Thura-Yura languages - Misplaced Pages

Language group

Yura
Thura-Yura
Geographic distribution	South Australia
Linguistic classification	Pama–Nyungan Arandic–Thura-Yura Yura
Subdivisions	Yura proper Kadli Wirangu
Language codes
Glottolog	`thur1253`
Thura-Yura languages (green) among other Pama–Nyungan (tan). The two groups are Nangga (west) and Yura–Kadli (east)

The Yura or Thura-Yura languages are a group of Australian Aboriginal languages surrounding Spencer Gulf and Gulf St Vincent in South Australia, that comprise a genetic language family of the Pama–Nyungan family.

Name

The name Yura comes from the word for "person" in the northern languages; this is a lenited form of the thura found in other languages, hence Thura-Yura. Similar words for "person" are found in languages outside the group, however (for example 'yura' - 'person' in the Sydney language).

Languages

The following classification is proposed by Bowern & Koch (2004):

Thura-Yura
- Nangga
  - Wirangu
  - Nauo
- Core Thura-Yura
  - Yura (northern)
    - Adnyamathanha–Kuyani
    - Barngarla
  - Kadli (southern)
    - Narangga
    - Kaurna
  - (unclassified)
    - Nukunu
    - Ngadjuri

A Nukunu speaker reported that the Nukunu could understand Barngarla and Kuyani, but not more distant varieties.

Peramangk may have been a southern Thura-Yura language, close to Kaurna.

Dixon (2002) lists a Nantuwara language, but there is no data for it.

Proto-language

Proto-Thura-Yura
Reconstruction of	Thura-Yura languages
Reconstructed ancestor	Proto-Pama–Nyungan

Reconstructed Thura-Yura vocabulary by Simpson and Hercus (2004):

Spelling conventions

alveolar tap: r
alveolar trill: rr
retroflex glide: ṟ
retroflex tap: rd
indeterminate rhotic: R

