashed Americans, saving over 2 dozen American lives.

Later, the unit was expanded to a wing, with the 332d Air Expeditionary Group operating as the operational component of the 332d Air Expeditionary Wing after the initiation of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). It was moved to Tallil Air Base, Iraq, in support of OIF, then moving to Balad Air Base, Iraq, in 2004.

During the height of operations, the 332d Wing contained nine groups—including four geographically separated groups at Ali Air Base, Sather Air Base, Al Asad Air Base, and Kirkuk Air Base — as well as numerous detachments and operating locations scattered throughout Iraq. The wing had as many as four fighter squadrons, an airlift squadron, a helicopter combat search and rescue squadron, two aerial reconnaissance squadrons and an air control squadron.

During the drawdown of forces from Iraq, the 332d Wing provided intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, combat search and rescue, armed overwatch and close air support to one of the largest logistics movements since World War II.

In support of the reposture of U.S. forces, the wing continued to support U.S. Forces-Iraq after forward deploying to an undisclosed air base in Southwest Asia in November 2011 so Joint Base Balad could be returned to the government of Iraq. And as the last U.S. convoy left Iraq on 18 December 2011, it was the 332d AEW's F-16s and MQ-1B Predators in the skies providing overhead watch.

The 332d Air Expeditionary Group was reactivated on 16 November 2014 at Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base, Kuwait.

Colonel Mike Kocheski assumed command of the 332nd Air Expeditionary Wing, redesignated from the 332nd Air Expeditionary Group, during an activation ceremony on May 19, 2015.

Lineage

• Constituted as the 332d Fighter Group on 4 July 1942

Activated on 13 October 1942

Inactivated on 19 October 1945

• Activated on 1 July 1947

Inactivated on 26 August 1948

• Activated on 26 August 1948

Inactivated on 1 July 1949

• Converted to provisional status, redesignated 332d Air Expeditionary Group and assigned to Air Combat Command to activate or inactivate on 1 October 1998

Activated in October 1998, assuming personnel and equipment of 4406th Operations Group (Provisional).

Redesignated 332d Expeditionary Operations Group on 12 August 2002

Inactivated on 8 May 2012

• Redesignated 332d Air Expeditionary Group on 16 November 2014.

Assignments

• Third Air Force, 13 October 1942
• First Air Force, 29 March 1943
• XII Fighter Command, 3 February 1944
• 306th Fighter Wing, 28 May 1944
• Army Service Forces (for inactivation), 17–19 October 1945
• 332d Fighter Wing, 1 July 1947 – 26 August 1948; 26 August 1948 – 1 July 1949
• Air Combat Command, October 1998

Attached to: United States Central Command Air Forces, October 1998 – 12 August 2002

• 332d Air Expeditionary Wing, 12 August 2002 – 8 May 2012
• 332d Air Expeditionary Wing, 16 November 2014 – present

Components

World War II/Postwar era

• 99th Fighter Squadron: 1 May 1944 – 22 June 1945; 1 June 1947 – 1 July 1949 (attached to 86th Fighter Group, 11–30 June 1944)
• 100th Fighter Squadron: 13 October 1942 – 19 October 1945; 1 June 1947 – 1 July 1949
• 301st Fighter Squadron: 13 October 1942 – 19 October 1945; 1 June 1947 – 1 July 1949
• 302d Fighter Squadron: 13 October 1942 – 6 March 1945

332d AEG/EOG Attached Squadrons, 1998–present

Known units include:

• Balad Air Base, Iraq, Operation Iraqi Freedom (2004–2011)

• Ahmed Al Jaber Air Base, Kuwait, Operation Inherent Resolve (2014–present)

107th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron

Stations

Aircraft

• Bell P-39 Airacobra, 1942–1944
• Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, 1942–1944
• Republic P-47 (later F-47) Thunderbolt, 1944, 1947–1948; 1948–1949
• North American P-51D Mustang, 1944–1945
• Fairchild Republic OA-10 Thunderbolt II, 1995, 1999, 2001–2002
• McDonnell Douglas F/A-18C/D Hornet, 2002
• General Atomics MQ-1A Predator, 2003–2011
• Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk, 2003–2011
• F-16C/D Fighting Falcon, 2001–2011
• McDonnell Douglas F-15D Eagle, 2003–2011
• McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle, 2001–2011
• Lockheed C-130 Hercules, 2003–2011
• Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, 2007–2011, 2014–
• Beechcraft MC-12W Liberty, 2009–2011

