Misplaced Pages

Rowntree Mackintosh plc

Company type	Joint Venture
Industry	Confectionery
Predecessors	Rowntree Co. Mackintosh Co.
Founded	1969; 55 years ago (1969)
Defunct	1987; 37 years ago (1987)
Fate	Acquired by, and merged with Nestlé
Successor	Nestlé
Headquarters	York, England
Products	Chocolate bars, toffee, candies
Brands	Aero Kit Kat
Subsidiaries	Gale's Hoadley's Hot Sam Pretzels Menier Laura Secord Tom's Foods

Rowntree Mackintosh plc (/ˈraʊntriː ˈmækɪntɒʃ/ ROWN-tree MAH-kin-taw-sh), trading as Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery, was an English confectionery company based in York, England. It was formed by the merger of Rowntree's and John Mackintosh Co. The company was famous for making chocolate brands, such as Kit Kat, Aero and Quality Street. It was purchased by Nestlé in 1987, with products rebranded under its own brand.

Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery owned Mackintosh's former Halifax headquarters and factory. The factory is still in use, located next to Halifax railway station, for production of Quality Street and other confections.

The former Rowntree's factory and headquarters were in York. Nestlé still operates in York with one of the world's largest confectionery factories and a global research centre for confectionery base.

History

Background

In 1862, Rowntree's was founded at Castlegate, in York by Henry Isaac Rowntree, as the company manager bought out the Tuke family. In 1864 Rowntree acquired an old iron foundry at Tanner's Moat for £1,000, and moved production there. In 1869 the factory was staffed by 12 men. By 1869 Rowntree was in financial difficulties and his brother, Joseph Rowntree, joined him in full partnership, and H. I. Rowntree & Co was formally established.

Rowntree had struggled to make a milk chocolate product of comparable quality or value to Cadbury's Dairy Milk. In 1927, the company began to market its fruit gums, and its pastilles from 1928, in the now familiar tube packaging.

Rowntree entered the continental Europe market in the 1960s, establishing production facilities in Hamburg, Dijon, Elst and Noisiel. After Eights were launched in 1962.

In 1969, the Rowntree board rejected a £37 million takeover bid from General Foods. That same year, Rowntree entered into a long-term agreement with Hershey whereby Hershey would produce Rowntree products under license in the US. Rowntree merged with John Mackintosh and Co in 1969, to become Rowntree Mackintosh. Mackintosh produced Rolo, Munchies, Caramac and Quality Street.

Formation of Rowntree Mackintosh

In 1969, Rowntree's merged with John Mackintosh and Sons Ltd. to form "Rowntree Mackintosh plc" The company signed a long-time agreement with Hershey Foods Corporation to market and even produce some of its products in the U.S., starting with Kit Kat. The following year, the company expanded opening plants in Castleford and Leicester. In 1971, French business "Chocolate-Menier SA" joined the group. The company released its own newspaper, Rowntree Mackintosh News, with a circulation of 26,000 copies.

The Yorkie and Lion chocolate bars were introduced in 1976. In 1978 the Hershey contract was renegotiated, giving Hershey the rights to the Kit Kat and Rolo brands in the US in perpetuity.

Kenneth Dixon was appointed as chairman and chief executive in 1981. Between 1981 and 1987, Rowntree invested nearly £400 million in upgrading its manufacturing facilities and developing high volume, product dedicated equipment for several of the company's brands, including Kit Kat, After Eights and Smarties.

Between 1983 and 1987, Rowntree spent nearly £400 million on acquisitions, including Tom's Foods for £138 million (1983), Laura Secord Chocolates for £19 million (1983), Hot Sam Pretzels for £14 million (1986), the Sunmark confectionery business in the US for £156 million (1986) and Gale's honey for £11 million (1986). They also bought Scunthorpe snack maker Sooner Foods, known for inventing Nik Naks and for making Murphy's Crisps, Seyshells and Wheat Crunchies.

Between 1982 and 1987, the number of UK staff was reduced from 19,700 to 15,600.

In 1987 Rowntree operated 25 factories in nine countries and employed 33,000 people, including close to 16,000 in its eight UK operations. Group turnover was £1.4 billion, with the UK and Ireland accounting for 40 per cent of the total.

Purchase by Nestle

In 1987, Swiss company Nestlé purchased Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery, re-branded all of its products and took over the Halifax and York headquarters and factories.

After the acquisition, Nestlé slowly began to re-introduce the brand under the name "Rowntrees". These include Rowntree's Randoms and Fruit Pastilles. These are the only two non-Nestle branded sweets as no Mackintosh sweets have been re-branded.

Notes

References

1. "Companies House". Retrieved 29 April 2023. (file no. 00051491)
2. ^ "History of Nestlé Rowntree". Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
3. ^ Fitzgerald 2007, p. 48
4. Vernon, Anne (2005). Quaker Business Man: The Life of Joseph Rowntree. Taylor & Francis. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-415-38160-4.
5. Fitzgerald 2007, p. 89
6. Fitzgerald 1989, p. 50
7. ^ Hyde, Dana (March 1991). "The Nestlé takeover of rowntree: A case study". European Management Journal. 9 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1016/0263-2373(91)90044-q.
8. Cadbury, Deborah (2010). Chocolate Wars: The 150-Year Rivalry Between the World's Greatest Chocolate Makers. PublicAffairs. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-58648-925-0.
9. Rowntree Mackintosh Ltd. history on The Rowntree Society
10. "Scunthorpe snack factory had 1,750 on payroll in mid 1980s". Grimsbylive. 21 October 2018.

Sources

• Fitzgerald, Robert (1989). "Rowntree and Market Strategy" (PDF). Business and Economic History. 18: 45–58. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2013.
• Fitzgerald, Robert (2007). Rowntree and the Marketing Revolution, 1862–1969. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02378-8.

v t e Nestlé
Divisions	Nestlé Purina PetCare Nestlé Waters Nestlé Wyeth Nutrition Divested BlueTriton Brands (Nestlé Waters North America)
Subsidiaries	Nestlé India (62.76%) Nestlé Pakistan Nestlé Canada Nestlé Japan Nestlé Malaysia Nestlé Lanka
Joint ventures	Beverage Partners Worldwide Cereal Partners Worldwide Froneri Nestlé Toll House Café
Other assets	Hsu Fu Chi (60%) L'Oréal (30.3%) Osem (100%) Yinlu Foods (60%) Malher (100%) Lactalis-Nestlé Fresh Products
Brands	Appliances BabyNes Dolce Gusto Nespresso Special.T SICAL Baby nutrition BabyNes Bear Brand Cerelac Gerber Nido Baking Libby's Toll House cookies Bottled water Contrex Acqua Panna Perrier Princes Gate Pure Life S.Pellegrino Vittel Cereals Cheerios Chocapic Cinnamon Toast Crunch Cookie Crisp Corn Flakes Fitness Golden Grahams Golden Nuggets Lion Cereal Lucky Charms Milo Cereal Nesquik (cereal) Trix Shreddies Shredded Wheat Chocolate and desserts Animal Bar Abuelita Aero Aero Biscuits After Eight Allen's Bar One Bertie Beetle Big Turk Blue Riband Black Magic Bono Breakaway Cailler Caramac Carlos V Cheekies Chokito Coffee Crisp Crisp Crunch Drifter Fox's Garoto Goobers Kit Kat Kit Kats in Japan Kohler Life Savers Lion Mackintosh's Toffee Matchmakers Menier Chocolate Milkybar Milo Mirage Munchies Negresco Nestlé Milk Chocolate Passatempo Peppermint Crisp Perugina Polo Quality Street Red Ripperz Rolo Rowntree's Rowntree's Fruit Gums Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles Sin Parar Smarties Svitoch TEX Walnut Whip White Knight Yorkie Zvečevo Coffee and beverages Abuelita Alpine Acticor BabyNes Blue Bottle Coffee Boost Carnation Caro Chameleon Cold-Brew Chuckie Coffee-Mate Dolce Gusto Huesitos Klim La Lechera Menier Milo cocoa Nescafé Nescafé Azera Nescafé Gold Nescau Nesfruta Nespresso Nesquik Nestea Ovaltine Ricoré Seattle's Best Coffee Starbucks Supligen Sweet Leaf Zoégas Dairy products Alpine Bear Brand Carnation Coffee-Mate La Lechera Nesquik Ice cream D'Onofrio Drumstick Eskimo Pie Fab Frosty Paws Häagen-Dazs Hjem-IS Ice Screamers Kit Kat Maxibon Mövenpick Parlour Savory Smarties Prepared and packaged food and snacks Buitoni California Pizza Kitchen DiGiorno Herta Hot Pockets Lean Cuisine Libby's Lean Pockets Maggi Stouffer's Thomy Tombstone Uncle Tobys Winiary Wagner Yinlu Foods Purina PetCare Alpo Bakers Complete Beggin' Strips Beneful Bonio Dog Chow Fancy Feast Felix Friskies Frosty Paws ONE Winalot Uncle Tobys Cheerios PLUS Weeties Former brands and subsidiaries Alcon Alfasigma Arrowhead Butterfinger Baby Ruth Chocolate Surpresa Deer Park Dreyer's Enviga Gale's Galderma Laboratories Cetaphil Epiduo Restylane Hoadley's Ice Mountain Jenny Craig Ozarka Peter's Chocolate Poland Spring Polly Waffle PowerBar Powwow Water Rowntree Mackintosh Violet Crumble Wonder Ball Zephyrhills
People	Günter Blobel Paul Bulcke Peter Brabeck-Letmathe Nobuyuki Idei Henri Nestlé Kaspar Villiger
Related	Nestea European Championship Tour 1977 Nestlé boycott Nestlé Invitational Nestlé Rowntree F.C. Nestlé Smarties Book Prize Nestlé Tower Toll House cookies International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes Nescafé Basement Maggi noodles safety concerns in India Freshly
Related articles	List of Nestlé brands Controversies of Nestlé
Currently manufactured by General Mills in the U.S. and Canada. Produced by Cereal Partners under the Nestlé brand elsewhere. Brand owned by General Mills; U.S. and Canadian production rights controlled by Nestlé under license. U.S. production rights owned by The Hershey Company. U.S. rights and production owned by the Smarties Candy Company with a different product. U.S. rights and specific trade dress owned by Nestlé; rights elsewhere owned by Associated British Foods. Produced by Cereal Partners, branded as Nestlé. Produced by Cereal Partners and branded as Nestlé in the U.K. and Ireland. Produced by Post Foods elsewhere. Philippine production rights owned by Alaska Milk Corporation. Singaporean, Malaysian and Thai production rights owned by Fraser and Neave. Used only in Indonesia, Thailand, and Cambodia. Used only in the Philippines. U.S. production rights owned by the Ferrara Candy Company. NA rights and specific trade dress to all packaged coffee and other products under the Starbucks brand owned by Nestlé since 2019. Brand owned by Mars, sold by Nestlé in Canada. Produced by Froneri in the U.S. since 2020. Category Commons

• Rowntree's
• 1969 establishments in England
• 1988 disestablishments in England
• Confectionery companies of the United Kingdom
• Defunct companies based in York
• British chocolate companies
• Nestlé
• Food and drink companies established in 1969
• Food and drink companies disestablished in 1988
• British companies established in 1969
• British companies disestablished in 1988
• 1988 mergers and acquisitions