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MYH10
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 4PD3
Identifiers
Aliases	MYH10, NMMHC-IIB, NMMHCB, myosin, heavy chain 10, non-muscle, myosin heavy chain 10
External IDs	OMIM: 160776; MGI: 1930780; HomoloGene: 55941; GeneCards: MYH10; OMA:MYH10 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 17 (human) Band 17p13.1 Start 8,474,207 bp End 8,631,376 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 11 (mouse) Band 11 B3|11 41.95 cM Start 68,582,385 bp End 68,707,458 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in saphenous vein right coronary artery ascending aorta Descending thoracic aorta middle temporal gyrus Brodmann area 23 vena cava lateral nuclear group of thalamus visceral pleura endothelial cell Top expressed in genital tubercle ventricular zone ganglionic eminence tail of embryo cerebellar cortex superior frontal gyrus yolk sac dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell bone marrow blastocyst More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function nucleotide binding ADP binding calmodulin binding actin filament binding microfilament motor activity protein binding actin binding cytoskeletal motor activity ATP binding ATPase activity RNA stem-loop binding mRNA 5'-UTR binding microtubule motor activity microtubule binding Cellular component cytosol myosin II filament cell projection midbody cleavage furrow actomyosin extracellular exosome nucleus myosin complex lamellipodium stress fiber cytoplasm cell cortex myosin II complex spindle polysome plasma membrane brush border axon growth cone neuromuscular junction neuron projection soma dendritic spine glutamatergic synapse Biological process actomyosin structure organization actin filament-based movement cell adhesion regulation of cell shape mitotic cytokinesis in utero embryonic development neuron migration plasma membrane repair cardiac septum development exocytosis substrate-dependent cell migration, cell extension nuclear migration axonogenesis axon guidance brain development heart development adult heart development cell population proliferation fourth ventricle development lateral ventricle development third ventricle development cerebellar Purkinje cell layer development actin cytoskeleton organization myofibril assembly neuron projection development aorta development positive regulation of protein secretion neuromuscular process controlling balance cardiac myofibril assembly ventricular cardiac muscle cell development retina development in camera-type eye coronary vasculature development modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization microtubule-based movement Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 4628 77579 Ensembl ENSG00000133026 ENSMUSG00000020900 UniProt P35580 Q61879 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001256012 NM_001256095 NM_005964 NM_001375266 NM_175260 RefSeq (protein) NP_001242941 NP_001243024 NP_005955 NP_001362195 NP_780469 Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 8.47 – 8.63 Mb Chr 11: 68.58 – 68.71 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Myosin-10 also known as myosin heavy chain 10 or non-muscle myosin IIB (NM-IIB) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYH10 gene. Non-muscle myosins are expressed in a wide variety of tissues, but NM-IIB is the only non-muscle myosin II isoform expressed in cardiac muscle, where it localizes to adherens junctions within intercalated discs. NM-IIB is essential for normal development of cardiac muscle and for integrity of intercalated discs. Mutations in MYH10 have been identified in patients with left atrial enlargement.

Structure

NM-IIB is 228.9 kDa protein composed of 1976 amino acids. NM-IIB has an N-terminal globular head that harbors the catalytically active, magnesium(Mg)-ATPase. The C-terminal rod domain is an alpha helical coiled-coil that can multimerize with other myosin molecules to form a filament. Bound to the neck region of NM-IIB are two light chains; first, MLC17 stabilizes the molecule, while the second light chain, MLC20, modulates contraction. The exception to this rule is the alternatively spliced NM-IIB2 isoform, which has a 21 amino acid inserted into loop 2, near the actin-binding domain; actomyosin MgATPase activity of this isoform is not enhanced by phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain MLC20.

NM-IIB is part of the larger myosin II subfamily of proteins, which also includes skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle myosins. NM-IIB, and non-muscle myosins in general, are widely expressed in every tissue in humans.

Function

NM-IIB has many properties that are similar to those of smooth muscle myosins, such as the permissive nature of phosphorylation of the 20 kDa regulatory light chain for contraction. In skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle myosins, contraction is activated through thin filament proteins troponin and tropomyosin, whereas in NM-IIB and smooth muscle myosin, contraction initiates via regulatory light chain (MLC20) phosphorylation.

Various functions of NM-IIB require the phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain MLC20, including cell migration and cell adhesion. The two primary kinases catalyzing this reaction are the calcium-calmodulin-dependent, myosin light chain kinase and the Rho-GTP dependent, Rho kinase (ROCK). NM-IIB is dephosphorylated by a myosin phosphatase.