Campaigns

• American Theater Service Streamer (World War II)
  
• Europe, Africa, Mediterranean Theater Streamers (World War II)
  
  • Rome-Arno
  • Normandy
  • Northern France
  • Southern France
  • North Apennines
  • Rhineland
  • Central Europe
  • Po Valley
  • Air Combat EAME Theater

Decorations

• Distinguished Unit Citation Italy, 24 March 1945
• Gallant Unit Citation Kuwait/Afghanistan, 15 October 2001 – 15 April 2002
• Air Force Outstanding Unit Award Kuwait, 1 June 2000 – 31 May 2002

See also

• Executive Order 9981
• Fly (2009 play about the 332d Fighter Group)
• List of African-American Medal of Honor recipients
• Military history of African Americans
• Port Chicago disaster
• Red Ball Express

References

Notes

Explanatory notes

1. The red markings that distinguished the Tuskegee Airmen included red bands on the noses of P-47s as well as a red rudder, the P-51B and D Mustangs flew with similar color schemes, with red propeller spinners, red wing bands and all-red tail surfaces. Rice, Markus. "The Men and Their Airplanes: The Fighters." Tuskegee Airmen, 1 March 2000.

Citations

1. ^ "Tuskegee Airmen History." Archived 30 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine tuskegeeairmen.org. Retrieved: 11 October 2010.
2. Haulman, Dr. Daniel L. (2013). "Misconceptions About the Tuskegee Airmen Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine", AFHRA. Retrieved 26 October 2013
3. Haulman, Dr. Daniel L. Air Force "Aerial Victory Credits of the Tuskegee Airmen". Archived 13 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine AFHRA Maxwell AFB. Retrieved: 16 February 2007.
4. Daniel Haulman (30 May 2012). "Operation Reunion and the Tuskegee Airmen" (PDF). Air Force Historical Research Agency. p. 4.
5. Rice, Markus. "The Men and Their Airplanes: The Fighters." Tuskegee Airmen, 1 March 2000
6. ^ Caldwell and Muller 2007, p. 276.
7. Boehme 1983, pp. 172–173, 282.
8. Gropman 1985, p. 120.
9. AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. January 2015. p. 27.
10. Watson, Racheal E. (21 May 2015). "Answering nation's call: 332nd Air Expeditionary Wing reactivation". www.afcent.af.mil.
11. ^ Smith, Tech. Sgt. Shane (October 2006). "Gallant unit: 39th Rescue Squadron earns coveted citation for service in Operation Enduring Freedom" (PDF). ANGEL’S WINGS. Patrick Air Force Base, Fla.: 920th Rescue Wing. p. 6. Retrieved 16 March 2013.

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

• Boehme, Manfred. Jagdgeschwader 7: Die Chronik eines Me 262-Geschwaders 1944/45 (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag, 1983. ISBN 3-87943-925-7.
• Boehme, Manfred. JG 7: The World's First Jet Fighter Unit 1944/1945 (Schiffer Military History). Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd., 2004. ISBN 978-0-88740-395-8.
• Caldwell, Donald and Richard Muller. The Luftwaffe over Germany: Defense of the Reich. London: Greenhill Books, 2007. ISBN 978-1-85367-712-0.
• Cotter, Jarrod. "Red Tail Project." Flypast, No. 248, March 2002.
• Francis, Charles F. The Tuskegee Airmen: The Men Who Changed a Nation. Boston: Branden Books, 1997. ISBN 0-8283-2029-2.
• Gropman, Alan L. The Air Force Integrates, 1945–1964. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1985. ISBN 0-912799-24-2.
• Homan, Lynn M. and Thomas Reilly. Black Knights: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing, 2001. ISBN 978-1-56554-828-2.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) . Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.

