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Yellow-headed blackbird Temporal range: Late Pleistocene–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Male in British Columbia, Canada
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Icteridae
Genus:	Xanthocephalus Bonaparte, 1850
Species:	X. xanthocephalus
Binomial name
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte, 1826)
Range of X. xanthocephalus   Breeding range  Wintering range  Year-round range

The yellow-headed blackbird (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) is a medium-sized blackbird with a yellow head.

It is the only member of the genus Xanthocephalus. Their scientific name derives from the Greek word for yellow, xanthous, and the word for head, cephalus.

Description

Yellow-headed blackbirds are considered to be relatively large blackbirds with large, yellow heads. They measure 8.3–10.2 in (21–26 cm) in length, with a wingspan of 16.5–17.3 in (42–44 cm) and a weight of 1.6–3.5 oz (44–100 g).

Adults have a pointed bill. The adult male is mainly black with a yellow head and breast; they have a white wing patch sometimes only visible in flight. The adult female is mainly brown with a dull yellow throat and breast. Immature members of both sexes are brown with duller yellow plumage compared to adult males. Immature males also have some white patches on the wing. Both sexes resemble the respective sexes of the smaller yellow-hooded blackbird of South America.

Behavior and ecology

Migration, habitat, and breeding

These birds migrate in the winter to the southwestern United States and Mexico. They often migrate in huge flocks with other species of birds. The only regions of the United States where these blackbirds are permanent residents are the San Joaquin Valley and the Lower Colorado River Valley of Arizona and California. It is an extremely rare vagrant to western Europe, with some records suspected to refer to escapes from captivity. When migrating, males and females travel separately. Males typically arrive at the breeding marshes 2–3 weeks before females during spring migration. Research suggests that females choose breeding sites based on the reproductive success (number of young per breeding female) of the site in previous years.

The breeding habitat of the yellow-headed blackbird are marshes in North America (mainly west of the Great Lakes), particularly in plants such as cattails (genus Typha), bulrush (genus Scirpus), and common reeds (genus Phragmites). The nest is built with and attached to marsh vegetation and is constructed over open water. They nest in colonies, often sharing their habitat closely with the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus). During the breeding and nesting season the males are very territorial and spend much of their time perched on reed stalks and displaying or chasing off intruders.

Food

These birds eat seeds during majority of the year and insects throughout the summer months. They forage in marshes, fields, or on the ground; they sometimes catch insects in flight. Sunflowers are fairly popular amongst yellow-headed blackbirds in the Northern Great Plains, with a study indicating that males eat more sunflower than grains and females more grains than sunflower. Some methods of gathering food involve flipping over stones, catching insects from the top of water, and foraging. Foraging methods take place in uplands, with the flock taking a "rolling" formation in which birds fly from the back to the front of the flock to feed. Female yellow-headed blackbirds primarily feed their newly-hatched young insects from the order Odonata, which includes dragonflies and damselflies. Outside the nesting period, they often feed in flocks, often with related species.

Songs and calls

This bird's song resembles the grating of a rusty hinge. Male yellow-headed blackbirds have been observed to have two types of songs, an "accent song" and a "buzz song". The “buzz songs'' have much higher pitch than the accent song, and thus do not echo as well in the dense marshes they live in. For that reason, buzzing songs are typically done when communicating closer whereas accent songs are done to communicate with birds further in the marshes. Female birds have a song that is described to be similar to the male "buzz song", consisting of harsh grating or buzz sounds. Both sexes are also found to elicit harsh calling notes.

Natural threats

Yellow‐headed blackbirds have been found to be sensitive to nest predation risk, for example by marsh wrens (Cistothorus palustris), and alter their nest attendance behavior accordingly.

Raptors occasionally prey on yellow-headed blackbird flocks. For example, media outlets reported that on February 7, 2022, a flock of yellow-headed blackbirds migrating to Chihuahua, Mexico, were seen dropping dead in the early morning. According to experts, it is most likely that the birds were killed due to being flushed from above as a result of a predatory bird (presumably a raptor) chasing them, which caused some of them to fly into each other and crash into the ground and nearby buildings.