Detailed kinetic studies on NM-IIB show that this isoform of non-muscle myosin II has a slower actomyosin ATPase cycle relative to other myosin II isoforms, and that the markedly high affinity of NM-IIB head for ADP as well as the slow rate of ADP release can mechanistically explain affinity this finding. These data indicate that NM-IIB spends a large amount of its kinetic cycle in a configuration where it is strongly attached to actin.

NM-IIB, along with the other non-muscle myosin isoforms IIA and IIC, play a role in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, cell migration, cell polarity, and embryonic stem cell apoptosis. Insights into the function of NM-IIB specifically have come from studies employing transgenic animals. NM-IIB is clearly required for normal development of cardiac muscle. Targeted gene disruption of NM-IIB resulted in approximately 65% embryonic lethality, and those that survived suffered from congestive heart failure and died day 1 following birth. Feature observed in NM-IIB knockouts was an increase in the transverse diameters of cardiomyocytes, ventricular septal defects, as well as other muscular abnormalities. NM-IIB is expressed early during embryonic development in cardiomyocytes, and appears to play a role in karyokinesis; ablation of NM-IIB caused defects in chromatid segregation and mitotic spindle formation, as well as abnormal structure of centrosomes.

In adult cardiomyocytes, NM-IIB redistributes from a diffuse cytoplasmic pattern in development to a localized Z-disc and intercalated disc distribution, where it colocalizes with alpha-actinin. NM-IIB is the only non-muscle myosin II isoform expressed in adult cardiac muscle (both IIa and IIB are expressed in skeletal muscle Z-discs, suggesting a specific function of NM-IIB in this cell type. NM-IIB may play a role in formation of mature sarcomeres in myofibrils. It appears that NM-IIB plays an essential role in maintaining normal adherens junction integrity and structure. A cardiac muscle-specific knockout of NM-IIB using the alpha-myosin heavy chain promoter-driven cre-recombinase develop enlarged cardiomyocytes, consistent with the defects previously observed with cytokinesis; widened adherens junctions; and progressive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at 6 months. These data indicate that NM-IIB functions in ensuring the proper maintenance of intercalated disc structures.

Clinical Significance

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in MYH10 were detected in patients with left atrial enlargement. MYH10 was identified to be a susceptibility gene using non-biased genome-wide linkage and peak-wide association analysis.

Interactions

MYH10 has been shown to interact with:

• MYL6 and
• MYL9.

References

1. ^ GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000133026 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. ^ GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020900 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Simons M, Wang M, McBride OW, Kawamoto S, Yamakawa K, Gdula D, Adelstein RS, Weir L (Aug 1991). "Human nonmuscle myosin heavy chains are encoded by two genes located on different chromosomes". Circulation Research. 69 (2): 530–9. doi:10.1161/01.res.69.2.530. PMID 1860190.
6. "Entrez Gene: MYH10 myosin, heavy chain 10, non-muscle".
7. "Protein sequence of human MYH10 (Uniprot ID: P35580)". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). Retrieved 17 July 2015.
8. ^ Conti MA, Adelstein RS (Jan 2008). "Nonmuscle myosin II moves in new directions". Journal of Cell Science. 121 (Pt 1): 11–8. doi:10.1242/jcs.007112. PMID 18096687. S2CID 16367236.
9. Kim KY, Kawamoto S, Bao J, Sellers JR, Adelstein RS (Apr 2008). "The B2 alternatively spliced isoform of nonmuscle myosin II-B lacks actin-activated MgATPase activity and in vitro motility". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 369 (1): 124–34. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.108. PMC 2366080. PMID 18060863.
10. Adelstein RS, Conti MA (Aug 1975). "Phosphorylation of platelet myosin increases actin-activated myosin ATPase activity". Nature. 256 (5518): 597–8. Bibcode:1975Natur.256..597A. doi:10.1038/256597a0. PMID 170529. S2CID 4169782.
11. Ito M, Nakano T, Erdodi F, Hartshorne DJ (Apr 2004). "Myosin phosphatase: structure, regulation and function". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 259 (1–2): 197–209. doi:10.1023/b:mcbi.0000021373.14288.00. PMID 15124925. S2CID 25196593.
12. Wang F, Kovacs M, Hu A, Limouze J, Harvey EV, Sellers JR (Jul 2003). "Kinetic mechanism of non-muscle myosin IIB: functional adaptations for tension generation and maintenance". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (30): 27439–48. doi:10.1074/jbc.M302510200. PMID 12704189. S2CID 21026876.
13. Vicente-Manzanares M, Ma X, Adelstein RS, Horwitz AR (Nov 2009). "Non-muscle myosin II takes centre stage in cell adhesion and migration". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 10 (11): 778–90. doi:10.1038/nrm2786. PMC 2834236. PMID 19851336.
14. Walker A, Su H, Conti MA, Harb N, Adelstein RS, Sato N (7 September 2010). "Non-muscle myosin II regulates survival threshold of pluripotent stem cells". Nature Communications. 1 (6): 71. Bibcode:2010NatCo...1...71W. doi:10.1038/ncomms1074. PMC 3430968. PMID 20842192.
15. Tullio AN, Accili D, Ferrans VJ, Yu ZX, Takeda K, Grinberg A, Westphal H, Preston YA, Adelstein RS (Nov 1997). "Nonmuscle myosin II-B is required for normal development of the mouse heart". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (23): 12407–12. Bibcode:1997PNAS...9412407T. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.23.12407. PMC 24969. PMID 9356462.
16. Wang A, Ma X, Conti MA, Liu C, Kawamoto S, Adelstein RS (Aug 2010). "Nonmuscle myosin II isoform and domain specificity during early mouse development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (33): 14645–50. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10714645W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1004023107. PMC 2930417. PMID 20679233.
17. Takeda K, Kishi H, Ma X, Yu ZX, Adelstein RS (Aug 2003). "Ablation and mutation of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain II-B results in a defect in cardiac myocyte cytokinesis". Circulation Research. 93 (4): 330–7. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000089256.00309.CB. PMID 12893741. S2CID 3175381.
18. Ma X, Jana SS, Conti MA, Kawamoto S, Claycomb WC, Adelstein RS (Nov 2010). "Ablation of nonmuscle myosin II-B and II-C reveals a role for nonmuscle myosin II in cardiac myocyte karyokinesis". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 21 (22): 3952–62. doi:10.1091/mbc.E10-04-0293. PMC 2982113. PMID 20861308.
19. Takeda K, Yu ZX, Qian S, Chin TK, Adelstein RS, Ferrans VJ (May 2000). "Nonmuscle myosin II localizes to the Z-lines and intercalated discs of cardiac muscle and to the Z-lines of skeletal muscle". Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 46 (1): 59–68. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0169(200005)46:1<59::AID-CM6>3.0.CO;2-Q. PMID 10842333.
20. Sanger JW, Kang S, Siebrands CC, Freeman N, Du A, Wang J, Stout AL, Sanger JM (2005). "How to build a myofibril". Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility. 26 (6–8): 343–54. doi:10.1007/s10974-005-9016-7. PMID 16465476. S2CID 9156161.
21. Ma X, Takeda K, Singh A, Yu ZX, Zerfas P, Blount A, Liu C, Towbin JA, Schneider MD, Adelstein RS, Wei Q (Nov 2009). "Conditional ablation of nonmuscle myosin II-B delineates heart defects in adult mice". Circulation Research. 105 (11): 1102–9. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.200303. PMC 2792753. PMID 19815823.
22. Ma X, Adelstein RS (1 January 2012). "In vivo studies on nonmuscle myosin II expression and function in heart development". Frontiers in Bioscience. 17 (2): 545–55. doi:10.2741/3942. PMC 3476727. PMID 22201759.
23. Wang L, Di Tullio MR, Beecham A, Slifer S, Rundek T, Homma S, Blanton SH, Sacco RL (Aug 2010). "A comprehensive genetic study on left atrium size in Caribbean Hispanics identifies potential candidate genes in 17p10". Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics. 3 (4): 386–92. doi:10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.110.938381. PMC 2923674. PMID 20562446.

Further reading

• Phillips CL, Yamakawa K, Adelstein RS (Aug 1995). "Cloning of the cDNA encoding human nonmuscle myosin heavy chain-B and analysis of human tissues with isoform-specific antibodies". Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility. 16 (4): 379–89. doi:10.1007/BF00114503. PMID 7499478. S2CID 13445680.
• Strand D, Unger S, Corvi R, Hartenstein K, Schenkel H, Kalmes A, Merdes G, Neumann B, Krieg-Schneider F, Coy JF (Jul 1995). "A human homologue of the Drosophila tumour suppressor gene l(2)gl maps to 17p11.2-12 and codes for a cytoskeletal protein that associates with nonmuscle myosin II heavy chain". Oncogene. 11 (2): 291–301. PMID 7542763.
• Maupin P, Phillips CL, Adelstein RS, Pollard TD (Nov 1994). "Differential localization of myosin-II isozymes in human cultured cells and blood cells". Journal of Cell Science. 107 (11): 3077–90. doi:10.1242/jcs.107.11.3077. PMID 7699007.
• Itoh K, Adelstein RS (Jun 1995). "Neuronal cell expression of inserted isoforms of vertebrate nonmuscle myosin heavy chain II-B". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (24): 14533–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.24.14533. PMID 7782316. S2CID 25019335.
• Aikawa M, Sivam PN, Kuro-o M, Kimura K, Nakahara K, Takewaki S, Ueda M, Yamaguchi H, Yazaki Y, Periasamy M (Dec 1993). "Human smooth muscle myosin heavy chain isoforms as molecular markers for vascular development and atherosclerosis". Circulation Research. 73 (6): 1000–12. doi:10.1161/01.res.73.6.1000. PMID 7916668.
• Shoeman RL, Sachse C, Höner B, Mothes E, Kaufmann M, Traub P (Jan 1993). "Cleavage of human and mouse cytoskeletal and sarcomeric proteins by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease. Actin, desmin, myosin, and tropomyosin". The American Journal of Pathology. 142 (1): 221–30. PMC 1886840. PMID 8424456.
• Kawamoto S (Jul 1996). "Neuron-specific alternative splicing of nonmuscle myosin II heavy chain-B pre-mRNA requires a cis-acting intron sequence". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (30): 17613–6. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)86956-9. PMID 8663598.
• Weir L, Chen D (1997). "Characterization of the nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIB promoter: regulation by E2F". Gene Expression. 6 (1): 45–57. PMC 6148259. PMID 8931991.
• Ford HL, Silver DL, Kachar B, Sellers JR, Zain SB (Dec 1997). "Effect of Mts1 on the structure and activity of nonmuscle myosin II". Biochemistry. 36 (51): 16321–7. doi:10.1021/bi971182l. PMID 9405067.
• Lin VK, Wang D, Lee IL, Vasquez D, Fagelson JE, McConnell JD (Aug 2000). "Myosin heavy chain gene expression in normal and hyperplastic human prostate tissue". The Prostate. 44 (3): 193–203. doi:10.1002/1097-0045(20000801)44:3<193::AID-PROS3>3.0.CO;2-A. PMID 10906735. S2CID 10058067.
• Nguyen M, Breckenridge DG, Ducret A, Shore GC (Sep 2000). "Caspase-resistant BAP31 inhibits fas-mediated apoptotic membrane fragmentation and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20 (18): 6731–40. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.18.6731-6740.2000. PMC 86192. PMID 10958671.
• Wei Q, Adelstein RS (Oct 2000). "Conditional expression of a truncated fragment of nonmuscle myosin II-A alters cell shape but not cytokinesis in HeLa cells". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 11 (10): 3617–27. doi:10.1091/mbc.11.10.3617. PMC 15019. PMID 11029059.
• Huang H, Paliouras M, Rambaldi I, Lasko P, Featherstone M (May 2003). "Nonmuscle myosin promotes cytoplasmic localization of PBX". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 23 (10): 3636–45. doi:10.1128/MCB.23.10.3636-3645.2003. PMC 164772. PMID 12724421.
• Trinczek B, Brajenovic M, Ebneth A, Drewes G (Feb 2004). "MARK4 is a novel microtubule-associated proteins/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase that binds to the cellular microtubule network and to centrosomes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (7): 5915–23. doi:10.1074/jbc.M304528200. PMID 14594945. S2CID 12496213.
• Straight AF, Field CM, Mitchison TJ (Jan 2005). "Anillin binds nonmuscle myosin II and regulates the contractile ring". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 16 (1): 193–201. doi:10.1091/mbc.E04-08-0758. PMC 539163. PMID 15496454.
• Bastian P, Lang K, Niggemann B, Zaenker KS, Entschladen F (Jan 2005). "Myosin regulation in the migration of tumor cells and leukocytes within a three-dimensional collagen matrix". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 62 (1): 65–76. doi:10.1007/s00018-004-4391-6. PMID 15619008. S2CID 38308190.
• Nakasawa T, Takahashi M, Matsuzawa F, Aikawa S, Togashi Y, Saitoh T, Yamagishi A, Yazawa M (Jan 2005). "Critical regions for assembly of vertebrate nonmuscle myosin II". Biochemistry. 44 (1): 174–83. doi:10.1021/bi048807h. PMID 15628858.

External links

• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P35580 (Myosin-10) at the PDBe-KB.

• Genes on human chromosome 17