External links

• The story of one such airman during World War II is retold in 1949 the radio drama "Last Letter Home", presented by Destination Freedom, written by Richard Durham

Links to related articles

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Bombardment 455th Bombardment 456th Bombardment 459th Bombardment 460th Bombardment 461st Bombardment 463d Bombardment 464th Bombardment 465th Bombardment 483d Bombardment 484th Bombardment 485th Bombardment Fighter 1st Fighter 14th Fighter 31st Fighter 52d Fighter 82d Fighter 325th Fighter 332d Fighter United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth v t e USAAF Twelfth Air Force in World War II Stations Morocco Berguent Casablanca Guercif Louis Gentil Marnia Médiouna Nouasser Port Lyautey Oujda Rabat Sale Ras el Ma Algeria Ain M'lila Berteaux Biskra Canrobert Chateau-dun-du-Rhumel Constantine Es Sénia (Oran) Maison Blanche (Algiers) Matemore Montesquieu Nouvion Orleansville Philippeville Relizane Rerhaia Saint-Donat Saint-Leu Sedrata Sainte-Barbe du Tlélat Tafaraoui (Oran) Tébessa Telergma Thiersville Youks-les-Bains Tunisia Bizerte Dar el Koudia Depienne Djedeida Djilma Ebba Ksour El Djem El Bathan Enfidaville Goubrine Grombalia Hergla Kairouan Korba La Marsa La Sebala Le Sers Massicault Mateur Menzel Temime Monastir Oudna Pont du Fahs Protville Sainte Marie du Zit Souk-el-Arba Souk-el-Khemis Soliman Sousse Thelepte Italy Agrigento (Sicily) Bagnoli Barcelona LG (Sicily) Bari Boccadifalco (Sicily) Borizzo (Sicily) Capodichino (Naples) Castel Volturno Castelvetrano (Sicily) Cassibile (Sicily) Cattolica Catania (Sicily) Cercola Comiso (Sicily) Ciampino (Rome) Cesenatico Decimomannu (Sardinia) Elmas (Sardinia) Falconara Fano Florence Foggia Follonica Gaudo Gerbini (Sicily) Gioia Grosseto Grottaglie Iesi Le Banca Lecce Licata (Sicily) Manduria Marcianise Malignano Mazzara (Sicily) Milazzo (Sicily) Messina (Sicily) Montalto Di Castro Nettuno Montecorvino Ombrene Orbetello Paestum Pisa Pantelleria Pignataro Maggiore Piombino Pomigliano Ponte Galeria Pontedera Pompeii Ponte Olivo (Sicily) Reggio Calabria Rocca Bernardo Rosia San Pancrazio Santa Maria Scordia (Sicily) Sele Serretella Tarquinia Termini (Sicily) Tortorella Torrente Comunelli Tre Cancello Voltone Vesuvius France Aghione (Corsica) Amberieu (Y-5) Amiens (B-48) Clastres (A-71) Dijon (Y-9) Dôle-Tavaux (Y-7) Ghisonaccia (Corsica) Gisonochia (Corsica) Istres (Y-17) La Vallon (Y-18) Le Luc Luneville (Y-2) Loyettes (Y-25) Poretta (Corsica) Saint-Dizier (A-64) Salon de Provence (Y-16) Serragia (Corsica) Solonzara (Corsica) Tantonville (Y-1) Toul-Ochey (A-96) Units Commands XII Bomber XII Tactical Air XXII Tactical Air XII Troop Carrier (Provisional) Wings 5th Bombardment 42d Bombardment 47th Bombardment (7th Fighter) 51st Troop Carrier 52d Troop Carrier 57th Bombardment 62d Fighter 63d Fighter 64th Fighter 87th Fighter 90th Photographic Groups Bombardment 2d Bombardment 12th Bombardment 17th Bombardment 47th Bombardment 97th Bombardment 98th Bombardment 99th Bombardment 301st Bombardment 310th Bombardment 319th Bombardment 320th Bombardment 321st Bombardment 340th Bombardment 376th Bombardment Fighter 1st Fighter 14th Fighter 27th Fighter 31st Fighter 33d Fighter 52d Fighter 57th Fighter 79th Fighter 81st Fighter 82d Fighter 86th Fighter 324th Fighter 325th Fighter 332d Fighter 350th Fighter Reconnaissance 3d Reconnaissance 5th Reconnaissance 68th Reconnaissance Troop carrier 60th Troop Carrier 61st Troop Carrier 62d Troop Carrier 64th Troop Carrier 313th Troop Carrier 314th Troop Carrier 316th Troop Carrier Squadrons 15th Bombardment 414th Night Fighter 415th Night Fighter 416th Night Fighter 417th Night Fighter 427th Night Fighter United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth v t e United States Army Air Forces Third Air Force in World War II Units Commands II Air Support Command III Air Support Command III Bomber Command III Fighter