Conservation

Because yellow-headed blackbirds typically reside in wetlands, their population numbers depend on the conditions of the wetlands in which they reside. For instance, drainage projects, herbicides/pesticides, and other crop protection methods have impacts on the health of wetlands, and consequently, cause the bird population to fluctuate in number. Currently, yellow-headed blackbird numbers are stable and will likely remain that way in the long term.

Gallery

• Female
• Juvenile
• Yellow-headed blackbirds in flight
• Group of yellow-headed blackbirds in Wyoming
• Roosting flock, Whitewater Draw, Arizona
• South Padre Island, Texas

References

1. BirdLife International (2016). "Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22724169A94852992. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724169A94852992.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
2. ^ Twedt, Daniel J. "Ecology of yellow-headed blackbirds." Ecology and Management of Blackbirds (Icteridae) in North America. CRC Press, 2017. 43–64.
3. "Yellow-headed Blackbird Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
4. "Yellow-headed Blackbird Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
5. ^ Ellarson, ROBERT S. "The yellow-headed blackbird in Wisconsin." Passenger Pigeon 12 (1950): 99–109.
6. Ward, Michael P. (1 October 2005). "Habitat selection by dispersing yellow-headed blackbirds: evidence of prospecting and the use of public information". Oecologia. 145 (4): 650–657. Bibcode:2005Oecol.145..650W. doi:10.1007/s00442-005-0179-0. ISSN 1432-1939. PMID 16007408. S2CID 9352638.
7. Nero, Robert W. (1963). "Comparative Behavior of the Yellow-Headed Blackbird, Red-Winged Blackbird, and Other Icterids". The Wilson Bulletin. 75 (4): 376–413. ISSN 0043-5643. JSTOR 4159213.
8. "Yellow-headed Blackbird Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
9. Twedt, Daniel J., William J. Bleier, and George M. Linz. "Geographic and temporal variation in the diet of Yellow-headed Blackbirds." The Condor 93.4 (1991): 975–986.
10. Ward, Michael P. (1 October 2005). "Habitat selection by dispersing yellow-headed blackbirds: evidence of prospecting and the use of public information". Oecologia. 145 (4): 650–657. Bibcode:2005Oecol.145..650W. doi:10.1007/s00442-005-0179-0. ISSN 1432-1939. PMID 16007408. S2CID 9352638.
11. "The Sweet Songs Of The Yellow-Headed Blackbird". Montana Public Radio. 15 June 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
12. Nero, Robert W. (1963). "Comparative Behavior of the Yellow-Headed Blackbird, Red-Winged Blackbird, and Other Icterids". The Wilson Bulletin. 75 (4): 376–413. ISSN 0043-5643. JSTOR 4159213.
13. Behrens, C.; Ruff, Z.J.; Harms, T.M.; Dinsmore, S.J. (2019). "Predator density influences nest attendance of Yellow-headed Blackbirds Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus". Ibis. 161 (3): 679–685. doi:10.1111/ibi.12705. S2CID 92452532.
14. "Behavior - Yellow-headed Blackbird - Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus - Birds of the World". birdsoftheworld.org. doi:10.2173/bow.yehbla.01. S2CID 216373852. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
15. "Viral video shows blackbirds falling from sky in Mexico". The Washington Post. 15 February 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
16. "Why did birds fall from sky in Mexico? Probably a predator, experts say". the Guardian. 14 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
17. "Yellow-headed Blackbird Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 30 September 2020.

External links

• Yellow-headed Blackbird - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Yellow-headed blackbird - Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Video of a female yellow-headed blackbird in Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada, well outside its normal range.
• "Yellow-headed blackbird media". Internet Bird Collection.
• Yellow-headed blackbird photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)

• IUCN Red List least concern species
• Icteridae
• American blackbirds
• Native birds of the Canadian Prairies
• Native birds of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
• Fauna of the Lower Colorado River Valley
• Fauna of the Sonoran Desert
• Birds described in 1826
• Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
• Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances