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Zapata sparrow
T. i. varonai Cayo Romano, Cuba
Conservation status
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Passerellidae
Genus:	Torreornis Barbour & Peters, 1927
Species:	T. inexpectata
Binomial name
Torreornis inexpectata Barbour & Peters, 1927
Subspecies
T. i. inexpectata T. i. sigmani T. i. varonai

The Zapata sparrow (Torreornis inexpectata) is a medium-sized grey and yellow bird that lives in the grasslands of the Zapata Swamp and elsewhere on the island of Cuba. Measuring about 16.5 centimetres (6.5 in) in length, it is grey and yellow overall with a dark reddish-brown crown and olive-grey upperparts.

Distribution and habitat

The Zapata sparrow is endemic to Cuba.

History

It was discovered by Spanish zoologist, Fermín Zanón Cervera in March 1927 around Santo Tomás in the Zapata Swamp and formally described by American herpetologist Thomas Barbour and his compatriot, ornithologist James Lee Peters in 1927.

Barbour had been accompanied by Cervera on his previous visits to Cuba, and on hearing of the strange birds to be found in the Zapata area, he sent the Spaniard on a series of trips into the region, eventually leading to the finding of the sparrow. Two other populations have since been discovered, on the island of Cayo Coco in Camagüey Province and in a coastal region in Guantánamo Province. As the species is no longer confined to Zapata the alternative name of Cuban sparrow is sometimes suggested.

Taxonomy

Each population is assigned to a different race due to differences in plumage and ecology. The nominate race T. i. inexpectana at Zapata is found in extensive sawgrass savannahs, the similarly-plumaged Cayo Coco race T. i. varonai is found in forests and shrubbery and the duller eastern race T. i. sigmani frequents arid areas of thorn-scrub and cacti.

The description of the subspecies varonai

The form varonai was described by in a Cuban publication, and further review is needed to determine its validity. Claims have been put forth relating to the obscurity or presumed non-existence of this original description. Buden and Olson (Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 477 (1989)), not reviewing the description, drew attention to Bond, who cited varonai to a different Cuban publication.

"Olson received a reprint of this from Regalado. The only indication of the source on this is printed at the top of page 87: 'Centre Agricola, No. 2 mayo-agosto/1981.' This is the citation given by Garrido et al. (1986), whereas Bond (1982:12) cites the original description of Torreornis inexpectata varonai Regalado as 'Rev. Minist Educ. Sup. Rep. Cuba, 8, Nov. 2, 1981, pp. 87–106.,' that, apart from the initial page number being the same, would seem to be a different publication."

However, they failed to mention or cite Morton and Gonzalez Alonso (Wilson Bulletin, 1982, vol. 94/4), who make reference to varonai and where Centro Agricola is cited. Dickinson (Howard and Moore Complete Checklist, (2003)) also suggested that there was "an element of doubt" as to whether or not the description was published. However, copies of the serial dating to 1981 and earlier are currently deposited in the Smathers Library of the University of Florida.

Call

The bird's song is described as "metallic high-pitched trill at intervals tziii-tzziii-tzziii ... and quiet tic-tic-tic".

Diet

In the dry seasons the Zapata population feeds on seeds and flowers primarily, as well as, insects, spiders, snails and their eggs. In the wet season the Zapata sparrow is known to eat small lizards. It is thought to breed between March and June.

Conservation

Typical threats are wildfires in the dry season, drainage of wetlands, and destruction of habitat due to agriculture and tourism.

References

1. BirdLife International (2021). "Torreornis inexpectata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22721297A192306644. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
2. Barbour, Thomas; Peters, James Lee (1927). "Two more remarkable new birds from Cuba". Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club. 9: 95.
3. Peters, James L (July 1948). "Thomas Barbour, 1884–1946". The Auk. 65 (3): 432–438. doi:10.2307/4080492. JSTOR 4080492.
4. Ruiz, Pedro Regalado (1981). "El genero Torreornis (Aves, Fringillidae), descripción de una nueva subespecie en Cayo Coco, Cuba". Centro Agrícola. 2: 87–112.
5. Bond (1982) Twenty-fourth Supplement to a Checklist of the Birds of the West Indies

External links

• BirdLife Species Factsheet

• IUCN Red List near threatened species
• Passerellidae
• American sparrows
• Endemic birds of Cuba
• Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the West Indies
• Birds described in 1927
• Taxa named by Thomas Barbour