Command III Reconnaissance Command III Tactical Air Command Divisions III Tactical Air Division Wings 8th Fighter Wing 9th Fighter Wing 40th Bombardment Wing Groups Air Commando 2nd Air Commando 3rd Air Commando Bombardment 3rd Bombardment 12th Bombardment 17th Bombardment 21st Bombardment 29th Bombardment 30th Bombardment Group 38th Bombardment 44th Bombardment 46th Bombardment 47th Bombardment 85th Bombardment 88th Bombardment 90th Bombardment 91st Bombardment 92nd Bombardment 93rd Bombardment 94th Bombardment 95th Bombardment 97th Bombardment 98th Bombardment 99th Bombardment 100th Bombardment 309th Bombardment 310th Bombardment 312th Bombardment 319th Bombardment 320th Bombardment 321st Bombardment 322d Bombardment 323d Bombardment 335th Bombardment 336th Bombardment 340th Bombardment 344th Bombardment 345th Bombardment 386th Bombardment 387th Bombardment 391st Bombardment 394th Bombardment 396th Bombardment 397th Bombardment 409th Bombardment 410th Bombardment 411th Bombardment 416th Bombardment 417th Bombardment 418th Bombardment 451st Bombardment 454th Bombardment 463rd Bombardment 483rd Bombardment 488th Bombardment Fighter 20th Fighter 31st Fighter 49th Fighter 50th Fighter 53rd Fighter 54th Fighter 56th Fighter 59th Fighter 79th Fighter 80th Fighter 81st Fighter 84th Fighter 85th Fighter 311th Fighter 332nd Fighter 337th Fighter 338th Fighter 339th Fighter 361st Fighter 369th Fighter 372nd Fighter 404th Fighter 405th Fighter 408th Fighter 414th Fighter 506th Fighter Fighter-Bomber 27th Fighter-Bomber 48th Fighter-Bomber 86th Fighter-Bomber 406th Fighter-Bomber 407th Fighter-Bomber Reconnaissance 2d Reconnaissance 9th Reconnaissance 10th Reconnaissance 26th Reconnaissance 65th Reconnaissance 67th Reconnaissance 68th Reconnaissance 69th Reconnaissance 70th Reconnaissance 75th Reconnaissance 77th Reconnaissance 423d Reconnaissance 424th Reconnaissance 426th Reconnaissance United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth v t e USAAF First Air Force in World War II Airfields First Air Force Group Training Stations First Air Force Replacement Training Stations First Air Force Tactical Airfields Freeman Army Airfield Godman Army Airfield Selfridge Field Units Commands I Bomber Command I Fighter Command I Ground Air Support Command Wings 25th Antisubmarine 50th Troop Carrier 52d Troop Carrier 53d Troop Carrier 60th Troop Carrier 61st Troop Carrier Boston Fighter New York Fighter Norfolk Fighter Philadelphia Fighter Groups Bombardment 2d Bombardment 13th Bombardment 22d Bombardment 34th Bombardment 43d Bombardment 45th Bombardment 301st Bombardment 302d Bombardment 400th Bombardment 402d Bombardment 455th Bombardment 459th Bombardment 460th Bombardment 471st Bombardment Combat Cargo 1st Combat Cargo 2d Combat Cargo 4th Combat Cargo Fighter 8th Fighter 31st Fighter 33d Fighter 52d Fighter 56th Fighter 57th Fighter 58th Fighter 59th Fighter 79th Fighter 80th Fighter 83d Fighter 87th Fighter 324th Fighter 325th Fighter 326th Fighter 327th Fighter 332d Fighter 348th Fighter 352d Fighter 353d Fighter 355th Fighter 356th Fighter 358th Fighter 359th Fighter 361st Fighter 362d Fighter 365th Fighter 366th Fighter 368th Fighter 370th Fighter 371st Fighter 373d Fighter 402d Fighter 413th Fighter 476th Fighter Reconnaissance 26th Reconnaissance 73d Reconnaissance Troop Carrier 10th Troop Carrier 60th Troop Carrier 61st Troop Carrier 62d Troop Carrier 63d Troop Carrier 89th Troop Carrier 313th Troop Carrier 314th Troop Carrier 315th Troop Carrier 316th Troop Carrier 317th Troop Carrier 349th Troop Carrier 375th Troop Carrier 403d Troop Carrier 433d Troop Carrier 434th Troop Carrier 435th Troop Carrier 436th Troop Carrier 437th Troop Carrier 438th Troop Carrier 439th Troop Carrier 440th Troop Carrier 441st Troop Carrier 442d Troop Carrier Other 1st Search Attack 477th Composite Incidents Freeman Field Mutiny United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth

v t e Tuskegee Airmen
Units	99th Fighter Squadron 100th Fighter Squadron 301st Fighter Squadron 302nd Fighter Squadron 332d Fighter Group 477th Bomber Group
Air fields	Chanute Field Mather Field Moton Army Air Field Oscoda Army Air Field Selfridge Air Field Tuskegee Army Air Field
Pilots and crew	Paul Adams Rutherford H. Adkins Halbert Alexander William N. Alsbrooka William Armstrong Lee Archer Robert Ashby Willie Ashley Charles P. Bailey William Bartley Howard Baugh Henry Cabot Lodge Bohler George R. Bolling Herbert V. Clark Granville C. Coggs Woodrow Crockett Harold Brown George L. Brown Roscoe Brown William A. Campbell Herbert Carter Eugene Calvin Cheatham Jr. Milton Crenchaw Lemuel R. Custis Clarence Dart Alfonza W. Davis Benjamin O. Davis Jr. (C/O) Charles DeBow Robert W. Deiz Gene Derricotte Lawrence Dickson Elwood T. Driver Charles W. Dryden Wilson V. Eagleson John Ellis Edwards Joseph Elsberry Raymond Cassagnol James Clayton Flowers Julius Freeman Robert Friend Willie H. Fuller Edward C. Gleed Joseph Gomer Alfred Gorham Oliver Goodall Charles B. Hall Vernon V. Haywood George Hardy Raymond V. Haysbert Percy Heath Mitchell Higginbotham Daniel "Chappie" James Jr. Clarence C. Jamison Alexander Jefferson Carl C. Johnson James H. Harvey William Lee Hill Lincoln Hudson William H. Holloman George J. Iles James Johnson Kelly James B. Knighten George L. Knox II Roy E. LaGrone Herman A. Lawson Walter I. Lawson Clarence D. Lester Wilmore B. Leonard John Lyle Hiram Mann Walter Manning Robert Martin Armour G. McDaniel Charles McGee Walter L. McCreary John Mosley Fitzroy Newsum James O. Plinton Jr. Wendell O. Pruitt Louis R. Purnell Sr. Price D. Rice Lawrence E. Roberts George S. Roberts Curtis C. Robinson Isaiah Edward Robinson Jr. John W. Rogers Sr. Mac Ross Robert Searcy David Showell Wilmeth Sidat-Singh Graham Smith (pilot) Eugene Smith Calvin J. Spann Vernon Sport Lowell Steward Harry Stewart, Jr. Charles "Chuck" Stone Jr. Percy Sutton Alva Temple Roger Terry Lucius Theus Edward L. Toppins Robert B. Tresville Andrew D. Turner James A. Walker Spann Watson Luke J. Weathers Sherman W. White James T. Wiley Malvin "Mal" Whitfield Oscar Lawton Wilkerson Yancey Williams Romeo M. Williams Henry Wise Jr. Coleman Young
Incidents	Freeman Field mutiny
Aircraft	Bell P-39 Airacobra Curtiss P-40 Warhawk North American B-25 Mitchell North American P-51 Mustang Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
Media	Fictional films The Tuskegee Airmen (1995) Hart's War (2002) Red Tails (2012) Documentaries Flight of the Red Tail (2009) Red Tail Reborn (2007) Wings for This Man Other Fly (play) Henry Browne, Farmer "Wingmen"
Legacy	Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk Red Tail Squadron Tuskegee University Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site
Other	Leslie Edwards Jr. Wilfred DeFour Maycie Herrington Buford A. Johnson Thomas Ellis Theodore Johnson Noel F. Parrish Wallace P. Reed Willie Rogers Thomas Franklin Vaughns
Related	African American military history Buffalo Soldier Golden Thirteen 366th Infantry Regiment U.S. Army Black Panthers United States Colored Troops
Category aviation portal

• Air expeditionary groups of the United States Air Force
• Military units and formations established in 1942