gloss	Proto-Thura-Yura	Proto-Core Thura-Yura	Northern Thura-Yura	Southern Thura-Yura
all			wapu; kurru
all, many, big	*marna
ashes		*muru	thimpa
ashes (charcoal)			piirla
bad		*wadLV
bad (without)		*wakV-Na
bark		?*yulti
beard			ngaNka	yaNka
beard, cheek, hair	*maLTa
belly			warna	munthu
belly (abdomen)		?*TiDLi
big			ngarla
bird			THirta
black			maṟu
blood		?kaaṟu; karti
body: muscle, sinew	*THiltya	*thiltya
bone	*waLpu	*waLpu	warlpu
breast		*ngamV
camp (house)		*warDli
camp (house, ?from “join”)	*karrpa	*karrpa
camp (hut)			karnku
chest		*kuntu
child, baby				wa(L)kuwa(L)ku
child, small	*kitya		yakaCV; waNi
child, voice of infant		*kunga
cloud		*ma(L)ku
cloud (low, fog)		*putyi
cold (cough)		*kuLTV-
cold, frost		*pakaDla
cold (in head)			(y)urrkV-
cold (weather)	paya-; mVnyV	*manya	payala (Probably derived from “to bite”)
come here!	paNi; ka	*kawayi
dog	*wiLka		wiLka (domestic dog)	kadli (domestic dog)
down, below		?*warta-	wartathi
dry		*muDLa	murdla
dry, dust		*puthV-RV
ear	*yuṟi
earth		*yarta
egg			pipi	muka
elbow		*thiDNngi	K/NGuNaN-
eye	*mii-na
eyebrow		*piiku
far (stranger)			yampa
fat	*mVrnV	*marni
feather		?*paDLu
fingernail	*pirri
fire	*karDla
fish	*kuya
fly		*thapu
fly (big fly)	*thumpV-Ca	*thupV(-Ra)
food	*mayi
foot	*THiDna	*thidna
good		*wayV-
hair, feather		*puthi
hand	*maṟa
head	*kaka
heart			thurlku
hungry			karnpa
knee	?*puṟV	*mampa	puṟa
knee (kneecap)		*maTa
leaf			karlpi
liver		*Tangka	thangka; ngaLTi
louse	*kuDLu	*kuDlu
man (boy after circumcision)			pardnaapa
man (companion)		*Nipu
man (grown-up)		*miṟu (grownup man)
man (husband)			marni
man (initiand)	?*wilya-ṟu	?*ngulta
man (male, husband)		*yarDli
man (person)		?*Tuṟa	*thuṟa
meat	*paRu
meat, flesh, heart	*puLTHA	*puLTHa	*pultha
moon	*piṟa
mouth	*Taa
mouth, lip			Nimi
name		*mityi
nape, neck			ngurnti, nhurnti; wakarra
neck		*waLTu
night		*nguLTi	maLTi
night, yesterday	*wiltya
north wind, hot weather	*pukarra
north-east wind			ngarnara	karnaRa
nose	*muDlha	*mudlha
not, do not		*madLa	mardla; kuta
now	*kaRi
now, again		?*nhaTa
now, morning	?*panyi
now, soon			yatha
old man	*puLka
one	*kuma
other, another, the rest	*kutyu
penis		*waRi
pigface, plant food type (?Carpobrotus_rossii sp.)	?*kaCkaLa	*karrkaLa
red	?*TVLTV-	*TaLTHa-	thaltha-
red ochre		miLTi; karrku
rib		*TiNinyV
rib, side, flank	*pantyi
road	?*Tapa	*Tapa	thapa
root
rotten, bad-smelling	?*puka	*thungkV
shit, faeces	*kuDna	*kudna
shoulder			piLpi-
shoulder, wing		*wiṟi
sick, ill	?*ngaNDa-N
sick, wound	*mingka
skin		?*paLpa	piyi	paLpa
skin, clothes	*palhtha
sky		*NayirrV	iLkaRV
sky, cloud and dust		?*wirra
smoke	*puyu
smoke (stuff for producing smoke)		?*Tumpu
snake	?*TuDNu		wapma
snake, carpet snake			muDLV-
south and south wind		*parrpa
southerly wind		*walypi		waitpi
spear (large)	*wiNTa		wirnta
spear (small)	*kVya	*kaya
spit	*THaDlhi	*THadlhi	ngapalya; ngalytya
star		*purDli
stone, adze			THurdla
stone, cooking stone		?*kaDnya
stone, hill, grinding stone, kneecap		*puRi
stone, limestone	*parnta
stone, quartz-like stone, ice		*makV
sun	*THirntu	*thirntu
tail			kaDLHa
testicles	*kaDLu	*kadLu	kardlu
that (near)	*pa-	*pa-	pa-nha
that (remote)		*ngu-	ngunha
thigh	*kaNTHi	*kaNTHi	kanthi
thigh, flank, groin	?*paLTi
this (nearest)	*iNHa
throat		*yurDni
to bite		*paya-
to burn tr.	*kampa-
to burn intr.		*ngaDLi-
to climb	?*warnta-
to come		?*puDNa-
to cry, call		*kaLTa-
to cry, tears			*muLka
to cry, to scream			*ngaTV-
to cut		?*waNi-
to die	*paDLu-		thinta-; padlu-
to die, dead		*kuDnyu	kupa
to dig		paNi-; ?paka-	pani-
to drink, to kiss, to manipulate with mouth	*THapa-	*Tapa-	thapa-
to eat	*ngaLku-
to enter		*ngaLpa-
to fall	*warDni-
to get		*manku-
to get, pick up, lead, bring	*kaNka-	*kangka-
to get, take away		*mama-
to give	*yungkV-		nhungku-
to go	?*wiNV-		nguka-
to go, walk		?*padNV-
to hear		*yuri- See “ear”.
to hit with hand	*paLTa-
to hit with missile	*nguṟV-		nguṟa-
to hit, cause break in material integrity		*pungku-
to hit, kill	*kuNTa-		kurnta-
to know, see	*THiLka-	*thiLka-
to leave it	*wVNTV-	*waNTa-	wanthV-
to lie down		*waNTi-	wanti-
to put, to get used to			ila-
to see	*nhaku-
to sit		*Tika-	thika-
to sleep, asleep	*miya
to speak	*wangka-
to spear			wiTi-
to stand		*yuwa-
to throw		*paTV-	patha-
to tie, support, build	?*karrpV-		karrpV-
tomorrow		?*TarrkV-
tongue	*THa(a)LiN		tha(a)rli	tha(d)lVnya
tooth			yira	Tiya
tree		wadLa; wira	wardla
two		*puLa	puDla; kalypilV	purla
up, above	?*kaNka		kanka
up, above, high		*karra
urine, piss	*kumpu
warm (weather)		*warlta
water	kawi; kapi
west	*wangka
what (how many)		*-miNV	minha
what?		Na-, ?Nawi
when?		*nhaDLa-TV
where?	?*wa-THa	*wa-(nha)
white	*paLkV	*paLka	paLka-ra
who? (Ergative, Instrumental)		*ngaNTu
who? (Nominative)	*ngaNa	*ngaNa
who? (Possessive)		*ngaNku
wind	*wari
woman		*pa(a)rla		ngangki
woman, girl		*mankarra
woman, mother, female		*ngamV-THV
woman, wife		*kartu
yam, edible root, plant food type		*ngampa
yesterday		*puki
young one			papa

