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中華民國國歌

English: National Anthem of the Republic of China
Sheet music
National anthem of the Republic of China Party anthem of the Kuomintang
Lyrics	Sun Yat-sen, 1924
Music	Cheng Maoyun, 1928
Adopted	1930 (in Mainland China) 1945 (in Taiwan)
Relinquished	1949 (in Mainland China)
Audio sample
Instrumental version of the National Anthem of the Republic of China file help

National Anthem of the Republic of China
The original Whampoa Military Academy speech in Sun's handwriting.
Traditional Chinese	中華民國國歌
Simplified Chinese	中华民国国歌
Hanyu Pinyin	Zhōnghuá Mínguó guógē
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōnghuá Mínguó guógē Bopomofo ㄓㄨㄥ   ㄏㄨㄚˊ   ㄇㄧㄣˊ   ㄍㄨㄛˊ   ㄍㄨㄛˊ   ㄍㄜ Wade–Giles Chung-hua Min-kuo kuo-ko Tongyong Pinyin Jhong-huá Mín-guó guó-ge Yale Romanization Jūnghwá Mín'gwó gwógē IPA other Mandarin Xiao'erjing Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 68) (help) Hakka Pha̍k-fa-sṳ Chûng-fà Mìn-koet koet-kô Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Jūng'wà Màn'gwok Gwokgō Jyutping zung1 waa4 man4 gwok3 gwok3 go1 IPA Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok Kok-koa
Three Principles of the People
Traditional Chinese	三民主義歌
Simplified Chinese	三民主义歌
Hanyu Pinyin	Sānmín Zhǔyì
Literal meaning	Three Principles of the People
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sānmín Zhǔyì Bopomofo ㄙㄢ   ㄇㄧㄣˊ   ㄓㄨˇ   ㄧˋ Wade–Giles San-min Chu-i Tongyong Pinyin San-mín Jhǔ-yì IPA Yue: Cantonese Jyutping saam1 man4 zyu2 ji6 IPA Southern Min Hokkien POJ Sam-bîn Chú-gī

National anthems of China
"Pu Tian Yue" (unofficial) 1878–1896  "Tune of Li Zhongtang" (unofficial) 1896–1906  "Praise the Dragon Flag" (unofficial) 1906–1911  "Cup of Solid Gold" 1911–1912  "Song of Five Races Under One Union" 1912–1913  "Song to the Auspicious Cloud" 1913–1915  "China Heroically Stands in the Universe" 1915–1921  "Song to the Auspicious Cloud" 1921–1928  "Three Principles of the People" 1930–present  "The Internationale" 1931–1937  "March of the Volunteers" 1949–present
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The "National Anthem of the Republic of China", also known by its incipit "Three Principles of the People", is the national anthem of the Republic of China, commonly called Taiwan, as well as the party anthem of the Kuomintang. It was adopted in 1930 as the national anthem and was used as such in mainland China until 1949, when the Republic of China central government relocated to Taiwan following its defeat by the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War. It replaced the "Song to the Auspicious Cloud", which had been used as the Chinese national anthem before. The national anthem was adopted in Taiwan on October 25, 1945 after the surrender of Imperial Japan. Mainland China, being governed by the People's Republic of China today, discontinued this national anthem for "March of the Volunteers".

The national anthem's words are adapted from a 1924 speech by Sun Yat-sen in 1937. The lyrics relate to how the vision and hopes of a new nation and its people can be achieved and maintained. Informally, the song is sometimes known as "San Min Chu-i" from its opening line, which references the Three Principles of the People (三民主義; sānmín zhǔyì; san-min chu-i), but this name is never used on formal or official occasions. During flag-raising ceremonies, the national anthem is played at the start prior to flag-raising followed by the National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China during actual flag-raising.

History

The text was a collaboration between several Kuomintang (KMT) party members: Hu Hanmin, Tai Chi-tao, Liao Zhongkai, and Shao Yuanchong. The text debuted on 16 June 1924, as the opening of a speech by Sun Yat-sen at the opening ceremony of the Whampoa Military Academy. After the success of the Northern Expedition, the Kuomintang party chose the text to be its party anthem and publicly solicited for accompanying music. Cheng Maoyun won in a contest of 139 participants.

On 24 March 1930, numerous Kuomintang party members proposed to use the speech by Sun as the lyrics to the national anthem. At the time, the national anthem of the republic was the "Song to the Auspicious Cloud". Due to opposition over using a symbol of a political party to represent the entire nation, the National Anthem Editing and Research Committee (國歌編製研究委員會) was set up, which endorsed the KMT party song. On 3 June 1937, the Central Standing Committee (中央常務委員會) approved the proposal, and in the 1940s, the song formally became the official national anthem of the Republic of China. For many Taiwanese, the anthem carries a number of meanings, often conflicting. Some Taiwanese reject the anthem outright as an anachronistic symbol of the vanquished KMT dictatorship.

Tune

Lyrics

The lyrics are in classical literary Chinese. For example:

• ěr (爾) is a literary equivalent of both singular and plural "you" (which are differentiated in modern Chinese) depending on the context. In this case, it is the plural of "you".
• fěi (匪) is a classical synonym of "not" (非 fēi).
• zī (咨) is a classical, archaic interjection, and is not used in this sense in the modern vernacular language.

In this respect, the national anthem of the Republic of China stands in contrast to the People's Republic of China's "March of the Volunteers", which was written a few years later entirely in modern vernacular Chinese.

As well as being written in classical Chinese, the national anthem follows classical poetic conventions. The ancient Fu style follows that of a four-character poem, where the last character of each line rhymes in -ong or -eng, which are equivalent.

English translations

The official translation by Du Tingxiu (Theodore B. Tu) appears in English-language guides to the ROC published by the government.

Transcriptions in other Chinese and similar languages

Notes

1. Adapted from a speech.
2. The 吾黨 may simply mean "we/our" but it may also mean "our party".

1. See Help:IPA/Mandarin and Standard Chinese phonology.

References

1. "National anthem". english.president.gov.tw. Office of the President. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
2. ^ Guy, Nancy (Winter 2002). ""Republic of China National Anthem" on Taiwan: One Anthem, One Performance, Multiple Realities". Ethnomusicology. 6 (1): 96–119. doi:10.2307/852809. JSTOR 852809.
3. Cassel, Susie Lan (2002). The Chinese in America: A History from Gold Mountain to the New Millennium. Rowman Altamira. p. 279. ISBN 9780759100015. Retrieved 30 August 2016.

Further reading

• Reed W. L. and Bristow M. J. (eds.) (2002) "National Anthems of the World", 10 ed., London
• Cassell, p. 526. ISBN 0-304-36382-0

External links

• The National Anthem of the ROC (4 Versions)
• 國旗、國歌 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Executive Yuan. Archived from the original on 2017-10-30.

• Asian anthems
• National symbols of Taiwan
• Political party songs
• Three Principles of the People
• Chinese anthems
• Compositions in C major
• National symbols of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
• Taiwanese patriotic songs