References

Macquarie Dictionary Aboriginal Words, 1994; p. 66
^ Bowern & Koch (2004) Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method
Simpson, Jane and Luise Hercus. 2004. Thura-Yura as a Subgroup. In Claire Bowern and Harold Koch (eds.), Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method, 179-206, 580-645. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Simpson, Jane; Hercus, Luise (2004). "Thura-Yura as a subgroup". In Claire Bowern; Harold Koch (eds.). Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Aboriginal peoples of South Australia

Peoples

Communities

APY Lands:	Amaṯa Iltur Indulkana Kalka Kaltjiti (Fregon) Kaṉpi Makiri Mimili Mintabie Nyapaṟi Pipalyatjara Pukatja (Ernabella) Umuwa Watarru Yunyarinyi
Other:	Akenta (Poonindie) Davenport (Umeewarra) Gerard Koonibba Manunka Nepabunna Oak Valley Point Pearce Raukkan (Point McLeay) Swan Reach Yalata
Former:	Colebrook Killalpaninna Ooldea

Notable people

Organisations

Religion and culture

Arkaroo 'Dreamtime' (muda, mura-mura, tjukurrpa, etc.) Tjilbruke Muldjewangk Ngiṉṯaka Wati-kutjara
Indigenous protected areas:	Watarru Mount Willoughby
Co-managed protected areas:	Dhilba Guuranda-Innes Elliot Price Conservation Park Gawler Ranges National Park Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part) Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park Lake Gairdner National Park Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park Innamincka Regional Reserve Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park Mamungari Conservation Park Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area Nullarbor Regional Reserve Pureba Conservation Park Strzelecki Regional Reserve Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park Witjira National Park Yumbarra Conservation Park

Languages

Adnyamathanha Antakirinja Arabana Barngarla Dieri Kaurna Narungga Ngadjuri Ngamini (Yarluyandi) Ngarrindjeri Paakantyi Wangkangurru Western Desert language (dialects: Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara) Wirangu Yandruwandha Yarli (Malyangapa) Yuyu
Language groups:	Lower Murray languages Thura-Yura languages Sign languages
Words:	Aṉangu (Western Desert language) Nunga (Aboriginal English)

Laws

Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 Aboriginal Witnesses Act Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 Laws concerning Indigenous Australians Letters Patent
Cases:	List of native title claims in South Australia

History

By state or territory: New South Wales; Northern Territory; Queensland; South Australia; Tasmania; Victoria; Western Australia

Pama–Nyungan languages

Paman languages

North	Adithinngithigh Andjingith Anguthimri Arritinngithigh Awngthim Luthigh Mbiywom Ndrangith Ngkoth Uradhi
Northeast	Umpila
Wik	Ayabadhu Kugu-Muminh Pakanha Wik-Me'nh Wik-Mungkan Wik-Ngathan Wik-Ompom
Lamalamic	Lamalama Morrobolam
Yalanjic	Barrow Point Gugu Yalandyi Guugu Yimidhirr
Southwest	Koko-Bera Kok Thawa Kunjen Ogh-Undjan Kuuk Thaayorre Kuuk Yak Yir-Yoront
Norman	Kurtjar Kuthant
Thaypan	Alungul Angkula Aghu Tharrnggala Ikarranggal Takalak Thaypan
Southern	Mbara-Yanga Mbabaram Walangama Wamin
Other	Djabugay Flinders Island Gugadj Kok Narr Mbariman-Gudhinma Umbindhamu

Eastern Pama–Nyungan

Dyirbalic	Dyirbal Nyawaygi Warrgamay Wulguru
Maric	Badjiri Bidjara Biri Kingkel Bayali Darumbal Warrongo
Waka–Kabic	Barunggam Gabi-Gabi Gureng Gureng Tulua Wakawaka Wuliwuli
Durubalic	Guwar Janday Nunukul Turrbal
Gumbaynggiric	Kumbainggar Yaygir
Wiradhuric	Gamilaraay Ngiyambaa Wiradjuri
Yuin–Kuric	Awabakal Darkinjung Dharug Dhanggati Gathang Ngarigo Ngunnawal Tharawal Dharawal Dhurga Dyirringany Thawa
Gippsland	Dhudhuroa Gunaikurnai Pallanganmiddang
Other	Anewan Bandjalang Kalaw Lagaw Ya Yidiny

Southern Pama–Nyungan

Yotayotic

Kulinic

Kolakngat

Kulin	Bunurong Dja Dja Wurrung Ledji-Ledji Madhi-Madhi Wadi-Wadi Wathaurong Wemba Wemba Woiwurrung–Taungurung
Drual	Bungandidj Dhauwurd Wurrung Kuurn Kopan Noot Yaran

Lower Murray

Thura-Yura

Mirniny

Mirning
Ngadjunmaya

Nyungic

Western Pama–Nyungan

Kartu	Badimaya Malgana Thaagurda Nhanda–Nhanhagardi Wajarri Yinggarda
Kanyara–Mantharta	Kanyara Burduna–Baiyungu Thalanyji–Pinikura Mantharta Tharrgari Warriyangka Thiin Jiwarli
Ngayarta	Jurruru Kurrama Martuthunira Ngarla Ngarluma-Kariyarra Nhuwala Nyamal Nyiyaparli Panyjima Yindjibarndi Yinhawangka
Marrngu	Karajarri Mangala Nyangumarta

Northern Pama–Nyungan

Ngumpin–Yapa	Ngarrga Warlmanpa Warlpiri Ngumbin Walmajarri Djaru Gurindji Bilinarra Mudburra
Warumungu	Warumungu
Warluwaric	Wagaya Bularnu Yindjilandji Warluwarra Yanyuwa
Kalkatungic	Kalkatungu Yalarnnga
Mayi	Mayi-Kulan Mayi-Kutuna Ngawun

Central Pama–Nyungan

Wati	Ngardi Wanman Western Desert
Arandic	Arrernte Kaytetye Lower Arrernte Pertame
Karnic	Arabana Diyari Mithaka Ngamini Yarluyandi Ngura Pitta Pitta Wanggamala Wangka-Yutjurru Wilson River Bundhamara new Wangkumara/Garlali Yandruwandha
Other	Baagandji Bulloo River old Wangkumara/Garlali Muruwari Barranbinja Yarli

Other Pama–Nyungan

Yolŋu	Dhaŋu Dhuwal Djaŋu Djinba Djinaŋ Ritharrŋu Nhaŋu
Other	Lower Burdekin Bindal

Macro-Pama–Nyungan?

Macro-Gunwinyguan

Maningrida	Burarra Ndjébbana Gurr-goni Nakkara
Mangarrayi-Marran	Alawa Mangarrayi Marra Warndarrang Yugul
Gunwinyguan	Anindilyakwa Dalabon Gunbarlang Jawoyn Kunwinjku Ngalakgan Ngandi Nunggubuyu Rembarrnga Uwinymil Waray
Other	Gaagudju Kungarakany Wardaman Wagiman

Tangkic

Garrwan

Italics indicate extinct languages.

Australian Aboriginal and Tasmanian languages

Pama–Nyungan
subgroups

Southeastern

Victorian P–N	Lower Murray Yotayotic Gippsland Kulin Bungandidj
New South Wales P–N	Yuin–Kuric Dhanggati ? Anewan (Nganyaywana) ? Central New South Wales Wiradhuric Barranbinja Muruwari
North Coast	Durubalic Bandjalangic Gumbaynggiric Waka–Kabic

Northern

Western Torres Strait Kalaw Lagaw Ya
Paman	Northern Paman Uradhi Wik Middle Paman Umpilaic Umbindhamuic Lamalamic Umbuygamu Mbarrumbathama Southwest Paman Kuuk Thayorre Southern Paman Mbabaram Flinders Island
Maric	Northern Warrongo Eastern Biri Southern Bidyara–Gungabula Margany–Gunya Bindal ? Guwa–Yanda ? Guwa Yanda Kingkel ? Dharumbal ? Bayali ? Lower Burdekin ?
Dyirbalic	Dyirbal Warrgamay Nyawaygi Lower Burdekin ?
Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic	Guugu Yimidihirr Kuku Yalanji Yidiny
Gulf	Kalkatungic Kalkatungu Yalarnnga Mayi

Central

Arandic–Thura–Yura	Arandic Arrernte Kaytetye Thura–Yura Wirangu Kaurna Adnyamathanha
Karnic	Northern (Palku) Pitta-Pitta Western Arabana–Wangkangurru Central Diyari Yandruwandha Eastern Wilson River (Wangkumara) Bulloo River (Galali) ?
Yarli Paakantyi

Western

Yolŋu	Dhaŋu–Djaŋu Ritharrŋu Nhaŋu Dhuwal–Dhuwala Djambarrpuyŋu Gupapuyŋu Djinaŋ Djinba Ganhalpuyŋu
Ngarna/Warluwarric	Yanyuwa Southern Ngarru Thawa
Desert Nyungic	Marrngu Ngumpin–Yapa Ngumpin Yapa Warumungu ? Wati
South-West P–N	Pilbara Ngayarda Kanyara–Mantharta Kartu–Nhanda Yinggarda ? Mirning Nyunga

Proto-Pama–Nyungan

Tangkic

Lardil (register: Damin)
Kayardild
Yukulta (Ganggalida, Nyangga)
Mingginda (Minkin)

Garrwan

Garawa (Garrwa, north)
Waanyi (Wanji, south)
Gunindiri (Kurnindirri, southwest)

Macro-Gunwinyguan ?

Maningrida

Marran

Gunwinyguan proper

Western	Jawoyn (Djauan) Waray Uwinymil
Central	Bininj Kunwok (Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu) Kunbarlang Dalabon (Ngalkbun)
Eastern	Rembarrnga Ngalakgan Ngandi Nunggubuyu (Wubuy) Anindilyakwa (Enindhilyagwa)

Yangmanic–Wagiman?

Other isolates

Iwaidjan

Central (Warrkbi)	Iwaidja Garig–Ilgar Garig Ilgar
Eastern (Goulburn Island)	Maung Manangkari
Southern	Amurdag

Marrku–Wurrugu ?

Darwin Region ?

Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)
Limilngan–Wulna?	Limilngan Wulna
Umbugarlic	Umbugarla Ngurmbur Bugurnidja

Daly River Sprachbund

Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)	Batjamalh (Wadjiginy) Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)
Northern Daly	Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar) Tyerraty
Western Daly	Marri Ngarr Magati Ke Merranunggu Marrithiyel Marramaninjsji
Eastern Daly	Matngele (Werret/Dakayu) Kamu
Southern Daly	Murrinh-patha Ngan’gityemerri

Mirndi

Jingulu

Yirram	Nungali Jaminjung
Ngurlun	Ngarnka Wambaya

Jarrakan

Bunuban

Worrorran

Wunambal (Northern)
Ngarinyin (Eastern)
Worrorra (Western)

Nyulnyulan

Western (Nyulnyulic)	Nyulnyul Bardi Jawi Djabirr-Djabirr Nimanburru
Eastern (Dyukun)	Yawuru Dyugun Warrwa Nyigina Ngumbarl

isolates

Tasmanian
family-level groups

Western	Northwestern Tasmanian (Peerapper) Southwestern Tasmanian (Toogee) ?
Northern	Northern Tasmanian (Tommeginne) Port Sorell
Northeastern	Pyemmairre (Northeastern) Tyerrernotepanner (North Midland) Lhotsky/Blackhouse Norman
Eastern	Oyster Bay (Paredarerme) Little Swanport Southeast Tasmanian (Nuenonne) Bruny Island

New Indigenous
languages and
Aboriginal Englishes

Creoles

Australian Kriol	Roper River Kriol (Ngukurr) Bamyili Kriol (Barunga) Kimberley Kriol (Fitzroy Valley) Daly River Kriol Westside Kriol (Victoria River) Barkly Kriol Mornington Island Creole Kowanyama Creole
Northeastern creoles	Torres Strait Creole (Yumplatok) Cape York Creole Lockhart River Creole Napranum Creole

Pidgins

Mixed languages

Others

Neo-Nyungar
Nunga English
Yarrie Lingo
Palm Talk
Woorie Talk
Cherbourg Talk
Murdi Language

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